62. SCIBPEARIA. 37 MM. Milne-Edwards and Haime figure, but do not describe nor mention in the text, a coral under the name of Cricogorgia ramea (t. B2. f. 6), which appears to be allied to the foregoing genus. 61. CALLICELLA, Coral flabellate, on one plane, much branched ; branches dichotomous. Bark Avhite, very thin. Polype-cells subcylindrical, short, incurved, in whorls, which are close together in a ring on the upper branchlets, further apart on the lower ones, and scattered on* the stem. Axis white, stony ; base expanded.
134. Callicella elegans.
Coral fan-like, oblong, as broad as high.
Hob. Formosa (Swinhoe).
Fig. 10.
Callicellaelegans.
62. SCIRPEABJA.
Coral slender (simple or subsimple), rod-like. Axis slender, cylindrical, hair-like, solid, white, calcareous, attached by a broad base. Bark (when dry) thin, smooth, granular, with a series of subcylin-
38 CALLIGORGIADJS.
drical polypiferous cells placed alternately on each side of the stem. Lateral groove indistinct.
Scirpearia, Cuvier, 1817 ; Schweigger, Beob. 1819, 1. 10. f. 13. Scirpearia, § 1, Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 481. Funiculina, sp., Lamk. 1816.
Gorgonia, sp. ?, Pallas, Zooph. p. 370; Blainv. Man. d'Act. p. 515. Pennatula, sp., Pallas, Elench. Zool.
Eunicea, sp., i&hrenb. ?
Eunicea **, Lamx. Polyp. Flex. p. 439.
135. Scirpearia mirabilis. B.M.
Pennatula mirabilis, Pallas, Zooph. p. 371; Linn. Mus. Reg. t. 19. f. 4 (?), Mus. Adolph. Frid. xix. p. 4 (cop. Phil. Trans, liii. t. 20. f. 17) ; Lamx. Enc. Meth. p. 423.
Funiculina cylindrica, Lamk. Hist. ii. p. 423, ed. 2. iii. p. 640 (not synonym).
Scirpearia mirabilis, Cuvier, R. A. ed. 2. iii. p. 319 ; Schweigger, Beob. t. 2. f. 18 (Lamk. spec.) ; Ehrenb. Cor all. r. M. p. 64 ; Schweigger, Beob. t. 2. f. 1 (from Lamarck's specimen, copied Blainv. Man. d'Act. t. 90. f. 4) ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 481. Pavonaria scirpea, Blainv. (see Ehrenb.). Eunicea, sp. ?, Ehrenb. ; Lamx. Polyp. Flex. p. 434. Gorgonia, sp., Blainv. Man. d'Act. p. 515. Hob. St. Yincent, West Indies (Mus. Berlin, B.M.). Pallas observes, "Descripsi hanc speciem ex abrupto utrinque semipedalem tamen longitudinem sequante exemplari ad Portum pulchrum Americes capto et Asterice singnlari speciei intricate." "Annon ad Gorgonias potius quam Pennatulas referenda, sed ambigo donee integram viderim quse utrinque attenuatam liberamque stirpem exhibeat." — Zooph. p, 370.
Linnaeus figures the coral as free, and furnished with polypiferous cells the whole of its length, and with attenuated ends. Schweigger figures the coral as free, with a thicker naked turned-up base, like Pennatula, with which he arranges it ; but I am informed that in the Berlin Museum the specimen is attached to a rock by an expanded base.
Schweigger, in his ' Beobachtungen ' (t. 2. f. 13), figured the specimendescribed by Lamarck.
136. Scirpearia funiculina.
Coral simple, flexible (free); cells two-rowed on each edge, small, chiefly adpressed near the tip; mouth small, stellate; bark thin, white ; axis yellowish.
Juncella funiculina, Duchass. fy Michel. Cor all. Antilles, Suppl. p. 116, t. 5. f. 7.
Hob. Guadaloupe.
" Like the next, but cells rudimentary, small." — Duchassaing. 137. Scirpearia barbadensis.
Coral simple, filiform ; caudal base dilated ; cells elongate, clavate
63. RAYNERELLA. 39 at the tip, attenuated at the base, tending upwards in a single series on each edge of the stem ; bark with a median groove on each side. Juncella barbadensis, Diichass. fy Michel. Corall. Antilles) Suppl. p. 116, t. 5. f. 5.
Hob. Barbadoes and Guadaloupe.
" Without any of the prominent lines on the bark seen in S. funiculina." — Ducliassaing.
138. Scirpearia moniliformis.
Coral simple, filiform, erect ; cells prominent, turbinate, alternate or scattered ; apex umbilicate, subcylindrical ; bark white, very thin, membranous.
Gorgonia moniliformis, Lamk. Mem. n. 24 Hab. Australia (lower part only known).
63. KAYNERELLA.
Coral much branched, fan-shaped, expanded in a plane ; branches and branchlets pinnate ; branches diverging, subcylindrical, slender, nearly of a uniform size ; branchlets opposite or alternate, diverging. Bark thin, with an even, very slightly corrugated surface ; internally finely granular. Polype-cells prominent, roundish, close together, diverging irregularly on all sides of the slender branches ; apex rather conical, contracted, with a central dot. Axis calcareous, hard, white, with, well-marked longitudinal grooves. Raynerella, Gray, Ann. $ Mag. Nat. Hist. 1869, iii. p. 22. 139. Raynerella aurantia.
Coral orange-yellow ; branches and branchlets diverging, pin- Fig. 11.
TtaifncrcUaaurmttia.
40 CALLIGORGIAD^:.
nate ; branchlets ending in a broader tubercle, simple, rarely forked.
Seba, Thes. iii. 1. 100. f. 9? Brandella intricata, Gray, 1. c. p. 23. Hob. Bass's Strait, Dewi Beef (Rayner). ** Polype-cells cylindrical.
64. NICELLA.
Coral fan-like, on one plane, branched ; branches forked, rather diverging. Bark smooth, brown. Polype-cells cylindrical, truncated, diverging from the stem at nearly right angles, mouth open. Axis calcareous, white, solid. Scirpearia, § 2, Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 481. 140. Nicella mauritiana. B.M.
Coral fan-like, dichotomously branched ; stem cylindrical, longitudinally striated ; bark thin, pale brown ; cells elongate, cylindrical, Fig. 12.
Nicella mauritiana.
CALYPTKOPHORAD^. 41 longer than the diameter of the stem, ascending, truncated at the tip, placed rather irregularly, subalternate (rarely subopposite) on each side of the stem and branches ; axis pale greyish brown. Scirpearia dichotoma, Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 481. Hob. Mauritius.* t Scales larger.
Fam. 17. CALYPTROPHORADJE.
Coral cylindrical, furcately branched ; the branches elongate, subsimple. The axis horny (?) near the apex, cylindrical, tapering. Bark thin, entirely formed of a single series of thin lines and calcareous scales, with regular equidistant whorls of cells. Cells with a circular mouth having a raised edge, placed close together and forming a raised ring round the coral. Each cell is furnished with two obconic pellucid cells placed one on the other; the lower cell apparently articulated to the axis of the coral, very narrow near Fig. 13.
Calyptrophorajaponica.
42 CALYPTROPHORAD.E.
the mouth of the cell and wide at the other end ; the lower surface of the outer aperture is furnished with two elongated hornlike processes. To the centre of this basal cone is articulated or affixed a similar pellucid horn-coloured cone, or rather obconic vase, which is furnished with a slightly keeled ridge at its widest part, and then contracts, as if it had a shorter conical lid with an aperture in the middle of this lid-like contracted part for the emission of the polypes. The two cones are as it were articulated to the stem ; and the lower cone stands at right angles with regard to it, and the upper at right angles with regard to the lower one, so that the aperture of the upper one is vertical.
65. CALYPTROPHORA.
Characters of the family.
Calyptrophora, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 25.
141. Calyptrophora japonica. B.M.
Calyptrophora japonica, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 25. f. 1. Hob. Japan.
The cones are only preserved on the inner side of the branches, where they have been protected from erosion, during the voyage from Japan, by the branches opposite to them.
142. Calyptrophora trilepis.
"Branches irregularly and sparsely dichotomous, subflabellate. Branchlets very thin and flexible. Calycles in verticils of four, or more generally five, formed of three large cylindrical scales, joined angularly to each other, like the elbows of a stove-pipe. Aperture closed by eight triangular scales. The distance between the verticils is equal to or a little less than the length of the single polypes. The ccenenchyma is very thin, and covered with irregular imbricated scales. Axis hard and brittle, brown in the thicker branches, and yellow in the younger. By its simplified scales, this species makes an approach to the genus Calyptrophora, Gray."
Primnoa trilepis, Pourtales, Bull Mm. Comp. Zool 1868, p. 130. A few small branches, 5 or 6 inches long, were obtained in 324 fathoms, off the Florida Reef.
PRIMNOADJE. 43 Fam. 18. PRIMNOAD^.
Coral simple or branched ; branches forked or pinnate. The axis continuous, inarticulate, solid, containing a large portion of carbonate of lime, especially towards the base, where it is stony, but horn-like at the smaller branches. Bark formed of imbricate calcareous plates, without any distinct lateral groove or smooth lateral space. Polype-cells bent down on all sides of the branches, often arranged in whorls, very prominent, covered with imbricate scale-like spicules, usually smoother at the narrow base. Primnoacea (part.), Milne-Edw. Corall. i. p. 138; Verrill, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 1862, i. p. 9 ; Kolliker, Ic. Hist. p. 135. Primnoadze, Gray, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 285, 1859, p. 483 ; Ann. 8f Mag. Nat. Hist. 1859, iv. p. 442.
Primuoa, Lamx. Polyp. Flex. p. 440; Milne-Edw. fy Haime, Corall. i. p.139.
A. Polype-cells ovate ,pedu)icled} large, scattered or in whorls on thebranches.
1. PRIMNOA. Coral tree-like, dichotomous. Cells ovate, bell- shaped, in threes.
2. THOUARELLA. Coral bottlebrush- shaped ; branches subsimple. Cells ovate, solitary on the upperside of the branches. 3. CHRYSOGORGIA. Coral cylindrical, furcately branched. Cells bellshaped, sessile, scattered on the sides of the branches. 4. FANELLIA. Coral fan-shaped, branches and branchlets compressed on a plane. Cells ?
5. EJISEA. Coral branched, paniculate. Cells bell-shaped, largely pedicelled, racemose.
6. MYTJRA. Coral simple. Cells ovate, in series on the sides of the stem.
B. Polype-cells tubercular, on the sides of the branches. 7. SWIFTIA. Coral branched, furcate. Cells conical, truncate, in two alternating series.
8. THESEA. Coral branched, branches slender. Cells subalternate. C. Polype-cells cylindrical or clavate, diverging, in two lateral series on the branches.
9. STENELLA.
44 D. Polype-cells subcylindrical, reflexed, in a close cross series forming rings round the stem and branches, covered with scales externally. 10. NARELLA. Coral furcately branched.
11. PRIMNOELLA. Coral unbranched.
E. Polype-cells short, ascending, scattered on sides of axis. 12. BEBRYCE. Coral furcately branched.
A. Polype-cells ovate, peduncled, large, in whorls or scattered on the branches.
66. PRIMNOA.
Coral branched, tree-like; branches cylindrical, forked. Bark formed of scales. Polypiferous cells ovate, clavate, dependent, covered with two series of large convex imbricate scales, placed in whorls of three round the branches. Aperture closed with three small pointed scales. The axis horny, black, solid, cylindrical, the base being often covered with a hard, calcareous, longitudinally striated outer coat.
" Calcareous bodies (spicula) generally scale-shape. The spicules of the ccenenchyma are small and scale-shape, and display a superficial layer, under which there is a thick stratum of soft web. In place of polype-cells the coenenchyma forms large basins or cups of the shape of bent reeds, which in Primnoa lepadifera, which alone was more closely examined by me (compare Grubein Abh. d. schles. Ges. 1861, p. 170), membranous on the concave side, on the convex side are covered with large imbricated overlapping scales. At the mouth of the cup the scales form a ring and are eight in number, within which, in the retracted polypes, there is a coniform outstanding lid, which is formed out of eight long flat scales. Besides, the polypes at the base of the branches possess eight rows of small calcareous bodies (spicula), and indeed small outpressed double clubs covered with small warts and spines, approaching to simple spicules." Primnoa, Lamx. Bull Soc. Phil. 1812, p. 188, Polyp. Flex. p. 441, Brit. Zooph. p. 171 5 Milne-Edw. $• Haime, Corall. i. p. 139; Gray, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 285, 1859, p. 483.
143. Primnoa reseda.
Coral alternately branched, diffused ; bark with crowded, callous, recurved calyces.
Planta marina resedae facie, Clus. Exot. 1. 6. c. 6. p. 123 ; Worm, Mus. p.234.
Reseda marina, Besler, Mus. t. 24; Baster, Opusc. Subsec. p. 130, 1. 13. f. 1 ; Pontopp. Nat. Hist. Norw. i. p. 277, t. 13. n. 11. Gorgonia reseda, Pallas, Zooph. p. 204.
Gorgonia lepadifera, Gmelin, Syst; Nat. p. 1289; Solander <^ Ellis, Zooph. p. 84, t. 13. f. 1.
rimnoalep Primnoa lepadifera, Lamx. Bull. Soc. Phil. iii. p. 188 ; Kolliker, Ic. Hist. p. 135, t. 14. f. 7, t. 17. f. 10; Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 483, Primnoa reseda, Venill, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. i. p. 9.