Definition and research guide
This page combines a MeSH definition, publication statistics and selected research abstracts. It is a starting point for reading the literature, not a medical textbook or a systematic evidence review.
Content available: 3 complete abstracts (472 words), 9 references. Full article text is not stored or reproduced here; follow the PMID, DOI or PMC links to read the original sources and their access terms.
Definition
Endogenous or exogenous substances which inhibit the normal growth of human and animal cells or micro-organisms, as distinguished from those affecting plant growth (= plant growth regulators).
Definition: NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) scope note (Public domain (U.S. National Library of Medicine); attribution requested). View the MeSH record.
Also known as: Inhibitors, Growth; Cell Growth Inhibitor; Growth Inhibitor, Cell; Inhibitor, Cell Growth; Cell Growth Inhibitors; Growth Inhibitors, Cell; Inhibitors, Cell Growth; Growth Inhibitor.
Where it fits in the MeSH classification
- Broader topics
- Growth Substances
- Narrower topics
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors
Related concepts
- Plant Growth Regulators
Research landscape
PubMed indexes 41,208 records tagged with the MeSH heading “Growth Inhibitors” (counts retrieved 2026-10-29). 7,629 of them (18.5%) were published from 2020 onward, and the busiest period so far is 2010-2019 with 17,151 records.
Reviews account for 8,417 records (20.4%) and meta-analyses for 592. Randomized controlled trials number 1,528 (3.7%) as a share of all records on the topic.
Show the data
| Period | Records |
|---|---|
| through 1999 | 4,667 |
| 2000-2009 | 11,761 |
| 2010-2019 | 17,151 |
| 2020 onward | 7,629 |
Publication-type chart data
| Type | Records | Share |
|---|---|---|
| Reviews | 8,417 | 20.4% |
| Meta-analyses | 592 | 1.4% |
| Randomized controlled trials | 1,528 | 3.7% |
Method: PubMed query "Growth Inhibitors"[MeSH Terms] with publication-type and date filters, retrieved 2026-10-29.
Reading the evidence in pharmacology
Drug evidence builds in layers: laboratory pharmacology describes how a compound acts, pharmacokinetic studies describe how the body handles it, and randomized trials test whether it helps and what harms it causes. Post-marketing surveillance and observational studies reveal rarer adverse effects but cannot prove causation. This page is educational and is not a recommendation to start, stop or change any medicine; decisions about treatment belong with a qualified clinician.
Evidence from open-access studies
These open-access studies come from PubMed’s best-match results for this heading (papers whose main topic it is), ranked here by citation count, with one recent addition. Each abstract is reproduced in full under its recorded open licence so that you can read the authors’ own words. They illustrate the literature; they are not a systematic summary of it. Citation counts measure attention, not reliability or clinical benefit.
| Study / authors | Year | Source label / design | Europe PMC citations | Licence / source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Endostatin-based anti-angiogenic therapy and immune modulation: mechanisms and synergistic potential in cancer treatment | 2025 | Review article Design not recorded in structured metadata | 21 | cc by PMID 40574866 · DOI · PMC12198163 |
| Treatment patterns and long-term outcomes in anti-VEGF-treated macular oedema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: a retrospective observational study | 2026 | Research article Design not recorded in structured metadata | 10 | cc by PMID 41238745 · DOI · PMC12764885 |
| Real-world treatment patterns and visual outcomes of faricimab in patients with diabetic macular oedema in the UK at 12 months: the FARWIDE-DMO study | 2025 | Research article Design not recorded in structured metadata | 8 | cc by PMID 41131329 · DOI · PMC12669761 |
Endostatin-based anti-angiogenic therapy and immune modulation: mechanisms and synergistic potential in cancer treatment [1]
Abstract reading summary — source excerpts
- Opening excerpt
- Cancer remains a critical global health challenge, driven by tumor angiogenesis and immune evasion.
- Closing excerpt
- By dissecting technological advancements, controversies, and synergistic opportunities with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy, we aim to chart a roadmap for harnessing endostatin's full potential in redefining precision cancer therapeutics.
- Interpretation limits
- Verbatim excerpts from the authors’ abstract; the closing excerpt may describe a finding, limitation or recommendation. Design, population, effect size and uncertainty have not been independently extracted or appraised. Read the complete abstract and linked paper before interpreting the findings.
Read complete abstract (132 words)
Cancer remains a critical global health challenge, driven by tumor angiogenesis and immune evasion. Endostatin, a collagen XVIII-derived fragment, uniquely suppresses angiogenesis and reprograms the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), positioning it as a dual-targeting therapeutic. Despite clinical advancements with recombinant human endostatin (rhEs), challenges such as transient efficacy and delivery limitations persist. Emerging strategies integrating nanotechnology, combination therapies, and immunomodulation (e.g., TAM reprogramming, immune checkpoint synergy) aim to amplify its therapeutic potential. This review synthesizes current knowledge on endostatin's mechanisms in angiogenesis inhibition and immune modulation. It further evaluates its clinical efficacy across solid tumors and explores innovative strategies to overcome translational barriers. By dissecting technological advancements, controversies, and synergistic opportunities with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy, we aim to chart a roadmap for harnessing endostatin's full potential in redefining precision cancer therapeutics.
Abstract reproduced from the open-access article under the recorded cc by licence; © the authors. PMID 40574866 · DOI · PMC12198163
Treatment patterns and long-term outcomes in anti-VEGF-treated macular oedema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: a retrospective observational study [2]
Abstract reading summary — source excerpts
- Opening excerpt
- Background/objectivesThis study reported real-world visual acuity (VA), treatment patterns, and ocular safety outcomes from patients with macular oedema secondary to branch, central, or hemi-retinal vein occlusion (BRVO, CRVO, HRVO) treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).
- Closing excerpt
- Results3511/3465 eyes/patients with BRVO and 3568/3514 eyes/patients with CRVO or HRVO were included; ConclusionsVA improvements were observed soon after anti-VEGF treatment, but were lower with longer follow-up through 60 months, alongside lower annual injection numbers, suggesting that current single-target intravitreal anti-VEGFs may not be sufficiently durable for long-term RVO management in routine practice.
- Interpretation limits
- Verbatim excerpts from the authors’ abstract; the closing excerpt may describe a finding, limitation or recommendation. Design, population, effect size and uncertainty have not been independently extracted or appraised. Read the complete abstract and linked paper before interpreting the findings.
Read complete abstract (105 words)
Background/objectivesThis study reported real-world visual acuity (VA), treatment patterns, and ocular safety outcomes from patients with macular oedema secondary to branch, central, or hemi-retinal vein occlusion (BRVO, CRVO, HRVO) treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).MethodsData were collected from Medisoft electronic medical records across 16 NHS ophthalmology sites in England over 60 months.Results3511/3465 eyes/patients with BRVO and 3568/3514 eyes/patients with CRVO or HRVO were included; ConclusionsVA improvements were observed soon after anti-VEGF treatment, but were lower with longer follow-up through 60 months, alongside lower annual injection numbers, suggesting that current single-target intravitreal anti-VEGFs may not be sufficiently durable for long-term RVO management in routine practice.
Abstract reproduced from the open-access article under the recorded cc by licence; © the authors. PMID 41238745 · DOI · PMC12764885
Real-world treatment patterns and visual outcomes of faricimab in patients with diabetic macular oedema in the UK at 12 months: the FARWIDE-DMO study [3]
Abstract reading summary — source excerpts
- Opening excerpt
- BackgroundThe Faricimab Real-World Evidence (FARWIDE) studies are evaluating real-world outcomes of eyes with diabetic macular oedema (DMO)/neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) treated with faricimab in the UK.
- Closing excerpt
- ConclusionsThese 1-year data support real-world effectiveness, durability and safety of faricimab in DMO.
- Interpretation limits
- Verbatim excerpts from the authors’ abstract; the closing excerpt may describe a finding, limitation or recommendation. Design, population, effect size and uncertainty have not been independently extracted or appraised. Read the complete abstract and linked paper before interpreting the findings.
Read complete abstract (235 words)
BackgroundThe Faricimab Real-World Evidence (FARWIDE) studies are evaluating real-world outcomes of eyes with diabetic macular oedema (DMO)/neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) treated with faricimab in the UK. We present results from FARWIDE-DMO for eyes with 12 months of follow-up after faricimab initiation.MethodsFARWIDE-DMO includes patients with diagnosis of DMO who received ≥1 intravitreal faricimab injection after May 2022 in the diagnosed eye(s) at 1 of 35 UK National Health Service sites. All eyes had ≥12 months of follow-up after faricimab initiation as of July 2024. Treatment-naïve (TN) eyes had no prior anti-VEGF therapy or steroid implant. Previously treated (PT) eyes switched to faricimab. Baseline characteristics, visual acuity (VA) outcomes and treatment patterns were evaluated. Intraocular inflammation (IOI) and presumed infectious endophthalmitis (PIE) incidences were pooled for all nAMD/DMO eyes with any follow-up duration. Analyses are descriptive.Results2147 eyes (1564 patients) were included (TN, 32.1%; PT, 67.9%). For TN eyes, mean (standard deviation [SD]) VA at baseline and 12 months were 63.9 (15.2) and 68.4 (16.3) Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters, respectively. VA remained stable in PT eyes. TN eyes received a mean (SD) of 4.5 (1.0) faricimab injections in months 1-6 and 1.9 (1.2) injections in months 7-12. PT eyes received 4.5 (1.2) injections in months 1-6 and 2.4 (1.3) in months 7-12. IOI and PIE rates were consistent with faricimab phase 3 trials.ConclusionsThese 1-year data support real-world effectiveness, durability and safety of faricimab in DMO.
Abstract reproduced from the open-access article under the recorded cc by licence; © the authors. PMID 41131329 · DOI · PMC12669761
Key reviews and meta-analyses
The most cited review-type papers among PubMed’s best-match results for this heading, listed with bibliographic details only. Follow the links for the full text and access terms.
- Research article Lenalidomide Maintenance After Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation in Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma: A Meta-Analysis [4]
- Research article Meta-analysis of endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents: causative organisms and possible prevention strategies [5]
- Research article Cardiovascular toxicity of angiogenesis inhibitors in treatment of malignancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis [6]
- Research article Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for neovascular age-related macular degeneration [7]
- Research article Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for neovascular age-related macular degeneration [8]
- Research article METAANALYSIS OF REAL-WORLD OUTCOMES OF INTRAVITREAL RANIBIZUMAB FOR THE TREATMENT OF NEOVASCULAR AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION [9]
References
- Sun J, Ren S, Zhao Q, He J, Wang Y, Ren M. Endostatin-based anti-angiogenic therapy and immune modulation: mechanisms and synergistic potential in cancer treatment. . 2025. PMID 40574866 · DOI · PMC12198163
- Dinah C, Dodds M, Lotery A, Salvatore S, Fletcher E, Lake AVR, et al.. Treatment patterns and long-term outcomes in anti-VEGF-treated macular oedema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: a retrospective observational study. . 2026. PMID 41238745 · DOI · PMC12764885
- Peto T, Pearce I, Talks J, de Salvo G, Patel PJ, de Silva SR, et al.. Real-world treatment patterns and visual outcomes of faricimab in patients with diabetic macular oedema in the UK at 12 months: the FARWIDE-DMO study. . 2025. PMID 41131329 · DOI · PMC12669761
- McCarthy PL, Holstein SA, Petrucci MT, Richardson PG, Hulin C, Tosi P, et al.. Lenalidomide Maintenance After Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation in Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma: A Meta-Analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2017. PMID 28742454 · DOI · PMC5652871
- McCannel CA. Meta-analysis of endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents: causative organisms and possible prevention strategies. Retina. 2011. PMID 21330939 · DOI
- Abdel-Qadir H, Ethier JL, Lee DS, Thavendiranathan P, Amir E. Cardiovascular toxicity of angiogenesis inhibitors in treatment of malignancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Treat Rev. 2017. PMID 28104567 · DOI
- Solomon SD, Lindsley K, Vedula SS, Krzystolik MG, Hawkins BS. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014. PMID 25170575 · DOI · PMC4270425
- Solomon SD, Lindsley K, Vedula SS, Krzystolik MG, Hawkins BS. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID 30834517 · DOI · PMC6419319
- Kim LN, Mehta H, Barthelmes D, Nguyen V, Gillies MC. METAANALYSIS OF REAL-WORLD OUTCOMES OF INTRAVITREAL RANIBIZUMAB FOR THE TREATMENT OF NEOVASCULAR AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION. Retina. 2016. PMID 27388744 · DOI
About this article
- Sources
- NLM Medical Subject Headings (definition, synonyms); NCBI PubMed (counts, identifiers); Europe PMC (open-access abstracts and citation counts).
- Verification
- Every reference was resolved against PubMed on 2026-10-31; title, year and DOI matched.
- Review state
- automated source verified; no human expert review has been recorded yet.
- Version
- 1, last updated 2026-10-29.
See how EvidenceLib is built. Spotted an error? Email support@evidencehelix.com.
Evidence strength
EvidenceHelix's computed view of the study designs behind this topic: how common meta-analyses, randomized trials and reviews are, how recent the literature is, and a plain-language reading. It describes the design mix of the literature. It is not a quality appraisal of any study, and it is not medical advice.