THE HORSE UNDER DOMESTICATION 05 ing surface of p.m. ? and 3. m. 1 and ? are in use and somewhat worn. At about three and one-half years d. 7. + will be shed. At four the shedding of d. m. 4 follows very closely after, or sometimes during the eruption of m. 3. A little later d. 7. 3 is shed. At about five or a little before, the canines will erupt and d. 7. 3 are shed, and the permanent dentition is all in use. There are a number of specimens on exhibition in the wall vase, not figured in this description, which it would be well to consult in connection with the shedding, of teeth.
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PRINCIPAL LITERATURE ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE 1860.
1863.
1869.
1873.
1874.
1879.
1885.
HORSE Mircui.i, 8. L. Catal. Org. Rem., New York. pp. 7,8. (First record of fossil horses in America) Owen, Ricuarp. On Hyracotherium leporinum. Trans. Geol. Soc. (2), vol. vi, pp. 203-208. (Earliest record of the fourtoed horse, not then recognized as ancestral to the horse family) HeNseL, R. Ueber Hipparion mediterraneum. Abhandlung. Akad. Wiss., Berlin. (Description of the three-toed horse of southern Europe, Pliocene epoch) Ritmeyer, L. Beitrige zur Kenntniss der fossilen Pferde. Verhand. der naturforsch. Gesellsch. Basel, vol. i, pp. 558-696. (Extinct horses of Europe, chiefly Quaternary) Leipy, JoserpH. Extinct Mammalian Fauna of Dakota and Nebraska. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. vii. (Numerous American species of three-toed horses described in this volume) Kowa.evsky, W. Sur l’Anchiterium aurelianense et sur |’ Histoire Paléontologique des Chevaux. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg, (7), vol. xx, pp. 1-73. (First attempt at reconstructing the ancestry of the horse from fossil specimens) Marsu, O. C. Notice of New Equine Mammals from the Tertiary Formations. Am. Journ. of Sei. (3), vol. vil, pp. 247- 258. (First reconstruction of the ancestry of the horse from American fossils) BurRMEISTER, H. Los Caballos Fosiles de la Pampa Argentina. Published for the Provincial Government of Buenos Aires Exhibit at the Centennial Exhibition, Philadelphia, 1876. (Description and illustration of Hippidium and other extinct horses of South America) Mars, O. C. Polydactyle Horses, Recent and Extinet. Am. Journ. Sei. (3), vol. xvu, pp. 499-505. (American ancestry of the horse, with diagrams showing the evolutionary stages) Corr, E. D. ‘“ Hyracotherium”’ (Eohippus), in “Tertiary Vertebrata,’’ Report U. 8S. Geol. Sur. Terrs., vol. i, book 1, pp. 624-652, pll. xlixa, xlixb, xlixc. (Description and figures of the skeleton of the four-toed horse) 1887-90. Pavitow, Marigz. Etudes sur |’Histoire Paléontologique des 64 Ongulés. Bull. Soc. Imp. Natur., Moscow
1891.
1891.
1896.
1900.
1901.
1903.
1904.
1904.
1904.
1904.
1905.
1905.
1907.
1907.
1908.
Scorr, W. B. Osteology of Mesohippus. Journ. Morphology, vol. v, pp. 3-73. (Description and figures of the skeleton of the three-toed horse of the American Oligocene) FLrower, W. H. The Horse. London: Kegan Paul, Triibner WorrMan, J. L. Species of Hyracotherium, ete. Bull. A. M.N. H., vol. vii, pp. 81-110. (Revision of the species of fourtoed horses from the Lower Eocene of North America) Lucas, F. A. The Ancestry of the Horse. McClure’s, vol. 15, pp. 511-517, October. (Popular account with diagrams, ete.) Gipuey, J. W. Tooth Characters and Revision of the North American Species of the Genus Hquus. Bull. A. M. N. H., vol. xiv, pp. 91-142. (Revision of the prehistoric wild horses of the United States) Marruew, W. D. Evolution of the Horse. Guide Leaflet, No. 9, Am. Mus. Journ., vol. ii, No. 1 (Jan.) Second edition, 1905. (Popular guide to fossil horse specimens in American Museum ) Ewart, J.C. The Multiple Origin of Horses and Ponies. Washington: Smithsonian Report [1905] pp. 437-455 Hayes, M.H. Pointson the Horse. New York: Scribners Osporn, H. F. New Oligocene Horses. Bull. A. M. N. H., vol. xx, pp. 167-179. (Species of three-toed horses from the American Oligocene) Ossporn, H. F. The Evolution of the Horse in America. Century Magazine, vol. lxix, pp. 1-17, November. (Popular account of the ancestry of the horse and of the origin of the several modern breeds) CLARKE, W.H. Horses’ Teeth. (4thed.). New York: Jenkins. OsporNn, H. F. Origin and History of the Horse. Address before the New York Farmers, Metropolitan Club, Dec. 19. (Popular account of the origin of the modern breeds of horses and of the horse family in general) Luu, R. 8. The Evolution of the Horse Family. Am. Journ. Sci. (4), vol. xxill, pp. 161-182: (Popular guide to fossil horse specimens in Yale Museum) GipLey, J. W. Revi ion of the Miocene and Pliocene Equide of North America. Bull. A. M. N. H., vol. xxii, pp. 865-934. (Revision of species of later three-toed horses, with observations on the phylogeny) GRANGER, Water. A Revision of the American Eocene Horses. Bull. A. M. N. H., vol. xxiv, pp. 221-264. (Revision of species of four-toed horses)
5 fil o & a 1910. Sisson, Septimus. Text-Book of Veterinary Anatomy. Philadelphia; Saunders a 1912. Liaurarp, A. F. A. How to Tell the Age of the Domestic _ Animal. New York: Jenkins os 1912. LypeKker, R. The Horse and its Relatives. New York: Mac- _ millan 1918. Osporn, H. F. Equide of the Oligocene, Miocene and Pliocene of North America, Iconographic Type Revision. Mem. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N.8., vol. ii, pp. 1-217, Pll. ittiv. ei ins - = a a ra a = 7 :
7 ome war» fn @* = a i. 7 s rides Snes aaa nn ete * > 7, = ° See ng a = r ST * = = y | i} 1 al (a% tin ‘~ tae 4 Ag | t |
INDEX Page numbers of illustrations are set in heavy face type Adaptationtoenvironment,30,32 Agedeterminationbyteeth,51 Anchitherium, 17 Arabian horse, 13, 40, 44-45 Ass, 11; African wild, 13, 32 “Byerley Turk,’ 45 Cuvier,Baron,17 DarleyArabian,45 Dental battery of adult horse, 59 Dental star, 49, 51 Deserttype,13 Diadiaphorus,33,34 Domestichorse,Originof,39 Draft horse, 38, 39, 40, 41-48, 42 Eohippus, 10, 11, 15-16, 29, 31; colus, 18 Epihippus, 16, 29 Equus, 10, 11, 12, 18, 22-23, 31; asinus, 9, 14; burchelli, 9; caballus, 29; complicatus, 29; grevyi, 9; hemionus, 9; libycus, 39; przewalskii, 13, 41; scotti, 12, 23, 24; stenonis, 29; zebra, 9 EquusBeds,13 Evolution, Cause of, 32; Parallel, 33-34 Evolution of the Horse, 8, 14, 36-37; of fore foot, 10; of fore leg, 27; of hind foot, 11, 31; of hind leg, 28 Ewart, J. C., 39, 43 Foot, Evolution of, 10, 11 Foresttype,13 Fossilhorses,12-13 Four-toedhorses,14-17 Geologicalrangeofancestorsofhorse,26 Gidley, J. W., 12 GodolphinArabian,45 Granger,Walter,16 Hipparion, 21, 29, 31; whitneyi, 19, 21, 22 Hippidium, 13, 23, 25 Huntington, Randolph, 40, 45 Hypohippus, 17 Hyracotherium,14,15,28 Keene, James R., 46 “Kismet,” 45 Leg, Evolution of, 27, 28 Libyanhorse,44-45 Litopterna,33 venti- Meaning of change in feet and teeth, 26-30 Merychippus, 10, 11, 20, 29, 31 Mesohippus, 10, 11, 17, 31; bairdi,18,29 Miohippus, 17, 29, 31; intermedius, 17 Molars,9,54,58 “Nimr,’’ 40, 45 Norseman’shorse,39,41,44 One-toed horses, 22—23 Orohippus,16,29 Osborn, H. F., 13, 20, 21, 39, 45 Owen,Richard,14 Paleotherium, 17 Parahippus,20,29 Plagiolophus, 17 Plateautype,13 Pliohippus,21-22,23 Prehistoric man, 13, 39, 41 Premolars,54,57 Protohippus, 21-22 Pseudo-horses,34,35 Quagga, 13 Race horse, 39, 45-46, 47 Ridgeway, William, 39, 44 Shetland pony, 38, 39, 43-44; pared with drait horse, 38, 43 Skeletonofhorseandman,4,41 Steppetype,13 ““Sysonby,”’46,47 Teethofcolt,61 Teeth of horse, 9, 48-63, 59; designation, 52-54; eruption of, 60-62; evolutionof,29;patternofenamel,56; shedding, 62, specialization, 49, structure, 48-50; wearing of, 49, 50, 55 Teeth of Equus, 23, of Eohippus, 15, of Epihippus, 16, of Hipparion, 21; of Merychippus,20,21,ofMesohippus,17; of Orohippus, 16; of Parahippus, 20 Thoatherium, 34 Three-toedhorses,17-22 Touchstone, S. F., 45 Whitney, William C., 4, 40 Wolftooth,54 Wortman, J. L., 15 Zebra,11,13,32 com-
Matthew, William Diller and Chubb, S. Harmsted. 1921. "Evolution of the horse : in two parts: Evolution of the horse in nature, [and] The horse under domestication: its origin and the structure and growth of the teeth." Guide leaflet 36, Page 1– 67.
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