EvidenceLib · Topic area
Drugs and Chemicals
Hormones, lipids, carbohydrates, organic compounds and pharmaceutical preparations studied in biomedical research. 546 evidence-grounded articles.
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1-Propanol
A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.
2-Acetylaminofluorene
A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide.
2-Propanol
An isomer of 1-propanol.
Acetaldehyde
A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors.
Acetaminophen
Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide.
Acetates
Derivatives of acetic acid.
Acetazolamide
One of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitors that is sometimes effective against absence seizures.
Acetic Acid
Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood.
Acrylamide
A colorless, odorless, highly water soluble vinyl monomer formed from the hydration of acrylonitrile.
Adipokines
Polypeptides produced by the adipocytes.
Adiponectin
A 30-kDa complement c1q-related protein, the most abundant gene product secreted by fat cells of the white adipose tissue.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
An anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex and its production of corticosteroids.
Adrenomedullin
A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions.
Aerosols
Colloids with a gaseous dispersing phase and either liquid (fog) or solid (smoke) dispersed phase; used in fumigation or in inhalation therapy; may contain propellant agents.
Afatinib
A quinazoline and butenamide derivative that acts as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptors (erbb receptors) and is used in the treatment of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.
Agar
A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae.
Albuterol
A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat asthma.
Alcohols
Alkyl compounds containing a hydroxyl group.
Aldosterone
A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium.
Alfentanil
A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of fentanyl.
Alkaloids
Organic nitrogenous bases.
alpha 1-Antitrypsin
Plasma glycoprotein member of the serpin superfamily which inhibits trypsin; neutrophil elastase; and other proteolytic enzymes.
alpha-Linolenic Acid
A fatty acid that is found in plants and involved in the formation of prostaglandins.
alpha-MSH
A 13-amino acid peptide derived from proteolytic cleavage of adrenocorticotropic hormone, the N-terminal segment of ACTH.
Amides
Organic compounds containing the -co-nh2 radical.
Amikacin
A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from kanamycin.
Amines
A group of compounds derived from ammonia by substituting organic radicals for the hydrogens.
Aminoglycosides
Glycosylated compounds in which there is an amino substituent on the glycoside.
Aminophylline
A drug combination that contains theophylline and ethylenediamine.
Aminopyrine
A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of agranulocytosis.
Amitriptyline
Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties.
Amoxicillin
A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to ampicillin except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.
Anastrozole
A nitrile and triazole derivative that acts as a selective nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor.
Androstenedione
A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the testis, but also in the ovary and the adrenal cortex.
Angiotensin I
A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by renin.
Angiotensin II
An octapeptide that is a potent but labile vasoconstrictor.
Anthocyanins
A group of flavonoids derived from flavonols, which lack the ketone oxygen at the 4-position.
Anthracyclines
Organic compounds that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.
Anthraquinones
Compounds based on anthracenes which contain two ketones in any position.
Anti-Mullerian Hormone
A glycoprotein that causes regression of mullerian ducts.
Antipyrine
An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops.
Apolipoprotein A-I
The most abundant protein component of high density lipoproteins or HDL.
Apolipoproteins
Protein components on the surface of lipoproteins.
Apolipoproteins A
Structural proteins of the alpha-lipoproteins (high density lipoproteins), including apolipoprotein a-i and apolipoprotein a-ii.
Apomorphine
A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist.
Apoprotein(a)
A large and highly glycosylated protein constituent of lipoprotein (A).
Arachidonic Acid
An unsaturated, essential fatty acid.
Arginine Vasopressin
The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone.
Aripiprazole
A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent.
Atenolol
A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to propranolol, but without a negative inotropic effect.
Atorvastatin
A pyrrole and heptanoic acid derivative, hydroxymethylglutaryl-coa reductase inhibitor (statin), and anticholesteremic agent that is used to reduce serum levels of ldl-cholesterol; apolipoprotein B; and triglycerides.
Atrial Natriuretic Factor
A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight peptides derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the heart atrium.
Atropine
An alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly solanaceae.
Avidin
A specific protein in egg albumin that interacts with biotin to render it unavailable to mammals, thereby producing biotin deficiency.
Aztreonam
A monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic originally isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum.
Bacitracin
A complex of cyclic peptide antibiotics produced by the Tracy-I strain of Bacillus subtilis.
Beclomethasone
An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid.
Benzyl Alcohol
A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor.
Berberine
An alkaloid from Hydrastis canadensis L., Berberidaceae.
beta 2-Microglobulin
An 11-kDa protein associated with the outer membrane of many cells including lymphocytes.
beta-Endorphin
A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of beta-lipotropin.
Betamethasone
A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated.
Bicuculline
An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants.
Biotin
A water-soluble, enzyme co-factor present in minute amounts in every living cell.
Bleomycin
A complex of related glycopeptide antibiotics from Streptomyces verticillus consisting of bleomycin A2 and B2.
Bombesin
A tetradecapeptide originally obtained from the skins of toads Bombina bombina and B.
Bosentan
A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage pulmonary hypertension and systemic sclerosis.
Budesonide
A glucocorticoid used in the management of asthma, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic rhinitis.
Buprenorphine
A derivative of the opioid alkaloid thebaine that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than morphine.
Buspirone
An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds.
Busulfan
An alkylating agent having a selective immunosuppressive effect on bone marrow.
Butyric Acid
A four carbon acid, ch3ch2ch2cooh, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.
C-Peptide
The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain.
Cabergoline
An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits prolactin secretion.
Cadherins
Calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins.
Caffeine
A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent.
Calcitonin
A peptide hormone that lowers calcium concentration in the blood.
Calcitriol
The physiologically active form of vitamin D.
Camphor
A bicyclic monoterpene ketone found widely in plants, especially cinnamomum camphora.
Camptothecin
An alkaloid isolated from the stem wood of the Chinese tree, Camptotheca acuminata.
Carbapenems
A group of beta-lactam antibiotics in which the sulfur atom in the thiazolidine ring of the penicillin molecule is replaced by a carbon atom.
Carbenicillin
Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally.
Carbohydrates
A class of organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n.
Carcinoembryonic Antigen
A glycoprotein that is secreted into the luminal surface of the epithelia in the gastrointestinal tract.
Cardiac Glycosides
Cyclopentanophenanthrenes with a 5- or 6-membered lactone ring attached at the 17-position and sugars attached at the 3-position.
Carrageenan
A water-soluble extractive mixture of sulfated polysaccharides from red algae.
Carvedilol
A carbazole and propanol derivative that acts as a non-cardioselective beta blocker and vasodilator.
Caspofungin
A cyclic lipopeptide echinocandin and beta-(1,3)-D-glucan synthase inhibitor that is used to treat internal or systemic mycoses.
Castor Oil
Oil obtained from seeds of Ricinus communis that is used as a cathartic and as a plasticizer.
CD40 Ligand
A membrane glycoprotein and differentiation antigen expressed on the surface of T-cells that binds to cd40 antigens on b-lymphocytes and induces their proliferation.
Cefazolin
A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis.
Cefepime
A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin.
Cefoperazone
Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase.
Ceftazidime
Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial derived from cephaloridine and used especially for Pseudomonas and other gram-negative infections in debilitated patients.
Ceftriaxone
A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.
Cefuroxime
Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.
Celecoxib
A pyrazole derivative and selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor that is used to treat symptoms associated with rheumatoid arthritis; osteoarthritis and juvenile arthritis, as well as the management of acute pain.
Cell Adhesion Molecule-1
A cell adhesion molecule that contains extracellular immunoglobulin V and C2 domains.
Cell Adhesion Molecules
Surface ligands, usually glycoproteins, that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion.
Cellobiose
A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage.
Cellulose
A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose.
Cephalexin
A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of cephaloridine or cephalothin, but somewhat less potent.
Cephalosporins
A group of broad-spectrum antibiotics first isolated from the Mediterranean fungus acremonium.
Ceramides
Members of the class of neutral glycosphingolipids.
Chenodeoxycholic Acid
A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine.
Chitin
A linear polysaccharide of beta-1->4 linked units of acetylglucosamine.
Chitosan
Deacetylated chitin, a linear polysaccharide of deacetylated beta-1,4-D-glucosamine.
Chloralose
A derivative of chloral hydrate that was used as a sedative but has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs.
Chloramphenicol
An antibiotic first isolated from cultures of Streptomyces venequelae in 1947 but now produced synthetically.
Chlorophyll A
A form of chlorophyll that absorbs light in the violet to red spectrum (approximately 400-700 nm wavelength range) and reflects green light (500-570 nm wavelength), which imparts the characteristic green color to land plants.
Cholecalciferol
Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ultraviolet rays breaking of the c9-c10 bond.
Cholecystokinin
A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper intestinal mucosa and also found in the central nervous system.
Cholesterol
The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.
Cholesterol Esters
Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma.
Cholic Acid
A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine.
Choline
A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs.
Chorionic Gonadotropin
A gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone produced primarily by the placenta.
Chylomicrons
A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestine to the tissues.
Cilostazol
A quinoline and tetrazole derivative that acts as a phosphodiesterase type 3 inhibitor, with anti-platelet and vasodilating activity.
Cimetidine
A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits histamine binding to histamine H2 receptors.
Clavulanic Acid
A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus.
Clonidine
An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates alpha-2 adrenergic receptors and central imidazoline receptors.
Clotrimazole
An imidazole derivative with a broad spectrum of antimycotic activity.
Clusterin
A highly conserved heterodimeric glycoprotein that is differentially expressed during many severe physiological disturbance states such as cancer; apoptosis; and various neurological disorders.
Cocaine
An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca.
Codeine
An opioid analgesic related to morphine but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects.
Colchicine
A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L.
Colistin
Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus.
Colloids
Two-phase systems in which one is uniformly dispersed in another as particles small enough so they cannot be filtered or will not settle out.
Colony-Stimulating Factors
Glycoproteins found in a subfraction of normal mammalian plasma and urine.
Congo Red
An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents.
Corticosterone
An adrenocortical steroid that has modest but significant activities as a mineralocorticoid and a glucocorticoid.
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone
A peptide of about 41 amino acids that stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone.
Cortisone
A naturally occurring glucocorticoid that has been used in replacement therapy for adrenal insufficiency and as an anti-inflammatory agent.
Creatine
An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine.
Creatinine
A waste product produced by dietary protein digestion and breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle.
Crizotinib
A piperidine and aminopyridine derivative that acts as an inhibitor of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases, including anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR; c-Met).
Cyclodextrins
A homologous group of cyclic glucans consisting of alpha-1,4 bound glucose units obtained by the action of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase on starch or similar substrates.
Cyclosporine
A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi.
Cyproheptadine
A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.
Cyproterone
An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate (cyproterone acetate), also has progestational properties.
Danazol
A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins.
Dantrolene
Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber.
Dasatinib
A pyrimidine and thiazole derived antineoplastic agent and protein kinase inhibitor of bcr-abl kinase.
Daunorubicin
A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of leukemia and other neoplasms.
Decorin
A small leucine-rich proteoglycan that interacts with fibrillar collagens and modifies the extracellular matrix structure of connective tissue.
Dehydroepiandrosterone
A major C19 steroid produced by the adrenal cortex.
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate
The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the adrenal cortex.
Deoxycholic Acid
A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate.
Dexmedetomidine
An imidazole derivative that is an agonist of adrenergic alpha-2 receptors.
Dextran Sulfate
Long-chain polymer of glucose containing 17-20% sulfur.
Dextrans
A group of glucose polymers made by certain bacteria.
Dextromethorphan
Methyl analog of dextrorphan that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center.
Digitonin
A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars.
Digoxin
A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone digoxigenin.
Dihydrotestosterone
A potent androgenic metabolite of testosterone.
Dioxins
A family of compounds that contain the 1,4-dioxin structure.
Dithiothreitol
A reagent commonly used in biochemical studies as a protective agent to prevent the oxidation of SH (thiol) groups and for reducing disulphides to dithiols.
Domperidone
A specific blocker of dopamine receptors.
Donepezil
An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase.
Dosage Forms
Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included.
Drug Combinations
Single preparations containing two or more active agents, for the purpose of their concurrent administration as a fixed dose mixture.
E-Selectin
Cell adhesion molecule and CD antigen that mediates neutrophil, monocyte, and memory T-cell adhesion to cytokine-activated endothelial cells.
Eicosanoids
A class of compounds named after and generally derived from C20 fatty acids (eicosanoic acids) that includes prostaglandins; leukotrienes; thromboxanes, and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids.
Eicosapentaenoic Acid
Important polyunsaturated fatty acid found in fish oils.
Emodin
Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially rhamnus purshiana.
Emulsions
Colloids formed by the combination of two immiscible liquids such as oil and water.
Endocannabinoids
Fatty acid derivatives that have specificity for cannabinoid receptors.
Ephedrine
A phenethylamine found in ephedra sinica.
Epidermal Growth Factor
A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands.
Epinephrine
The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla.
Epirubicin
An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin.
Ergosterol
A steroid occurring in fungi.
Ertapenem
A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than imipenem, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as cilastatin.
Erythritol
A four-carbon sugar that is found in algae, fungi, and lichens.
Erythropoietin
Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the kidney in the adult and the liver in the fetus, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the bone marrow to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.
Estradiol
The 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position.
Estriol
A hydroxylated metabolite of estradiol or estrone that has a hydroxyl group at C3, 16-alpha, and 17-beta position.
Estrone
An aromatized C18 steroid with a 3-hydroxyl group and a 17-ketone, a major mammalian estrogen.
Ethanol
A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body.
Ethanolamine
A viscous, hygroscopic amino alcohol with an ammoniacal odor.
Ethinyl Estradiol
A semisynthetic alkylated estradiol with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution.
Ethylene Glycol
A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol.
Etomidate
Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system.
Etoposide
A semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity.
Evans Blue
An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method.
Excipients
Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form.
Ezetimibe
An azetidine derivative and anticholesteremic agent that inhibits intestinal sterol absorption.
Famotidine
A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist.
Fats
The glyceryl esters of a fatty acid, or of a mixture of fatty acids.
Fatty Acids
Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid.
Fentanyl
A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction.
Filgrastim
A recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (g-csf) that is used in the treatment and prevention of neutropenia, preparation and collection of blood progenitor cells, and for use in peripheral blood stem cell transplantati
Finasteride
An orally active 3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase inhibitor.
Flecainide
A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial arrhythmias and tachycardias.
Fluconazole
Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal candidiasis and cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS.
Fluticasone
A steroid with glucocorticoid receptor activity that is used to manage the symptoms of asthma; allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis.
Fluvastatin
An indole-heptanoic acid derivative that inhibits hmg coa reductase and is used to treat hypercholesterolemia.
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (pituitary gland, anterior).
Formaldehyde
A highly reactive aldehyde gas formed by oxidation or incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons.
Fructosamine
An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins.
Fucose
A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula c6h12o5.
Fulvestrant
An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.
Furans
Compounds with a 5-membered ring of four carbons and an oxygen.
Furosemide
A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan.
Fusidic Acid
An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.
Galantamine
A benzazepine derived from norbelladine.
Gangliosides
A subclass of acidic glycosphingolipids.
Gastrin-Releasing Peptide
Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate gastric acid secretion and motor function.
Gels
Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquefies; the resulting colloid is called a sol.
Ghrelin
A 28-amino acid, acylated, orexigenic peptide that is a ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptors.
Glucagon
A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal glucagon-like peptides.
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from proglucagon and mainly produced by the intestinal L cells.
Glucans
Polysaccharides composed of repeating glucose units.
Glucosinolates
Substituted thioglucosides.
Glycated Hemoglobin
Products of non-enzymatic reactions between glucose and hemoglobin (occurring as a minor fraction of the hemoglobin of erythrocytes.) It generally refers to glycated hemoglobin A.
Glyceraldehyde
An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions.
Glycerol
A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.
Glycerophospholipids
Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond.
Glycoconjugates
Carbohydrates covalently linked to a nonsugar moiety (lipids or proteins).
Glycolipids
Any compound containing one or more monosaccharide residues bound by a glycosidic linkage to a hydrophobic moiety such as an acylglycerol (see glycerides), a sphingoid, a ceramide (ceramides) (N-acylsphingoid) or a prenyl phosphat
Glycopeptides
Proteins which contain carbohydrate groups attached covalently to the polypeptide chain.
Glycosides
Any compound that contains a constituent sugar, in which the hydroxyl group attached to the first carbon is substituted by an alcoholic, phenolic, or other group.
Glycosphingolipids
Lipids containing at least one monosaccharide residue and either a sphingoid or a ceramide (ceramides).
Gonadal Hormones
Hormones produced by the gonads, including both steroid and peptide hormones.
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
A decapeptide that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both pituitary gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone.
Gonadotropins
Hormones that stimulate gonadal functions such as gametogenesis and sex steroid hormone production in the ovary and the testis.
Gramicidin
A group of peptide antibiotics from bacillus brevis.
Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor
A glycoprotein of MW 25 kDa containing internal disulfide bonds.
Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor
An acidic glycoprotein of MW 23 kDa with internal disulfide bonds.
Growth Hormone
A polypeptide that is secreted by the adenohypophysis (pituitary gland, anterior).
Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone
A peptide of 44 amino acids in most species that stimulates the release and synthesis of growth hormone.
Guanethidine
An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves.
Guanidine
A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH.
HDL Cholesterol
Cholesterol which is contained in or bound to high-density lipoproteins (HDL), including cholesterol esters and free cholesterol.
HDL Lipoproteins
A class of lipoproteins of small size (4-13 nm) and dense (greater than 1.063 g/ml) particles.
Heme
The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin.
Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans
Ubiquitous macromolecules associated with the cell surface and extracellular matrix of a wide range of cells of vertebrate and invertebrate tissues.
Heroin
A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming.
Histamine
An amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine.
HLA-A Antigens
Polymorphic class I human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigens present on almost all nucleated cells.
Hydrocortisone
The main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex.
Hydromorphone
An opioid analgesic made from morphine and used mainly as an analgesic.
Idarubicin
An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic.
Ifosfamide
Positional isomer of cyclophosphamide which is active as an alkylating agent and an immunosuppressive agent.
Illicit Drugs
Drugs that are manufactured, obtained, or sold illegally.
Iloprost
A stable analog of epoprostenol that is a platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator, and has cytoprotective properties.
Imatinib Mesylate
A tyrosine kinase inhibitor and antineoplastic agent that inhibits the bcr-abl kinase created by chromosome rearrangements in chronic myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia, as well as PDG-derived tyrosine kinases that
Imidazoles
Compounds containing 1,3-diazole, a five membered aromatic ring containing two nitrogen atoms separated by one of the carbons.
Imipenem
Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains.
Inositol
An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man.
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate
Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane.
Inositol Phosphates
Phosphoric acid esters of inositol.
Insulin
A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (glycogenolysis; gluconeogenesis) and indirectly by suppressing glucagon sec
Insulin Glargine
A recombinant long acting insulin and hypoglycemic agent that is used to manage blood glucose in patients with diabetes mellitus.
Insulins
Peptide hormones that cause an increase in the absorption of glucose by cells within organs such as liver; muscle and adipose tissue.
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1
A cell-surface ligand involved in leukocyte adhesion and inflammation.
Interleukin-3
A multilineage cell growth factor secreted by lymphocytes; epithelial cells; and astrocytes which stimulates clonal proliferation and differentiation of various types of blood and tissue cells.
Intrinsic Factor
A glycoprotein secreted by the cells of the gastric glands that is required for the absorption of vitamin B 12 (cyanocobalamin).
Inulin
A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants.
Ipratropium
A muscarinic antagonist structurally related to atropine but often considered safer and more effective for inhalation use.
Irbesartan
A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist.
Irinotecan
A semisynthetic camptothecin derivative that inhibits dna topoisomerase I to prevent nucleic acid synthesis during S phase.
Isoniazid
Antibacterial agent used primarily as a tuberculostatic.
Isoprostanes
A series of prostaglandin-like compounds that are produced by the attack of free-radical species on unsaturated fatty acids, especially arachidonic acid, of cellular membranes.
Isoproterenol
Isopropyl analog of epinephrine; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc.
Isosorbide
1,4:3,6-Dianhydro D-glucitol.
Kanamycin
Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil.
Ketoconazole
Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients.
L-Selectin
Cell adhesion molecule and CD antigen that serves as a homing receptor for lymphocytes to lymph node high endothelial venules.
Labetalol
A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of beta-adrenergic receptors and alpha-1 adrenergic receptors.
Lactams
Cyclic amides formed from aminocarboxylic acids by the elimination of water.
Lactoferrin
An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein.
Laminin
Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties.
Lanosterol
A triterpene that derives from the chair-boat-chair-boat folding of 2,3-oxidosqualene.
LDL Cholesterol
Cholesterol which is contained in or bound to low density lipoproteins (LDL), including cholesterol esters and free cholesterol.
Leflunomide
An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway.
Leptin
A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes.
Letrozole
A triazole and benzonitrile derivative that is a selective non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor, similar to anastrozole.
Leukotriene B4
The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
Leukotriene C4
The conjugation product of leukotriene A4 and glutathione.
Leukotrienes
A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.
Leuprolide
A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of gonadotropin-releasing hormone that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone.
Levamisole
An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function.
Levetiracetam
A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of seizures and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.
Levonorgestrel
A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of progesterone and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (norgestrel).
Lidocaine
A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent.
Lincomycin
An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var.
Linezolid
An oxazolidinone and acetamide derived anti-bacterial agent and protein synthesis inhibitor that is used in the treatment of gram-positive bacterial infections of the skin and respiratory tract.
Linoleic Acid
A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides.
Lipid A
Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides.
Lipid Peroxides
Peroxides produced in the presence of a free radical by the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in the cell in the presence of molecular oxygen.
Lipids
A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water.
Lipofuscin
A naturally occurring lipid pigment with histochemical characteristics similar to ceroid.
Lipopolysaccharides
Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens.
Lipoprotein(a)
A lipoprotein that resembles the low-density lipoproteins but with an extra protein moiety, apoprotein (A) also known as apolipoprotein (A), linked to apolipoprotein b-100 on the LDL by one or two disulfide bonds.
Lipoproteins
Lipid-protein complexes involved in the transportation and metabolism of lipids in the body.
Liposomes
Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer.
Liraglutide
An analog of glucagon-like peptide 1 and agonist of the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor that is used as a hypoglycemic agent and supplemental therapy in the treatment of diabetes mellitus by patients who do not respond to metform
Losartan
An antagonist of angiotensin type 1 receptor with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of angiotensin II.
Lovastatin
A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus.
Luteinizing Hormone
A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (pituitary gland, anterior).
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea).
Lysophospholipids
Derivatives of phosphatidic acids that lack one of its fatty acyl chains due to its hydrolytic removal.
Macrolides
A group of often glycosylated macrocyclic compounds formed by chain extension of multiple propionates cyclized into a large (typically 12, 14, or 16)-membered lactone.
Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor
A mononuclear phagocyte colony-stimulating factor (m-csf) synthesized by mesenchymal cells.
Maltose
A dextrodisaccharide from malt and starch.
Mannitol
A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol.
Mecamylamine
A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier.
Medroxyprogesterone Acetate
A synthetic progestin that is derived from 17-hydroxyprogesterone.
Meglumine
1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol.
Melatonin
A biogenic amine that is found in animals and plants.
Meloxicam
A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a nsaid and cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2) inhibitor.
Meperidine
A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor.
Mercaptoethanol
A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol.
Meropenem
A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than imipenem, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as cilastatin.
Metformin
A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.
Methanol
A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent.
Methicillin
One of the penicillins which is resistant to penicillinase but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein.
Methimazole
A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin.
Methylcellulose
Methylester of cellulose.
Metoprolol
A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat angina pectoris; hypertension; and cardiac arrhythmias.
Metronidazole
A nitroimidazole used to treat amebiasis; vaginitis; trichomonas infections; giardiasis; anaerobic bacteria; and treponemal infections.
Micafungin
A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of candidiasis.
Micelles
Particles consisting of aggregates of molecules held loosely together by secondary bonds.
Microcystins
Cyclic heptapeptides found in microcystis and other cyanobacteria.
Microgels
Three-dimensional biocompatible polymers in micrometer size range.
Mifepristone
A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist.
Minocycline
A tetracycline analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant staphylococcus infections.
Misoprostol
A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1.
Mitomycin
An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus.
Monensin
An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis.
Monocrotaline
A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods.
Morphine
The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic.
Motilin
A peptide of about 22-amino acids isolated from the duodenum.
Mucins
High molecular weight mucoproteins that protect the surface of epithelial cells by providing a barrier to particulate matter and microorganisms.
Mupirocin
A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens.
Muscimol
A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of amanita.
Mycophenolic Acid
Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species.
Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
A transmembrane protein present in the myelin sheath of the central nervous system.
Myristic Acid
A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils.
N-Acetylneuraminic Acid
An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid.
Naloxone
A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity.
Naltrexone
Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of naloxone.
Naproxen
An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties.
Natriuretic Peptides
Peptides that regulate the water-electrolyte balance in the body, also known as natriuretic peptide hormones.
Neomycin
Aminoglycoside antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces fradiae.
Neonicotinoids
A class of insecticides that are structurally similar to nicotine and have physiologically similar effects as agonists of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, but are less toxic to vertebrates.
Niacin
A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues.
Nicotine
Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid.
Nigericin
A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria.
Nisin
A 34-amino acid polypeptide antibiotic produced by Streptococcus lactis.
Nitroblue Tetrazolium
Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to con
Nitrofurantoin
A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.
Norepinephrine
Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter.
Nortriptyline
A metabolite of amitriptyline that is also used as an antidepressive agent.
Novobiocin
An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus.
Nucleosides
Purine or pyrimidine bases attached to a ribose or deoxyribose.
Nucleotides
The monomeric units from which DNA or RNA polymers are constructed.
Octopamine
An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems.
Octreotide
A potent, long-acting synthetic somatostatin octapeptide analog that inhibits secretion of growth hormone and is used to treat hormone-secreting tumors; diabetes mellitus; hypotension, orthostatic; hyperinsulinism; hypergastrinemi
Oils
Unctuous combustible substances that are liquid or easily liquefiable on warming, and are soluble in ether but insoluble in water.
Ointments
Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications.
Okadaic Acid
A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a.
Oleic Acid
An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature.
Ondansetron
A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist.
Organic Chemicals
A broad class of substances containing carbon and its derivatives.
Osteopontin
A negatively-charged extracellular matrix protein that plays a role in the regulation of BONE metabolism and a variety of other biological functions.
Ouabain
A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like digitalis.
Oxysterols
Oxygenated derivatives of cholesterol or its sterol precursors.
Oxytetracycline
A tetracycline analog isolated from the actinomycete streptomyces rimosus and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.
Oxytocin
A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (pituitary gland, posterior).
P-Selectin
Cell adhesion molecule and CD antigen that mediates the adhesion of neutrophils and monocytes to activated platelets and endothelial cells.
Palm Oil
Nutritive oil extracted from the fleshy mesocarp of the fruit of the African palm tree, Elaeis guineensis.
Palmitic Acid
A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.
Pancreatic Polypeptide
A 36-amino acid pancreatic hormone that is secreted mainly by endocrine cells found at the periphery of the islets OF langerhans and adjacent to cells containing somatostatin and glucagon.
Papaverine
An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions.
Parathyroid Hormone
A polypeptide hormone (84 amino acid residues) secreted by the parathyroid glands which performs the essential role of maintaining intracellular calcium levels in the body.
Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein
A ubiquitously expressed, secreted protein with bone resorption and renal calcium reabsorption activities that are similar to parathyroid hormone.
Penicillin G
A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections.
Penicillins
A group of antibiotics that contain 6-aminopenicillanic acid with a side chain attached to the 6-amino group.
Pentamidine
Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of pneumocystis pneumonia in HIV-infected patients.
Pentazocine
The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed.
Pentylenetetrazole
A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant.
Peptide Hormones
Hormones synthesized from amino acids.
Peptide YY
A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon.
Peptidoglycan
A structural polymer of the bacterial cell envelope consisting of sugars and amino acids which is responsible for both shape determination and cellular integrity under osmotic stress in virtually all bacteria.
Perylene
A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene.
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form.
Phenacetin
A phenylacetamide that was formerly used in analgesics but nephropathy and methemoglobinemia led to its withdrawal from the market.
Phentolamine
A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist.
Phenylbutazone
A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities.
Phenytoin
An anticonvulsant that is used to treat a wide variety of seizures.
Phosphatidylcholines
Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a choline moiety.
Phospholipids
Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides see glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids).
Physostigmine
A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes.
Phytic Acid
Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions.
Picrotoxin
A mixture of picrotoxinin and picrotin that is a noncompetitive antagonist at gaba-a receptors acting as a convulsant.
Pilocarpine
A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects.
Pindolol
A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (adrenergic beta-antagonists).
Pioglitazone
A thiazolidinedione and ppar gamma agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 diabetes mellitus.
Piperacillin
Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, ampicillin derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for pseudomonas infections.
Piperazine
An anti-nematodal agent effective against the intestinal nematodes ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm) and enterobius vermicularis (pinworm, threadworm).
Pituitary Hormones
Hormones secreted by the pituitary gland including those from the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis), the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis), and the ill-defined intermediate lobe.
Placebos
Any dummy medication or treatment.
Placental Lactogen
A polypeptide hormone of approximately 25 kDa that is produced by the syncytiotrophoblasts of the placenta, also known as chorionic somatomammotropin.
Plant Extracts
Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.
Platelet Activating Factor
A phospholipid derivative formed by platelets; basophils; neutrophils; monocytes; and macrophages.
Poloxamer
A nonionic polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block co-polymer with the general formula HO(c2h4o)a(-c3h6o)b(c2h4o)aH.
Polyhydroxyalkanoates
Biodegradable microbial polyesters which contain hydroxyacyl monomers.
Polyketides
Natural compounds containing alternating carbonyl and methylene groups (beta-polyketones), bioenergenetically derived from repeated condensation of acetyl coenzyme A via malonyl coenzyme A, in a process similar to fatty acid synth
Polymyxin B
A mixture of polymyxins B1 and B2, obtained from bacillus polymyxa strains.
Polyvinyl Alcohol
A polymer prepared from polyvinyl acetates by replacement of the acetate groups with hydroxyl groups.
Porphyrins
A group of compounds containing the porphin structure, four pyrrole rings connected by methine bridges in a cyclic configuration to which a variety of side chains are attached.
Powders
Substances made up of an aggregation of small particles, as that obtained by grinding or trituration of a solid drug.
Prednisolone
A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids.
Prednisone
A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from cortisone.
Pregnenolone
A 21-carbon steroid, derived from cholesterol and found in steroid hormone-producing tissues.
Pro-Opiomelanocortin
A 30-kDa protein synthesized primarily in the anterior pituitary gland and the hypothalamus.
Probenecid
The prototypical uricosuric agent.
Procalcitonin
A peptide prohormone precursor of calcitonin.
Procarbazine
An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.
Prodrugs
A compound that, on administration, must undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes before becoming the pharmacologically active drug for which it is a prodrug.
Progesterone
The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the corpus luteum and the placenta.
Prolactin
A lactogenic hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (pituitary gland, anterior).
Propranolol
A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist.
Prostaglandin D2
The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid.
Prostaglandins
A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway.
Prostaglandins A
(13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)).
Protein C
A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation.
Protein S
The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C.
Proteoglycans
Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content of which one or more are glycosaminoglycans.
Psilocybin
The major of two hallucinogenic components of the sacred Teonanacatl mushrooms (see psilocybe), the other component being psilocin.
Puromycin
A cinnamamido adenosine found in streptomyces alboniger.
Quinidine
An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the chinchona tree and similar plant species.
Quinine
An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree.
Raclopride
A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties.
Ranitidine
A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors).
Relaxin
A water-soluble polypeptide (molecular weight approximately 8,000) extractable from the corpus luteum of pregnancy.
Reserpine
An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R.
Resistin
A 12-kDa cysteine-rich polypeptide hormone secreted by fat cells in the adipose tissue.
Rhamnose
A methylpentose, or 6-deoxy-hexose, whose L- isomer is found naturally in many plant glycosides and some gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides.
Rifampin
A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei.
Ringer's Solution
An isotonic solution; the base contains sodium chloride; potassium chloride; and calcium chloride.
Ritonavir
An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV.
Rivaroxaban
A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a factor XA inhibitor and is used in the treatment and prevention of deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.
Rocuronium
An androstanol non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent.
Ropivacaine
An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic.
Rosiglitazone
A thiazolidinedione that functions as a selective agonist for ppar gamma.
Ryanodine
A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from ryania that disrupts the ryanodine receptor calcium release channel to modify calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum resulting in alteration of muscle contraction.
Saline Solution
A crystalloid solution that contains 9.0g of sodium chloride per liter of water.
Saponins
A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants.
Scopolamine
An alkaloid from solanaceae, especially datura and scopolia.
Secretin
A peptide hormone of about 27 amino acids from the duodenal mucosa that activates pancreatic secretion and lowers the blood sugar level.
Selectins
Transmembrane proteins consisting of a lectin-like domain, an epidermal growth factor-like domain, and a variable number of domains that are homologous to complement regulatory proteins.
Semaglutide
A glucagon-like peptide and glp-1 agonist used to enhance glycemic control of TYPE 2 diabetes mellitus, and for obesity management.
Sialic Acids
A group of naturally occurring N-and O-acyl derivatives of the deoxyamino sugar neuraminic acid.
Silica Gel
A non-crystalline form of silicon oxide that has absorptive properties.
Simvastatin
A derivative of lovastatin and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryl coa reductases), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis.
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate
An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; als
Solutions
The homogeneous mixtures formed by the mixing of a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance (solute) with a liquid (the solvent), from which the dissolved substances can be recovered by physical processes.
Somatostatin
A 14-amino acid peptide named for its ability to inhibit pituitary growth hormone release, also called somatotropin release-inhibiting factor.
Sorafenib
A niacinamide and phenylurea derivative that inhibits multiple intracellular and cell surface kinases thought to be involved in angiogenesis, including raf kinases and vegf receptors.
Sorbitol
A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose.
Spectinomycin
An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis.
Sphingolipids
A class of membrane lipids that have a polar head and two nonpolar tails.
Sphingosine
An amino alcohol with a long unsaturated hydrocarbon chain.
Spironolactone
A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules.
SRS-A
A group of leukotrienes; (LTC4; LTD4; and LTE4) that is the major mediator of bronchoconstriction; hypersensitivity; and other allergic reactions.
Starch
Any of a group of polysaccharides of the general formula (c6-h10-o5)n, composed of a long-chain polymer of glucose in the form of amylose and amylopectin.
Staurosporine
An indolocarbazole that is a potent protein kinase C inhibitor which enhances cAMP-mediated responses in human neuroblastoma cells.
Steroids
A group of polycyclic compounds closely related biochemically to terpenes.
Sterols
Steroids with a hydroxyl group at C-3 and most of the skeleton of cholestane.
Streptomycin
An antibiotic produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus.
Streptozocin
An antibiotic that is produced by Stretomyces achromogenes.
Strychnine
An alkaloid found in the seeds of strychnos nux-vomica.
Sufentanil
An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.
Sulbactam
A beta-lactamase inhibitor with very weak antibacterial action.
Sulfadiazine
One of the short-acting sulfonamides used in combination with pyrimethamine to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.
Sulfadoxine
A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.
Sulfamethoxazole
A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria.
Sulfasalazine
A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases.
Sulpiride
A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist.
Sumatriptan
A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors.
Sunitinib
An indole and pyrrole derivative that inhibits vegfr-2 and pdgfr beta receptor tyrosine kinases.
Suppositories
Medicated dosage forms that are designed to be inserted into the rectal, vaginal, or urethral orifice of the body for absorption.
Suramin
A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action.
Suspensions
Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosols) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions.
Syndecan-1
A syndecan that interacts with extracellular matrix proteins and plays a role cell proliferation and cell migration.
Tablets
Solid dosage forms, of varying weight, size, and shape, which may be molded or compressed, and which contain a medicinal substance in pure or diluted form.
Tamsulosin
A sulfonamide derivative and adrenergic alpha-1 receptor antagonist that is used to relieve symptoms of urinary obstruction caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Tazobactam
A penicillanic acid and sulfone derivative and potent beta-lactamase inhibitor that enhances the activity of other anti-bacterial agents against beta-lactamase producing bacteria.
Teicoplanin
Lipoglycopeptide antibiotic from Actinoplanes teichomyceticus active against gram-positive bacteria.
Temozolomide
A dacarbazine derivative that is used as an alkylating antineoplastic agent for the treatment of malignant glioma and malignant melanoma.
Teriparatide
A polypeptide that consists of the 1-34 amino-acid fragment of human parathyroid hormone, the biologically active N-terminal region.
Testosterone
A potent androgenic steroid and major product secreted by the leydig cells of the testis.
Tetracyclines
Closely congeneric derivatives of the polycyclic naphthacenecarboxamide.
Theophylline
A methyl xanthine derivative from tea with diuretic, smooth muscle relaxant, bronchial dilation, cardiac and central nervous system stimulant activities.
Thiabendazole
2-Substituted benzimidazole first introduced in 1962.
Thiazolidinediones
Thiazoles with two keto oxygens.
Thioacetamide
A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of hydrogen sulfide.
Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances
Low-molecular-weight end products, probably malondialdehyde, that are formed during the decomposition of lipid peroxidation products.
Thiourea
A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins.
Thrombomodulin
A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation.
Thrombopoietin
A humoral factor that stimulates the production of thrombocytes (blood platelets).
Thrombospondin 1
An extracellular matrix glycoprotein from platelets and a variety of normal and transformed cells of both mesenchymal and epithelial origin.
Thromboxane A2
An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2.
Thromboxane B2
A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides.
Thymosin
Thymosin.
Thyrotropin
A glycoprotein hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (pituitary gland, anterior).
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone
A tripeptide that stimulates the release of thyrotropin and prolactin.
Thyroxine
The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland.
Tigecycline
A tetracycline derivative that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor.
Timolol
A beta-adrenergic antagonist that is similar in action to propranolol; the levo-isomer is more active.
Tirzepatide
An analog of gastric inhibitory polypeptide and agonist of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor used to enhance glycemic control of TYPE 2 diabetes mellitus.
Tolbutamide
A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of chlorpropamide.
Topotecan
An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer.
Trans Fatty Acids
Unsaturated fatty acids that contain at least one double bond in the trans configuration, which results in a greater bond angle than the cis configuration.
Trazodone
A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.
Triamcinolone
A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated.
Triazoles
Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula c2h3n3.
Trifluoroethanol
A non-aqueous co-solvent that serves as tool to study protein folding.
Triiodothyronine
A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4).
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes.
Urea
A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids.
Uric Acid
An oxidation product, via xanthine oxidase, of oxypurines such as xanthine and hypoxanthine.
Ursodeoxycholic Acid
An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid.
Valinomycin
A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins.
Valproic Acid
A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder.
Valsartan
A tetrazole derivative and angiotensin II TYPE 1 receptor blocker that is used to treat hypertension.
Vancomycin
Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis.
Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1
Cytokine-induced cell adhesion molecule present on activated endothelial cells, tissue macrophages, dendritic cells, bone marrow fibroblasts, myoblasts, and myotubes.
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa.
Vemurafenib
An indole sulfonamide compound and inhibitor of braf kinases that is used for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic melanoma.
Veratridine
A benzoate-cevane found in veratrum and Schoenocaulon.
Vinorelbine
A vinca alkaloid related to vinblastine that is used as a first-line treatment for non-small cell lung cancer, or for advanced or metastatic breast cancer refractory to treatment with anthracyclines.
Vitamin B 12
A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water.
Vitamin D
A vitamin that includes both cholecalciferols and ergocalciferols, which have the common effect of preventing or curing rickets in animals.
Vitronectin
A blood plasma glycoprotein that mediates cell adhesion and interacts with proteins of the complement, coagulation, and fibrinolytic cascade.
Vorinostat
A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a histone deacetylase inhibitor.
Waxes
A plastic substance deposited by insects or obtained from plants.
Xanthine
A purine base found in most body tissues and fluids, certain plants, and some urinary calculi.
Xenobiotics
Chemical substances that are foreign to the biological system.
Xylitol
A five-carbon sugar alcohol derived from xylose by reduction of the carbonyl group.
Yohimbine
A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity.
Zoledronic Acid
An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of bone resorption that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related hypercalcemia; osteitis deformans; and osteoporosis.