Learning objectives
Consider the following data set:
4, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 10
This data set can be represented by the following histogram. Each interval has width 1, and each value is located in the middle of an interval.
View original figure (external; image not reproduced in this text edition)
Original figure description: This histogram matches the supplied data. It consists of 7 adjacent bars with the x-axis split into intervals of 1 from 4 to 10. The heighs of the bars peak in the middle and taper symmetrically to the right and left.
The histogram displays a symmetrical distribution of data. A distribution is symmetrical if a vertical line can be drawn at some point in the histogram such that the shape to the left and the right of the vertical line are mirror images of each other. The mean, the median, and the mode are each seven for these data. In a perfectly symmetrical distribution, the mean and the median are the same. This example has one mode (unimodal), and the mode is the same as the mean and median. In a symmetrical distribution that has two modes (bimodal), the two modes would be different from the mean and median.
The histogram for the data: 4, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8 is not symmetrical. The right-hand side seems chopped off compared to the left-hand side. A distribution of this type is called skewed to the left because it is pulled out to the left. A skewed left distribution has more high values.
View original figure (external; image not reproduced in this text edition)
Original figure description: This histogram matches the supplied data. It consists of 5 adjacent bars with the x-axis split into intervals of 1 from 4 to 8. The peak is to the right, and the heights of the bars taper down to the left.
The mean is 6.3, the median is 6.5, and the mode is seven. Notice that the mean is less than the median, and they are both less than the mode. The mean and the median both reflect the skewing, but the mean reflects it more so. The mean is pulled toward the tail in a skewed distribution.
The histogram for the data: 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 10 is also not symmetrical. It is skewed to the right. A skewed right distribution has more low values.
View original figure (external; image not reproduced in this text edition)
Original figure description: This histogram matches the supplied data. It consists of 5 adjacent bars with the x-axis split into intervals of 1 from 6 to 10. The peak is to the left, and the heights of the bars taper down to the right.
The mean is 7.7, the median is 7.5, and the mode is seven. Of the three statistics, the mean is the largest, while the mode is the smallest. Again, the mean reflects the skewing the most.
To summarize, generally if the distribution of data is skewed to the left, the mean is less than the median, which is often less than the mode. If the distribution of data is skewed to the right, the mode is often less than the median, which is less than the mean.
Skewness and symmetry become important when we discuss probability distributions in later chapters.
Statistics are used to compare and sometimes identify authors. The following lists show a simple random sample that compares the letter counts for three authors.
Terry: 7, 9, 3, 3, 3, 4, 1, 3, 2, 2
Davis: 3, 3, 3, 4, 1, 4, 3, 2, 3, 1
Maris: 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 6, 6, 6, 8, 3
- Make a dot plot for the three authors and compare the shapes.
- Calculate the mean for each.
- Calculate the median for each.
- Describe any pattern you notice between the shape and the measures of center.
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View original figure (external; image not reproduced in this text edition)
Original figure description: This dot plot matches the supplied data for Terry. The plot uses a number line from 1 to 10. It shows one x over 1, two x's over 2, four x's over 3, one x over 4, one x over 7, and one x over 9. There are no x's over the numbers 5, 6, 8, and 10.
Terry’s distribution has a right (positive) skew. View original figure (external; image not reproduced in this text edition)
Original figure description: This dot plot matches the supplied data for Davi. The plot uses a number line from 1 to 10. It shows two x's over 1, one x over 2, five x's over 3, and two x's over 4. There are no x's over the numbers 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10.
Davis’s distribution has a left (negative) skew. View original figure (external; image not reproduced in this text edition)
Original figure description: This dot plot matches the supplied data for Mari. The plot uses a number line from 1 to 10. It shows one x over 2, two x's over 3, three x's over 4, three x's over 6, and one x over 8. There are no x's over the numbers 1, 5, 7, 9, and 10.
Maris’s distribution is symmetrically shaped. - Terry’s mean is 3.7, Davis’s mean is 2.7, and Maris’s mean is 4.6.
- Terry’s median is 3, Davis’s median is 3, and Maris’s median is four. It would be helpful to manually calculate these descriptive statistics, using the given data sets and then compare to the graphs.
- It appears that the median is always closest to the high point (the mode), while the mean tends to be farther out on the tail. In a symmetrical distribution, the mean and the median are both centrally located close to the high point of the distribution.
Chapter Review
Looking at the distribution of data can reveal a lot about the relationship between the mean, the median, and the mode. There are three types of distributions. A right (or positive) skewed distribution has a shape like M06_Ch02_fig002. A left (or negative) skewed distribution has a shape like M06_Ch02_fig003. A symmetrical distribution looks like M06_Ch02_fig001.
Use the following information to answer the next three exercises. State whether the data are symmetrical, skewed to the left, or skewed to the right.
1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5
The data are symmetrical. The median is 3, and the mean is 2.85. They are close, and the mode lies close to the middle of the data, so the data are symmetrical.
16, 17, 19, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 23
87, 87, 87, 87, 87, 88, 89, 89, 90, 91
The data are skewed right. The median is 87.5, and the mean is 88.2. Even though they are close, the mode lies to the left of the middle of the data, and there are many more instances of 87 than any other number, so the data are skewed right.
When the data are skewed left, what is the typical relationship between the mean and median?
When the data are symmetrical, what is the typical relationship between the mean and median?
When the data are symmetrical, the mean and median are close or the same.
What word describes a distribution that has two modes?
Describe the shape of this distribution.
View original figure (external; image not reproduced in this text edition)
Original figure description: This is a historgram which consists of 5 adjacent bars with the x-axis split into intervals of 1 from 3 to 7. The bar heights peak at the first bar and taper lower to the right.
The distribution is skewed right because it looks pulled out to the right.
Describe the relationship between the mode and the median of this distribution.
View original figure (external; image not reproduced in this text edition)
Original figure description: This is a histogram which consists of 5 adjacent bars with the x-axis split into intervals of 1 from 3 to 7. The bar heights peak at the first bar and taper lower to the right. The bar ehighs from left to right are: 8, 4, 2, 2, 1.
Describe the relationship between the mean and the median of this distribution.
View original figure (external; image not reproduced in this text edition)
Original figure description: This is a histogram which consists of 5 adjacent bars with the x-axis split into intervals of 1 from 3 to 7. The bar heights peak at the first bar and taper lower to the right. The bar heights from left to right are: 8, 4, 2, 2, 1.
The mean is 4.1 and is slightly greater than the median, which is 4.
Describe the shape of this distribution.
View original figure (external; image not reproduced in this text edition)
Original figure description: This is a histogram which consists of 5 adjacent bars with the x-axis split into intervals of 1 from 3 to 7. The bar heights peak in the middle and taper down to the right and left.
Describe the relationship between the mode and the median of this distribution.
View original figure (external; image not reproduced in this text edition)
Original figure description: This is a histogram which consists of 5 adjacent bars with the x-axis split intervals of 1 from 3 to 7. The bar heights peak in the middle and taper down to the right and left.
The mode and the median are the same. In this case, both 5.
Are the mean and the median the exact same in this distribution? Why or why not?
View original figure (external; image not reproduced in this text edition)
Original figure description: This is a histogram which consists of 5 adjacent bars with the x-axis split into intervals of 1 from 3 to 7. The bar heights from left to right are: 2, 4, 8, 5, 2.
Describe the shape of this distribution.
View original figure (external; image not reproduced in this text edition)
Original figure description: This is a histogram which consists of 5 adjacent bars over an x-axis split into intervals of 1 from 3 to 7. The bar heights from left to right are: 1, 1, 2, 4, 7.
The distribution is skewed left because it looks pulled out to the left.
Describe the relationship between the mode and the median of this distribution.
View original figure (external; image not reproduced in this text edition)
Original figure description: This is a histogram which consists of 5 adjacent bars over an x-axis split into intervals of 1 from 3 to 7. The bar heights from left to right are: 1, 1, 2, 4, 7.
Describe the relationship between the mean and the median of this distribution.
View original figure (external; image not reproduced in this text edition)
Original figure description: This is a histogram which consists of 5 adjacent bars over an x-axis split into intervals of 1 from 3 to 7. The bar heights from left to right are: 1, 1, 2, 4, 7.
Both the mean and the median are 6.
The mean and median for the data are the same.
3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7
Is the data perfectly symmetrical? Why or why not?
Which is the greatest, the mean, the mode, or the median of the data set?
11, 11, 12, 12, 12, 12, 13, 15, 17, 22, 22, 22
The mode is 12, the median is 13.5, and the mean is 15.1. The mean is the largest.
Which is the least, the mean, the mode, and the median of the data set?
56, 56, 56, 58, 59, 60, 62, 64, 64, 65, 67
Of the three measures, which tends to reflect skewing the most, the mean, the mode, or the median? Why?
The mean tends to reflect skewing the most because it is affected the most by outliers.
In a perfectly symmetrical distribution, when would the mode be different from the mean and median?
Homework
The median age of the U.S. population in 1980 was 30.0 years. In 1991, the median age was 33.1 years.
- What does it mean for the median age to rise?
- Give two reasons why the median age could rise.
- For the median age to rise, is the actual number of children less in 1991 than it was in 1980? Why or why not?