Definition and research guide
This page combines a MeSH definition, publication statistics and selected research abstracts. It is a starting point for reading the literature, not a medical textbook or a systematic evidence review.
Content available: 4 complete abstracts (758 words), 10 references. Full article text is not stored or reproduced here; follow the PMID, DOI or PMC links to read the original sources and their access terms.
Definition
Fermented juice of fresh grapes or of other fruit or plant products used as a beverage.
Definition: NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) scope note (Public domain (U.S. National Library of Medicine); attribution requested). View the MeSH record.
Also known as: Wines.
Where it fits in the MeSH classification
- Broader topics
- Alcoholic Beverages; Fermented Beverages
Research landscape
PubMed indexes 14,092 records tagged with the MeSH heading “Wine” (counts retrieved 2026-10-31). 3,426 of them (24.3%) were published from 2020 onward, and the busiest period so far is 2010-2019 with 5,407 records.
Reviews account for 1,068 records (7.6%) and meta-analyses for 36. Randomized controlled trials number 243 (1.7%) as a share of all records on the topic. Randomized trials make up only a small share of this literature, so much of what is known comes from laboratory, observational or descriptive work.
Show the data
| Period | Records |
|---|---|
| through 1999 | 1,709 |
| 2000-2009 | 3,550 |
| 2010-2019 | 5,407 |
| 2020 onward | 3,426 |
Publication-type chart data
| Type | Records | Share |
|---|---|---|
| Reviews | 1,068 | 7.6% |
| Meta-analyses | 36 | 0.3% |
| Randomized controlled trials | 243 | 1.7% |
Method: PubMed query "Wine"[MeSH Terms] with publication-type and date filters, retrieved 2026-10-31.
Reading the evidence in anatomy and physiology
Anatomy describes how body structures are built and physiology describes how they normally work, so most findings here are descriptive or mechanistic rather than evidence about treatment. Much of what is known comes from dissection, imaging, tissue studies and experiments in animals, and measurements in healthy volunteers can differ from those in people with disease or at different ages. Normal ranges vary between individuals and populations. Check whether a result was measured in people or in another species, the age and health of the participants, and the method used.
Evidence from open-access studies
These open-access studies come from PubMed’s best-match results for this heading (papers whose main topic it is), ranked here by citation count, with one recent addition. Each abstract is reproduced in full under its recorded open licence so that you can read the authors’ own words. They illustrate the literature; they are not a systematic summary of it. Citation counts measure attention, not reliability or clinical benefit.
| Study / authors | Year | Source label / design | Europe PMC citations | Licence / source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A comparative assessment of color stability among various commercial resin composites | 2023 | Research article Design not recorded in structured metadata | 29 | cc by PMID 37875872 · DOI · PMC10598901 |
| Predictability of the community-function landscape in wine yeast ecosystems | 2023 | Research article Design not recorded in structured metadata | 29 | cc by PMID 37548146 · DOI · PMC10495813 |
| A Review on Wine Flavour Profiles Altered by Bottle Aging | 2023 | Review article Design not recorded in structured metadata | 25 | cc by PMID 37764298 · DOI · PMC10534415 |
| Wine consumption, Mediterranean diet, and cardiovascular risk in two Spanish cohorts | 2026 | Randomized controlled trial Design not recorded in structured metadata | 7 | cc by PMID 41667089 · DOI · PMC13364079 |
A comparative assessment of color stability among various commercial resin composites [1]
Abstract reading summary — source excerpts
- Opening excerpt
- ObjectivesThe aim was to evaluate the color stability of six commercial restorative resin composites after being exposed to commonly consumed beverages.
- Closing excerpt
- Additionally, repolishing serves as an effective technique for eliminating surface discoloration in composite restorations.
- Interpretation limits
- Verbatim excerpts from the authors’ abstract; the closing excerpt may describe a finding, limitation or recommendation. Design, population, effect size and uncertainty have not been independently extracted or appraised. Read the complete abstract and linked paper before interpreting the findings.
Read complete abstract (224 words)
ObjectivesThe aim was to evaluate the color stability of six commercial restorative resin composites after being exposed to commonly consumed beverages. Repolishing impact on the stained composite was also assessed.MethodsOne-hundred and fifty disc specimens (8 mm diameter & 3 mm thickness) were prepared from Filtek™ Universal Restorative, SDR flow+, everX Flow, G-ænial A'CHORD, G-ænial Universal Flo and G-ænial Universal Injectable. To assess the color stability in five various beverages, 25 specimens from each material were randomly distributed into five groups (n = 5), according to the utilized staining solution. Group 1: distilled water, Group 2: coffee, Group 3: red wine, Group 4: energy drink, Group 5: coke. The color changes (∆E) for all materials were measured using spectrophotometer at the baseline, after 84 days of staining and after repolishing. Data was collected and analyzed using ANOVA (α = 0.05).ResultsBoth material type and staining solution had a significant effect on the color stability of specimens (p ConclusionsAll the beverages had an impact on the color stability of the tested resin composites, with coffee and wine demonstrating the most significant effects. The variations in color stability varied depending on the specific material utilized. Dentists should possess awareness regarding the chemical interactions that occur between different beverages and various types of resin composites. Additionally, repolishing serves as an effective technique for eliminating surface discoloration in composite restorations.
Abstract reproduced from the open-access article under the recorded cc by licence; © the authors. PMID 37875872 · DOI · PMC10598901
Predictability of the community-function landscape in wine yeast ecosystems [2]
Abstract reading summary — source excerpts
- Opening excerpt
- Predictively linking taxonomic composition and quantitative ecosystem functions is a major aspiration in microbial ecology, which must be resolved if we wish to engineer microbial consortia.
- Closing excerpt
- Besides addressing theoretical questions in functional ecology, our results and methodologies can provide a blueprint for rationally managing microbial processes of biotechnological relevance.
- Interpretation limits
- Verbatim excerpts from the authors’ abstract; the closing excerpt may describe a finding, limitation or recommendation. Design, population, effect size and uncertainty have not been independently extracted or appraised. Read the complete abstract and linked paper before interpreting the findings.
Read complete abstract (142 words)
Predictively linking taxonomic composition and quantitative ecosystem functions is a major aspiration in microbial ecology, which must be resolved if we wish to engineer microbial consortia. Here, we have addressed this open question for an ecological function of major biotechnological relevance: alcoholic fermentation in wine yeast communities. By exhaustively phenotyping an extensive collection of naturally occurring wine yeast strains, we find that most ecologically and industrially relevant traits exhibit phylogenetic signal, allowing functional traits in wine yeast communities to be predicted from taxonomy. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the quantitative contributions of individual wine yeast strains to the function of complex communities followed simple quantitative rules. These regularities can be integrated to quantitatively predict the function of newly assembled consortia. Besides addressing theoretical questions in functional ecology, our results and methodologies can provide a blueprint for rationally managing microbial processes of biotechnological relevance.
Abstract reproduced from the open-access article under the recorded cc by licence; © the authors. PMID 37548146 · DOI · PMC10495813
A Review on Wine Flavour Profiles Altered by Bottle Aging [3]
Abstract reading summary — source excerpts
- Opening excerpt
- The wine flavour profile directly determines the overall quality of wine and changes significantly during bottle aging.
- Closing excerpt
- This review aims to provide a deeper understanding of bottle aging management and to identify the current literature gaps for future research.
- Interpretation limits
- Verbatim excerpts from the authors’ abstract; the closing excerpt may describe a finding, limitation or recommendation. Design, population, effect size and uncertainty have not been independently extracted or appraised. Read the complete abstract and linked paper before interpreting the findings.
Read complete abstract (89 words)
The wine flavour profile directly determines the overall quality of wine and changes significantly during bottle aging. Understanding the mechanism of flavour evolution during wine bottle aging is important for controlling wine quality through cellar management. This literature review summarises the changes in volatile compounds and non-volatile compounds that occur during wine bottle aging, discusses chemical reaction mechanisms, and outlines the factors that may affect this evolution. This review aims to provide a deeper understanding of bottle aging management and to identify the current literature gaps for future research.
Abstract reproduced from the open-access article under the recorded cc by licence; © the authors. PMID 37764298 · DOI · PMC10534415
Wine consumption, Mediterranean diet, and cardiovascular risk in two Spanish cohorts [4]
Abstract reading summary — source excerpts
- Opening excerpt
- Background and aimsThe benefits of the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) are well established.
- Closing excerpt
- Some non-significant associations and interactions advise caution in interpretation of these findings.
- Interpretation limits
- Verbatim excerpts from the authors’ abstract; the closing excerpt may describe a finding, limitation or recommendation. Design, population, effect size and uncertainty have not been independently extracted or appraised. Read the complete abstract and linked paper before interpreting the findings.
Read complete abstract (303 words)
Background and aimsThe benefits of the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) are well established. However, one component, wine, remains controversial. This study assessed the association between MedDiet (with or without wine consumption) and major cardiovascular disease (CVD) or all-cause mortality.MethodsThe PREDIMED trial included 7447 high-risk participants. Adherence to MedDiet was measured using a validated 14-item questionnaire, including one item on wine (cut-off: seven glasses/week). The CVD events were recorded over a 4.8-year follow-up, while all-cause mortality was tracked for 17 years. A younger Spanish cohort (the SUN project), including 23,133 participants followed up for 22 years, was also evaluated.ResultsIn PREDIMED, compared with poor compliers with MedDiet (excluding wine), good compliers (excluding wine), had a multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 0.84 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.61-1.15] for CVD. For good compliers with MedDiet (including wine), the HR for CVD was 0.55 (95% CI 0.36-0.83). For all-cause mortality, MedDiet compliers (excluding wine) had HR of 0.77 (95% CI 0.68-0.87), which was 0.67 (95% CI 0.57-0.78) for MedDiet compliers (including wine). In exploratory dose-response analyses, reduced risk for death was not present in PREDIMED participants who drank three or more glasses of wine/day. Additionally, analyses least vulnerable to threats of abstainer bias were not significant and neither were multiplicative interaction terms for the wine item in the questionnaire. In the SUN cohort, no significant associations were observed between MedDiet compliance, wine, and CVD. However, for all-cause mortality, the HR was 0.94 (95% CI 0.71-1.26) for MedDiet compliers (excluding wine) and 0.54 (95% CI 0.28-1.04) for MedDiet compliers (including wine). When pooling both cohorts, wine consumption within the MedDiet was associated with lower all-cause mortality (P = .01).ConclusionsIn PREDIMED, moderate wine consumption, as part of the MedDiet, appeared to be associated with lower mortality and CVD risk. Some non-significant associations and interactions advise caution in interpretation of these findings.
Abstract reproduced from the open-access article under the recorded cc by licence; © the authors. PMID 41667089 · DOI · PMC13364079
Key reviews and meta-analyses
The most cited review-type papers among PubMed’s best-match results for this heading, listed with bibliographic details only. Follow the links for the full text and access terms.
- Research article Meta-analysis of wine and beer consumption in relation to vascular risk [5]
- Research article Resveratrol and Cardiovascular Diseases [6]
- Research article Anthocyanins and their variation in red wines I. Monomeric anthocyanins and their color expression [7]
- Research article Wine aroma compounds in grapes: a critical review [8]
- Research article Wine Polyphenol Content and Its Influence on Wine Quality and Properties: A Review [9]
- Research article Wine, beer or spirit drinking in relation to fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis [10]
References
- Uctasli MB, Garoushi S, Uctasli M, Vallittu PK, Lassila L. A comparative assessment of color stability among various commercial resin composites. . 2023. PMID 37875872 · DOI · PMC10598901
- Ruiz J, de Celis M, Diaz-Colunga J, Vila JC, Benitez-Dominguez B, Vicente J, et al.. Predictability of the community-function landscape in wine yeast ecosystems. . 2023. PMID 37548146 · DOI · PMC10495813
- Zhang D, Wei Z, Han Y, Duan Y, Shi B, Ma W. A Review on Wine Flavour Profiles Altered by Bottle Aging. . 2023. PMID 37764298 · DOI · PMC10534415
- Martínez-González MA, Bes-Rastrollo M, Sayon-Orea C, Ruiz-Canela M, Timiraos J, Toledo E, et al.. Wine consumption, Mediterranean diet, and cardiovascular risk in two Spanish cohorts. . 2026. PMID 41667089 · DOI · PMC13364079
- Di Castelnuovo A, Rotondo S, Iacoviello L, Donati MB, De Gaetano G. Meta-analysis of wine and beer consumption in relation to vascular risk. Circulation. 2002. PMID 12070110 · DOI
- Bonnefont-Rousselot D. Resveratrol and Cardiovascular Diseases. Nutrients. 2016. PMID 27144581 · DOI · PMC4882663
- He F, Liang NN, Mu L, Pan QH, Wang J, Reeves MJ, et al.. Anthocyanins and their variation in red wines I. Monomeric anthocyanins and their color expression. Molecules. 2012. PMID 22314380 · DOI · PMC6268338
- González-Barreiro C, Rial-Otero R, Cancho-Grande B, Simal-Gándara J. Wine aroma compounds in grapes: a critical review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2015. PMID 24915400 · DOI
- Gutiérrez-Escobar R, Aliaño-González MJ, Cantos-Villar E. Wine Polyphenol Content and Its Influence on Wine Quality and Properties: A Review. Molecules. 2021. PMID 33573150 · DOI · PMC7866523
- Costanzo S, Di Castelnuovo A, Donati MB, Iacoviello L, de Gaetano G. Wine, beer or spirit drinking in relation to fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol. 2011. PMID 22076059 · DOI
About this article
- Sources
- NLM Medical Subject Headings (definition, synonyms); NCBI PubMed (counts, identifiers); Europe PMC (open-access abstracts and citation counts).
- Verification
- Every reference was resolved against PubMed on 2026-10-31; title, year and DOI matched.
- Review state
- automated source verified; no human expert review has been recorded yet.
- Version
- 1, last updated 2026-10-31.
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Evidence strength
EvidenceHelix's computed view of the study designs behind this topic: how common meta-analyses, randomized trials and reviews are, how recent the literature is, and a plain-language reading. It describes the design mix of the literature. It is not a quality appraisal of any study, and it is not medical advice.