Definition and research guide
This page combines a MeSH definition, publication statistics and selected research abstracts. It is a starting point for reading the literature, not a medical textbook or a systematic evidence review.
Content available: 4 complete abstracts (831 words), 10 references. Full article text is not stored or reproduced here; follow the PMID, DOI or PMC links to read the original sources and their access terms.
Definition
Aggressive behavior by a more powerful party that results in physical harm to or emotional distress of the victim.
Definition: NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) scope note (Public domain (U.S. National Library of Medicine); attribution requested). View the MeSH record.
Where it fits in the MeSH classification
- Broader topics
- Aggression; Harassment, Non-Sexual; Social Problems
- Narrower topics
- Cyberbullying
Research landscape
PubMed indexes 8,753 records tagged with the MeSH heading “Bullying” (counts retrieved 2026-10-31). 4,550 of them (52.0%) were published from 2020 onward, and the busiest period so far is 2020 onward with 4,550 records.
Reviews account for 692 records (7.9%) and meta-analyses for 184. Randomized controlled trials number 190 (2.2%) as a share of all records on the topic.
Show the data
| Period | Records |
|---|---|
| through 1999 | 0 |
| 2000-2009 | 12 |
| 2010-2019 | 4,492 |
| 2020 onward | 4,550 |
Publication-type chart data
| Type | Records | Share |
|---|---|---|
| Reviews | 692 | 7.9% |
| Meta-analyses | 184 | 2.1% |
| Randomized controlled trials | 190 | 2.2% |
Method: PubMed query "Bullying"[MeSH Terms] with publication-type and date filters, retrieved 2026-10-31.
Reading the evidence in psychiatry and psychology
Research on mental health and behaviour relies on questionnaires, interviews and rating scales rather than physical measurements, so how a condition was defined and measured shapes every result. Many studies are observational or small, placebo responses can be large, and findings in one group or culture may not carry over to another. Nothing on this page is advice about diagnosis or treatment; anyone worried about their mental health should talk to a qualified clinician. Check how outcomes were measured, who took part and how long they were followed.
Evidence from open-access studies
These open-access studies come from PubMed’s best-match results for this heading (papers whose main topic it is), ranked here by citation count, with one recent addition. Each abstract is reproduced in full under its recorded open licence so that you can read the authors’ own words. They illustrate the literature; they are not a systematic summary of it. Citation counts measure attention, not reliability or clinical benefit.
| Study / authors | Year | Source label / design | Europe PMC citations | Licence / source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Effect of Ethical Leadership on Nurse Bullying, Burnout, and Turnover Intentions | 2024 | Research article Design not recorded in structured metadata | 18 | cc by PMID 40224858 · DOI · PMC11919154 |
| Factors Influencing Hospital Nurses' Workplace Bullying Experiences Focusing on Meritocracy Belief, Emotional Intelligence, and Organizational Culture: A Cross-Sectional Study | 2024 | Research article Design not recorded in structured metadata | 8 | cc by PMID 40224790 · DOI · PMC11919098 |
| Trends in Indicators of Violence Among Adolescents in Europe and North America 1994-2022 | 2025 | Research article Design not recorded in structured metadata | 7 | cc by PMID 40065986 · DOI · PMC11891013 |
| Food allergy-related bullying in children: Prevalence and psychosocial burden from a mixed-methods study | 2026 | Research article Design not recorded in structured metadata | 3 | cc by PMID 41680092 · DOI · PMC12900628 |
The Effect of Ethical Leadership on Nurse Bullying, Burnout, and Turnover Intentions [1]
Abstract reading summary — source excerpts
- Opening excerpt
- The bullying of nurses by patients, doctors, and employees is common in the healthcare industry.
- Closing excerpt
- The results of our study also suggest that nurses are less likely to quit when ethical leadership is present, and ethical leadership weakens the effect of bullying on burnout.
- Interpretation limits
- Verbatim excerpts from the authors’ abstract; the closing excerpt may describe a finding, limitation or recommendation. Design, population, effect size and uncertainty have not been independently extracted or appraised. Read the complete abstract and linked paper before interpreting the findings.
Read complete abstract (181 words)
The bullying of nurses by patients, doctors, and employees is common in the healthcare industry. Nurses who are bullied are more likely to experience burnout, and nurses who experience burnout are more likely to intend to quit. However, few studies investigate how leadership can mitigate workplace incivility and nurse bullying as a way to improve nurse retention. A cross-sectional study was conducted using a sample of 216 nurses recruited from various regions across the United States from different specialties. A moderated mediation model using path analysis was used to examine the relationships between bullying, burnout, and ethical leadership in predicting intentions to stay. Bullying significantly and positively related to burnout (β = 0.22, p=0.02), and burnout significantly and negatively related to intent to stay (β = -0.18,p=0.01). Perceived ethical leadership predicted intentions to stay (β = 0.62, p=0.00), and ethical leadership moderated the effect of bullying on burnout (β = 0.20, p=0.03). The results of our study also suggest that nurses are less likely to quit when ethical leadership is present, and ethical leadership weakens the effect of bullying on burnout.
Abstract reproduced from the open-access article under the recorded cc by licence; © the authors. PMID 40224858 · DOI · PMC11919154
Factors Influencing Hospital Nurses' Workplace Bullying Experiences Focusing on Meritocracy Belief, Emotional Intelligence, and Organizational Culture: A Cross-Sectional Study [2]
Abstract reading summary — source excerpts
- Opening excerpt
- AimsTo identify the factors influencing hospital nurses' workplace bullying experiences (victim and perpetrator aspects) focusing on meritocracy beliefs, emotional intelligence, and organizational culture.
- Closing excerpt
- Such initiatives may be necessary to effectively tackle workplace bullying and promote a healthier nursing work environment.
- Interpretation limits
- Verbatim excerpts from the authors’ abstract; the closing excerpt may describe a finding, limitation or recommendation. Design, population, effect size and uncertainty have not been independently extracted or appraised. Read the complete abstract and linked paper before interpreting the findings.
Read complete abstract (239 words)
AimsTo identify the factors influencing hospital nurses' workplace bullying experiences (victim and perpetrator aspects) focusing on meritocracy beliefs, emotional intelligence, and organizational culture.BackgroundWorkplace bullying remains a major issue in nursing despite decades of research and policy-making. Therefore, comprehensively understanding the individual and institutional factors affecting workplace bullying from both the victim and perpetrator perspectives is crucial.MethodsIn October 2022, 379 nurses working in South Korean tertiary hospitals were surveyed using a self-reported online questionnaire. Meritocracy beliefs, emotional intelligence, workplace bullying experiences, and nursing organizational culture were measured using the Meritocracy Belief Scale, Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale, Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised, and Positive Nursing Organizational Culture Measurement Tool, respectively.ResultsGamma regression analysis revealed that, for workplace bullying, the factors influencing the victim aspect were the experience of witnessing bullying in the workplace, organizational culture, and meritocracy beliefs. In contrast, the factors affecting the perpetrator aspect were emotional intelligence, meritocracy beliefs, and experience of bullying at work.ConclusionDecreasing nurses' degree of meritocratic hubris in a positive organizational culture and increasing their emotional intelligence are necessary to prevent and intervene in workplace bullying. Implications for Nursing Management. Targeted approaches are needed to address and mitigate the detrimental effects of factors influencing workplace bullying. These approaches could include interventions that improve nurses' emotional intelligence, assess their level of meritocracy beliefs, and offer opportunities for self-reflection on meritocratic hubris. Such initiatives may be necessary to effectively tackle workplace bullying and promote a healthier nursing work environment.
Abstract reproduced from the open-access article under the recorded cc by licence; © the authors. PMID 40224790 · DOI · PMC11919098
Trends in Indicators of Violence Among Adolescents in Europe and North America 1994-2022 [3]
Abstract reading summary — source excerpts
- Opening excerpt
- ObjectivesTo describe age and gender specific time trends in adolescent violence across 19 countries over 28 years.
- Closing excerpt
- However, the increases in cyberbullying warrant further monitoring.
- Interpretation limits
- Verbatim excerpts from the authors’ abstract; the closing excerpt may describe a finding, limitation or recommendation. Design, population, effect size and uncertainty have not been independently extracted or appraised. Read the complete abstract and linked paper before interpreting the findings.
Read complete abstract (173 words)
ObjectivesTo describe age and gender specific time trends in adolescent violence across 19 countries over 28 years.MethodsThe paper presents analysis of eight cycles of the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) Study from 1994-2022, involving 789,531 children aged 11, 13, and 15. Indicators of violence included physical fighting, school bullying and cyberbullying (from 2018). Log-binomial regression models were used to test for linear temporal trends, with Generalized Estimating Equations used to account for clustering by country.ResultsSchool bullying perpetration and victimization declined over time in each age/gender group in most countries. Similar declines were reported for frequent physical fighting among boys (all ages) and girls (age 15 only). The prevalence of violent behaviour was almost universally higher in boys in the early cycles than in girls, but this gender difference attenuated over time. For cyberbullying, significant increases were observed since 2018 in all groups except age 15 girls in most countries.ConclusionThis analysis of a large cross-national dataset suggests a decline in traditional forms of adolescent violence. However, the increases in cyberbullying warrant further monitoring.
Abstract reproduced from the open-access article under the recorded cc by licence; © the authors. PMID 40065986 · DOI · PMC11891013
Food allergy-related bullying in children: Prevalence and psychosocial burden from a mixed-methods study [4]
Abstract reading summary — source excerpts
- Opening excerpt
- BackgroundFood allergy-related bullying (FARB) is an underrecognized phenomenon that combines the psychosocial harm of peer victimization with the potential for serious physical consequences from allergen exposure.
- Closing excerpt
- Preventive strategies should integrate FA management into school-based anti-bullying policies, staff training, and inclusive educational interventions.
- Interpretation limits
- Verbatim excerpts from the authors’ abstract; the closing excerpt may describe a finding, limitation or recommendation. Design, population, effect size and uncertainty have not been independently extracted or appraised. Read the complete abstract and linked paper before interpreting the findings.
Read complete abstract (238 words)
BackgroundFood allergy-related bullying (FARB) is an underrecognized phenomenon that combines the psychosocial harm of peer victimization with the potential for serious physical consequences from allergen exposure. Despite its relevance, data on FARB in Italy are scarce. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, forms, and lived experiences of FARB among school-aged children and adolescents with food allergy (FA) using a mixed-methods approach.MethodsWe conducted an observational cross-sectional study between June 2023 and April 2024 at a tertiary Pediatric Allergy Unit in Naples, Italy, adopting a sequential explanatory mixed-method design. Quantitative data on bullying prevalence were collected using the Italian-adapted Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire. Qualitative data were obtained through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis to explore emotional impact, coping strategies, and perceived support.ResultsSeventy-three children with FA (mean age 10.6 years; 69.9% male) were included. In the previous 2 months, 35.6% reported at least one bullying episode, and 27.4% identified FA as the specific motive. FARB most frequently involved verbal insults, social exclusion, and rumor spreading, mainly occurring in classrooms and perpetrated by small peer groups. Only 60% of affected children reported the episodes, primarily to parents. Qualitative findings highlighted emotional distress, hypervigilance, social withdrawal, inconsistent adult responses, and a strong desire for greater school awareness and protection.ConclusionsFARB is a frequent and multifaceted form of victimization with relevant psychosocial and potential physical implications. Preventive strategies should integrate FA management into school-based anti-bullying policies, staff training, and inclusive educational interventions.
Abstract reproduced from the open-access article under the recorded cc by licence; © the authors. PMID 41680092 · DOI · PMC12900628
Key reviews and meta-analyses
The most cited review-type papers among PubMed’s best-match results for this heading, listed with bibliographic details only. Follow the links for the full text and access terms.
- Research article Agreement Between Prospective and Retrospective Measures of Childhood Maltreatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis [5]
- Research article Bullying in the digital age: a critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth [6]
- Research article How phenomenology can help us learn from the experiences of others [7]
- Research article Bullying prevalence across contexts: a meta-analysis measuring cyber and traditional bullying [8]
- Research article School bullying: development and some important challenges [9]
- Research article Bullying and suicidal ideation and behaviors: a meta-analysis [10]
References
- Lambert JR, Brown LW, Lambert TA, Torres Nava C. The Effect of Ethical Leadership on Nurse Bullying, Burnout, and Turnover Intentions. . 2024. PMID 40224858 · DOI · PMC11919154
- Jang I, Jang SJ, Chang SJ. Factors Influencing Hospital Nurses' Workplace Bullying Experiences Focusing on Meritocracy Belief, Emotional Intelligence, and Organizational Culture: A Cross-Sectional Study. . 2024. PMID 40224790 · DOI · PMC11919098
- Molcho M, Walsh SD, King N, Pickett W, Donnelly PD, Cosma A, et al.. Trends in Indicators of Violence Among Adolescents in Europe and North America 1994-2022. . 2025. PMID 40065986 · DOI · PMC11891013
- Nocerino R, Esposito A, Carucci L, Masino A, Mercuri C, Rea T, et al.. Food allergy-related bullying in children: Prevalence and psychosocial burden from a mixed-methods study. . 2026. PMID 41680092 · DOI · PMC12900628
- Baldwin JR, Reuben A, Newbury JB, Danese A. Agreement Between Prospective and Retrospective Measures of Childhood Maltreatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019. PMID 30892562 · DOI · PMC6551848
- Kowalski RM, Giumetti GW, Schroeder AN, Lattanner MR. Bullying in the digital age: a critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychol Bull. 2014. PMID 24512111 · DOI
- Neubauer BE, Witkop CT, Varpio L. How phenomenology can help us learn from the experiences of others. Perspect Med Educ. 2019. PMID 30953335 · DOI · PMC6468135
- Modecki KL, Minchin J, Harbaugh AG, Guerra NG, Runions KC. Bullying prevalence across contexts: a meta-analysis measuring cyber and traditional bullying. J Adolesc Health. 2014. PMID 25168105 · DOI
- Olweus D. School bullying: development and some important challenges. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2013. PMID 23297789 · DOI
- Holt MK, Vivolo-Kantor AM, Polanin JR, Holland KM, DeGue S, Matjasko JL, et al.. Bullying and suicidal ideation and behaviors: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2015. PMID 25560447 · DOI · PMC4702491
About this article
- Sources
- NLM Medical Subject Headings (definition, synonyms); NCBI PubMed (counts, identifiers); Europe PMC (open-access abstracts and citation counts).
- Verification
- Every reference was resolved against PubMed on 2026-11-04; title, year and DOI matched.
- Review state
- automated source verified; no human expert review has been recorded yet.
- Version
- 1, last updated 2026-11-04.
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Evidence strength
EvidenceHelix's computed view of the study designs behind this topic: how common meta-analyses, randomized trials and reviews are, how recent the literature is, and a plain-language reading. It describes the design mix of the literature. It is not a quality appraisal of any study, and it is not medical advice.