EvidenceLib · Topic area
Bones, Joints, Muscles and Skin
Arthritis, osteoporosis, back pain, skin disease and other conditions of the musculoskeletal system and skin. 113 evidence-grounded articles and 100 open-access full-text articles.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V
Acantholysis
Separation of the prickle cells of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, resulting in atrophy of the prickle cell layer.
Acanthosis Nigricans
A circumscribed melanosis consisting of a brown-pigmented, velvety verrucosity or fine papillomatosis appearing in the axillae and other body folds.
Acne Vulgaris
A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion.
Acro-Osteolysis
A condition with congenital and acquired forms causing recurrent ulcers in the fingers and toes.
Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis
Rare skin eruption characterized by acute formation of pustules filled with neutrophils, fever, and peripheral blood leukocytosis.
Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia with Eosinophilia
Solitary or multiple benign cutaneous nodules comprised of immature and mature vascular structures intermingled with endothelial cells and a varied infiltrate of eosinophils, histiocytes, lymphocytes, and mast cells.
Axial Spondyloarthritis
A spectrum of chronic inflammatory conditions affecting the axial joints (e.g., spine), characterized by pain, stiffness of joints (ankylosis), reduced mobility and inflammation.
Bunion
Abnormal swelling of the inner aspect of the first metatarsal head affecting the first metatarsophalangeal joint.
Bursitis
Inflammation or irritation of a synovial bursa, the fibrous sac that acts as a cushion between moving structures of bones, muscles, tendons or skin.
Cholesteatoma
A non-neoplastic mass of keratin-producing squamous epithelium, frequently occurring in the meninges; bones of the skull, and most commonly in the middle ear and mastoid region.
Chondrocalcinosis
Presence of calcium pyrophosphate in the connective tissues such as the cartilaginous structures of joints.
Chondrodysplasia Punctata
A heterogeneous group of bone dysplasias, the common character of which is stippling of the epiphyses in infancy.
Chronic Urticaria
Wheals (urticaria) and/or angioedema presented with daily symptoms lasting for more than 6 weeks.
Cold Urticaria
Various skin flares developing after exposure to cold temperature.
Collagen Diseases
Historically, a heterogeneous group of acute and chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, etc.
Colles' Fracture
Fracture of the lower end of the radius in which the lower fragment is displaced posteriorly.
Connective Tissue Diseases
A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.
Contracture
Prolonged shortening of the muscle or other soft tissue around a joint, preventing movement of the joint.
Cutaneous Fistula
An abnormal passage or communication leading from an internal organ to the surface of the body.
Dermatitis Herpetiformis
Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions.
Drug Eruptions
Adverse cutaneous reactions caused by ingestion, parenteral use, or local application of a drug.
Eczema
A dermatitis characterized by a spongiotic tissue reaction pattern occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents.
Enthesopathy
A disorder occurring at the site of insertion of tendons or ligaments into bones or joint capsules.
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries.
Erythema Multiforme
A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic bull's-eye lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.
Erythema Nodosum
An erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory nodules that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral.
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation.
Exostoses
Benign hypertrophy that projects outward from the surface of bone, often containing a cartilaginous component.
Fasciitis
Inflammation of the fascia.
Fibrous Dysplasia of Bone
A disease of bone marked by thinning of the cortex by fibrous tissue containing bony spicules, producing pain, disability, and gradually increasing deformity.
Foot Deformities
Alterations or deviations from normal shape or size which result in a disfigurement of the foot.
Foot Ulcer
Lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by inflammation.
Galactorrhea
Excessive or inappropriate lactation in females or males, and not necessarily related to pregnancy.
Genu Valgum
An inward slant of the thigh in which the knees are close together and the ankles far apart.
Genu Varum
An outward slant of the thigh in which the knees are wide apart and the ankles close together.
Granuloma Annulare
Benign granulomatous disease of unknown etiology characterized by a ring of localized or disseminated papules or nodules on the skin and palisading histiocytes surrounding necrobiotic tissue resulting from altered collagen structu
Granulomatous Mastitis
A rare, benign, inflammatory breast disease occurring in premenopausal women shortly after a recent pregnancy.
Gynecomastia
Enlargement of the breast in the males, caused by an excess of estrogens.
Hallux Rigidus
A condition caused by degenerative arthritis (see osteoarthritis) of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe and characterized by pain and limited dorsiflexion, but relatively unrestricted plantar flexion.
Hallux Valgus
Lateral displacement of the great toe (hallux), producing deformity of the first metatarsophalangeal joint with callous, bursa, or bunion formation over the bony prominence.
Hand-Foot Syndrome
Chemotherapy-induced dermal side effects that are associated with the use of various cytostatic agents.
Hemarthrosis
Bleeding into the joints.
Hidradenitis
The inflammation of a sweat gland (usually of the apocrine type).
Hirsutism
A condition observed in women and children when there is excess coarse body hair of an adult male distribution pattern, such as facial and chest areas.
Hyperhidrosis
Excessive sweating.
Hyperpigmentation
Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis.
Hypertrichosis
Excessive hair growth at inappropriate locations, such as on the extremities, the head, and the back.
Hypohidrosis
Abnormally diminished or absent perspiration.
Hypopigmentation
A condition caused by a deficiency or a loss of melanin pigmentation in the epidermis, also known as hypomelanosis.
Intertrigo
A superficial dermatitis occurring on skin surfaces in contact with each other, such as the axillae, neck creases, intergluteal fold, between the toes, etc.
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the intervertebral disc due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.
Juvenile Arthritis
Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age.
Kashin-Beck Disease
Disabling osteochondrodysplasia with osteosclerosis, cone-shaped metaphysis, and shortening of the diaphysis.
Keloid
A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair.
Keratoacanthoma
A benign, non-neoplastic, usually self-limiting epithelial lesion closely resembling squamous cell carcinoma clinically and histopathologically.
Knee Osteoarthritis
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress
Kyphosis
Deformities of the spine characterized by an exaggerated convexity of the vertebral column.
Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease
A particular type of femur head necrosis occurring in children, mainly male, with a course of four years or so.
Lichen Planus
An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized.
Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus
A chronic inflammatory mucocutaneous disease usually affecting the female genitalia (vulvar lichen sclerosus) and balanitis xerotica obliterans in males.
Linear IgA Bullous Dermatosis
Autoimmune disease characterized by subepidermal blisters and linear deposition of autoantibodies at the dermoepidermal junction.
Lipedema
Disorder of adipose tissue characterized by symmetric and bilateral enlargement of the lower extremities due to abnormal deposition of subcutaneous fat often in obese women.
Lordosis
The anterior concavity in the curvature of the lumbar and cervical spine as viewed from the side.
Lupus Nephritis
Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus.
Melorheostosis
A form of osteosclerosis extending in a linear track mainly through one of the long bones of the upper and lower limbs.
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease
A syndrome with overlapping clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, polymyositis, and Raynaud's phenomenon.
Musculoskeletal Diseases
Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.
Neurodermatitis
An extremely variable eczematous skin disease that is presumed to be a response to prolonged vigorous scratching, rubbing, or pinching to relieve intense pruritus.
Orbital Cellulitis
Inflammation of the loose connective tissues around the orbit, bony structure around the eyeball.
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons.
Osteochondritis Dissecans
A type of osteochondritis in which articular cartilage and associated bone becomes partially or totally detached to form joint loose bodies.
Osteochondrosis
Any of a group of bone disorders involving one or more ossification centers (epiphyses).
Osteopetrosis
Excessive formation of dense trabecular bone leading to pathological fractures; osteitis; splenomegaly with infarct; anemia; and extramedullary hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis, extramedullary).
Osteopoikilosis
An asymptomatic, autosomal dominant trait in which pea-sized sclerotic spots, prominent in the metaphyseal area, are accompanied by unique cutaneous lesions.
Panniculitis
General term for inflammation of adipose tissue, usually of the skin, characterized by reddened subcutaneous nodules.
Parakeratosis
Persistence of the nuclei of the keratinocytes into the stratum corneum of the skin.
Parapsoriasis
The term applied to a group of relatively uncommon inflammatory, maculopapular, scaly eruptions of unknown etiology and resistant to conventional treatment.
Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by retropatellar or peripatellar PAIN resulting from physical and biochemical changes in the patellofemoral joint.
Pemphigus
Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by acantholysis and blister formation within the epidermis.
Pityriasis
A name originally applied to a group of skin diseases characterized by the formation of fine, branny scales, but now used only with a modifier.
Pityriasis Lichenoides
A subgroup of parapsoriasis itself divided into acute and chronic forms.
Pityriasis Rosea
A mild exanthematous inflammation of unknown etiology.
Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris
A chronic skin disease characterized by small follicular papules, disseminated reddish-brown scaly patches, and often, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis.
Polymyalgia Rheumatica
A syndrome in the elderly characterized by proximal joint and muscle pain, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and a self-limiting course.
Pressure Ulcer
An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and tissues when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed.
Prurigo
A name applied to several itchy skin eruptions of unknown cause.
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches.
Psoriatic Arthritis
A type of inflammatory arthritis associated with psoriasis, often involving the axial joints and the peripheral terminal interphalangeal joints.
Pyoderma Gangrenosum
An idiopathic, rapidly evolving, and severely debilitating disease occurring most commonly in association with chronic ulcerative colitis.
Rheumatic Diseases
Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atroph
Rhinophyma
A manifestation of severe rosacea resulting in significant enlargement of the NOSE and occurring primarily in men.
Rosacea
A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as forehead; cheek; NOSE; and CHIN.
Sacroiliitis
Inflammation of the sacroiliac joint.
Scleromyxedema
A connective tissue disorder characterized by widespread thickening of SKIN with a cobblestone-like appearance.
Scoliosis
An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine.
Serum Sickness
Immune complex disease caused by the administration of foreign serum or serum proteins and characterized by fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, and urticaria.
Shoulder Impingement Syndrome
Compression of the rotator cuff tendons and subacromial bursa between the humeral head and the acromion of the scapula.
Sjogren's Syndrome
Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears.
Spondylarthropathies
Heterogeneous group of arthritic diseases sharing clinical and radiologic features.
Spondylolysis
Deficient development or degeneration of a portion of the vertebra, usually in the pars interarticularis (the bone bridge between the superior and inferior facet joints of the lumbar vertebrae) leading to spondylolisthesis.
Spondylosis
A degenerative spinal disease that can involve any part of the vertebra, the intervertebral disk, and the surrounding soft tissue.
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive keratinocyte apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement.
Sunburn
An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun.
Sweet Syndrome
Condition characterized by large, rapidly extending, erythematous, tender plaques on the upper body usually accompanied by fever and dermal infiltration of neutrophilic leukocytes.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes.
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
A variety of conditions affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint.
Tendinopathy
Clinical syndrome describing overuse tendon injuries characterized by a combination of PAIN, diffuse or localized swelling, and impaired performance.
Tennis Elbow
A condition characterized by pain in or near the lateral humeral epicondyle or in the forearm extensor muscle mass as a result of unusual strain.
Tenosynovitis
Inflammation of the synovial lining of a tendon sheath.
Urticaria
A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability.
Vitiligo
A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds.
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