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Microbiology
Nina Parker, Mark Schneegurt, Anh-Hue Thi Tu, Brian M. Forster, Philip Lister · 159 sections in 27 chapters. Each section is its own page.
Front matter
Preface
Fundamentals of Physics and Chemistry Important to Microbiology
Mathematical Basics
Metabolic Pathways
Taxonomy of Clinically Relevant Microorganisms
Glossary
An Invisible World
How We See the Invisible World
Introduction
The Properties of Light
Peering Into the Invisible World
Instruments of Microscopy
Staining Microscopic Specimens
The Cell
Introduction
Spontaneous Generation
Foundations of Modern Cell Theory
Unique Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells
Unique Characteristics of Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Diversity
Introduction
Prokaryote Habitats, Relationships, and Microbiomes
Proteobacteria
Nonproteobacteria Gram-Negative Bacteria and Phototrophic Bacteria
Gram-Positive Bacteria
Deeply Branching Bacteria
Archaea
The Eukaryotes of Microbiology
Acellular Pathogens
Introduction
Viruses
The Viral Life Cycle
Isolation, Culture, and Identification of Viruses
Viroids, Virusoids, and Prions
Microbial Biochemistry
Introduction
Organic Molecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Using Biochemistry to Identify Microorganisms
Microbial Metabolism
Introduction
Energy, Matter, and Enzymes
Catabolism of Carbohydrates
Cellular Respiration
Fermentation
Catabolism of Lipids and Proteins
Photosynthesis
Biogeochemical Cycles
Microbial Growth
Introduction
How Microbes Grow
Oxygen Requirements for Microbial Growth
The Effects of pH on Microbial Growth
Temperature and Microbial Growth
Other Environmental Conditions that Affect Growth
Media Used for Bacterial Growth
Biochemistry of the Genome
Introduction
Using Microbiology to Discover the Secrets of Life
Structure and Function of DNA
Structure and Function of RNA
Structure and Function of Cellular Genomes
Mechanisms of Microbial Genetics
Introduction
The Functions of Genetic Material
DNA Replication
RNA Transcription
Protein Synthesis (Translation)
Mutations
How Asexual Prokaryotes Achieve Genetic Diversity
Gene Regulation: Operon Theory
Modern Applications of Microbial Genetics
Introduction
Microbes and the Tools of Genetic Engineering
Visualizing and Characterizing DNA, RNA, and Protein
Whole Genome Methods and Pharmaceutical Applications of Genetic Engineering
Gene Therapy
Control of Microbial Growth
Introduction
Controlling Microbial Growth
Using Physical Methods to Control Microorganisms
Using Chemicals to Control Microorganisms
Testing the Effectiveness of Antiseptics and Disinfectants
Antimicrobial Drugs
Introduction
History of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Discovery
Fundamentals of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
Mechanisms of Antibacterial Drugs
Mechanisms of Other Antimicrobial Drugs
Drug Resistance
Testing the Effectiveness of Antimicrobials
Current Strategies for Antimicrobial Discovery
Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity
Introduction
Characteristics of Infectious Disease
How Pathogens Cause Disease
Virulence Factors of Bacterial and Viral Pathogens
Virulence Factors of Eukaryotic Pathogens
Disease and Epidemiology
Introduction
The Language of Epidemiologists
Tracking Infectious Diseases
Modes of Disease Transmission
Global Public Health
Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses
Introduction
Physical Defenses
Chemical Defenses
Cellular Defenses
Pathogen Recognition and Phagocytosis
Inflammation and Fever
Adaptive Specific Host Defenses
Introduction
Overview of Specific Adaptive Immunity
Major Histocompatibility Complexes and Antigen-Presenting Cells
T Lymphocytes and Cellular Immunity
B Lymphocytes and Humoral Immunity
Vaccines
Diseases of the Immune System
Introduction
Hypersensitivities
Autoimmune Disorders
Organ Transplantation and Rejection
Immunodeficiency
Cancer Immunobiology and Immunotherapy
Laboratory Analysis of the Immune Response
Introduction
Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibody Production
Detecting Antigen-Antibody Complexes
Agglutination Assays
EIAs and ELISAs
Fluorescent Antibody Techniques
Skin and Eye Infections
Introduction
Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Skin and Eyes
Bacterial Infections of the Skin and Eyes
Viral Infections of the Skin and Eyes
Mycoses of the Skin
Protozoan and Helminthic Infections of the Skin and Eyes
Respiratory System Infections
Introduction
Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract
Bacterial Infections of the Respiratory Tract
Viral Infections of the Respiratory Tract
Respiratory Mycoses
Urogenital System Infections
Introduction
Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract
Bacterial Infections of the Urinary System
Bacterial Infections of the Reproductive System
Viral Infections of the Reproductive System
Fungal Infections of the Reproductive System
Protozoan Infections of the Urogenital System
Digestive System Infections
Introduction
Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Digestive System
Microbial Diseases of the Mouth and Oral Cavity
Bacterial Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Viral Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Protozoan Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Helminthic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections
Introduction
Anatomy of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems
Bacterial Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems
Viral Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems
Parasitic Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems
Nervous System Infections
Introduction
Anatomy of the Nervous System
Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System
Acellular Diseases of the Nervous System
Fungal and Parasitic Diseases of the Nervous System
Attribution. Microbiology by Nina Parker, Mark Schneegurt, Anh-Hue Thi Tu, Brian M. Forster, Philip Lister and credited contributors; OpenStax, Rice University. Historical pinned source licensed CC BY 4.0. CC BY 4.0. Original book at OpenStax ↗. Historical CC BY 4.0 source revision, adapted to a text-only edition using the EvidenceHelix CNXML importer. Original source content is preserved where supported; images are not copied, figures link to original assets, figure descriptions and credits remain. Modern revisions may be licensed differently. This is not an endorsement or the current OpenStax edition.