- Freedman L. Strategy for a pandemic: the UK and COVID-19. Survival 2020;62(3):25–76. 10.1080/00396338.2020.1763610
- World Health Organization. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). 2023. URL: www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_1 (accessed 22 March 2023).
- World Health Organization. Timeline: WHO’s COVID-19 Response. 2021. URL: www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/interactive-timeline (accessed 22 March 2023).
- Al-Tawfiq JA, Leonardi R, Fasoli G, Rigamonti D. Prevalence and fatality rates of COVID-19: what are the reasons for the wide variations worldwide? Travel Med Infec Dis 2020;35:101711. 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.10171132360326
- World Health Organization. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. 2023. URL: https://covid19.who.int (accessed 22 March 2023).
- Scobie S. What Has Been the Impact of COVID-19 Across the UK Countries? 2021. URL: www.nuffieldtrust.org.uk/news-item/what-has-been-the-impact-of-covid-19-across-the-uk-countries?gclid=EAIaIQobChMImoncj-ON9AIVFIBQBh2mLwq-EAAYAiAAEgIyL_D_BwE (accessed 4 February 2023).
- Cabinet Office. Guidance: Staying at Home and Away from Others (Social Distancing). URL: www.gov.uk/government/publications/full-guidance-on-staying-at-home-and-away-from-others/full-guidance-on-staying-at-home-and-away-from-others (accessed 4 February 2023).
- Oxtoby K. Covid-19:‘Life on hold’ for NHS patients needing musculoskeletal care. BMJ 2021;373:n1616. https://doi.org./10.1136/bmj.n161634193525
- Leite H, Lindsay C, Kumar M. COVID-19 outbreak: implications on healthcare operations. TQM J 2020;33:247–56. 10.1108/TQM-05-2020-0111
- NHS England and NHS Improvement. Clinical Guide for the Management of Remote Consultations and Remote Working in Secondary Care during the Coronavirus Pandemic. London: NHS England; 2020.
- Hutchings R. The Impact of Covid-19 on the Use of Digital Technology in the NHS. London: NHS England; 2020.
- Public Health England. Disparities in the Risk and Outcomes of COVID-19. London: PHE; 2020.
- Greenhalgh T, Knight M, Inda-Kim M, Fulop NJ, Leach J, Vindrola-Padros C. Remote management of covid-19 using home pulse oximetry and virtual ward support. BMJ 2021;372:n677. https://doi.org./10.1136/bmj.n67733766809
- Levitan RM. Pulse oximetry as a biomarker for early identification and hospitalization of Covid-19 pneumonia. Acad Emerg Med 2020;27(8):785–6. https://doi.org./10.1111/acem.1405232779867
- Alaa A, Qian Z, Rashbass J, Benger J, van der Schaar M. Retrospective cohort study of admission timing and mortality following COVID-19 infection in England. BMJ Open 2020;10(11):e042712. https://doi.org./10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042712
- Mansab F, Donnelly H, Albrecht Kussner JN, Bhatti S, Goyal DK. Oxygen and mortality in COVID-19 pneumonia: a comparative analysis of supplemental oxygen policies and health outcomes across 26 countries. Front Public Health 2021;9:580585. https://doi.org./10.3389/fpubh.2021.58058534327182
- NHS England. NHS @home. URL: www.england.nhs.uk/nhs-at-home (accessed 4 February 2023).
- NHS England. The NHS Long Term Plan. 2019. URL: www.longtermplan.nhs.uk (accessed 4 February 2023).
- Peretz D, Arnaert A, Ponzoni NN. Determining the cost of implementing and operating a remote patient monitoring programme for the elderly with chronic conditions: a systematic review of economic evaluations. J Telemed Telecare 2018;24(1):13–21. 10.1177/1357633X1666923927650163
- Castelyn G, Laranjo L, Schreier G, Gallego B. Predictive performance and impact of algorithms in remote monitoring of chronic conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Med Inform 2021;156:104620. 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2021.10462034700194
- Jonker LT, Plas M, de Bock GH, Buskens E, van Leeuwen BL, Lahr MM. Remote home monitoring of older surgical cancer patients: perspective on study implementation and feasibility. Ann Surg Oncol 2021;28(1):67–78. 10.1245/s10434-020-08705-132602060
- Peek N, Sujan M, Scott P. Digital health and care in pandemic times: impact of COVID-19. BMJ Health Care Inform 2020;27(1):e100166. 10.1136/bmjhci-2020-100166
- Margolius D, Hennekes M, Yao J, Einstadter D, Gunzler D, Chehade N, et al. On the front (phone) lines: results of a COVID-19 hotline. J Am Board 2021;34(Suppl):S95–102. 10.3122/jabfm.2021.s1.200237
- Karampela I, Nikoloupoulous M, Tzortzis E, Stratigou T, Antonakos G, Diomidous M, Dalamaga M. Remote monitoring of patients in quarantine in the era of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The importance of health informatics in public health during a pandemic. Stud Health Tecnol Inform 2020;272:33–4. 10.3233/SHTI200486
- Thornton J. The ‘virtual wards’ supporting patients with covid-19 in the community. BMJ 2020;369:m2119. https://doi.org./10.1136/bmj.m211932499317
- Hutchings OR, Dearing C, Jagers D, Shaw MJ, Raffan F, Jones A, et al. Virtual health care for community management of patients with COVID-19 in Australia: observational cohort study. J Med Internet Res 2021;23(3):e21064. 10.2196/2106433687341
- Kricke G, Roemer PE, Barnard C, Peipert JD, Henschen BL, Bierman JA, et al. Rapid implementation of an outpatient Covid-19 monitoring program. NEJM Catalyst Innov Care Delivery 2020; 16 June:1–12. https://catalyst.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/CAT.20.0214
- Annis T, Pleasants S, Hultman G, Lindemann E, Thompson JA, Billecke S, et al. Rapid implementation of a COVID-19 remote patient monitoring program. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2020;27(8):1326–30. 10.1093/jamia/ocaa09732392280
- O’Keefe JB, Tong EJ, Taylor TH, O’Keefe GDD, Tong DC. Use of a telemedicine risk assessment tool to predict the risk of hospitalization of 496 outpatients with COVID-19: Retrospective analysis. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2021;7(4):e25075. 10.2196/2507533667174
- Ford D, Harvey JB, McElligott J, King K, Simpson KN, Valenta S, et al. Leveraging health system telehealth and informatics infrastructure to create a continuum of services for COVID-19 screening, testing, and treatment. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2020;27(12):1871–7. 10.1093/jamia/ocaa15732602884
- Nunan J, Clarke D, Malakouti A, Tannetta D, Calthrop A, Xu XH, et al. Triage into the community for COVID-19 (TICC-19) patients pathway-service evaluation of the virtual monitoring of patients with COVID pneumonia. Acute Med 2020;19(4):183–91. 10.52964/AMJA.082633215171
- Vindrola-Padros C, Singh KE, Sidhu MS, Georghiou T, Sherlaw-Johnson C, Tomini SM, et al. Remote home monitoring (virtual wards) for confirmed or suspected COVID-19 patients: a rapid systematic review. EClinicalMedicine 2021;37:100965. 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10096534179736
- World Health Organization. Living Guidance for Clinical Management of COVID-19: Living Guidance 23 November 2021. Geneva: WHO; 2021.
- Steimer M, Leabo J, Wang H, Heyer D, Addison N, Bowles N, et al. Remote home monitoring of patients with cancer during the COVID pandemic: a pilot study. JCO Oncol Pract 2021;17(9):e1286–e1292. https://doi.org./10.1200/OP.20.0099533793345
- Inada-Kim M, Chmiel FP, Boniface MJ, Pocock H, Black JJ, Deakin CD. Validation of home oxygen saturations as a marker of clinical deterioration in patients with suspected COVID-19. medRxiv 2020. 10.1101/2020.11.06.20225938
- Vindrola-Padros C, Sidhu MS, Georghiou T, Sherlaw-Johnson C, Singh KE, Tomini SM, et al. The implementation of remote home monitoring models during the COVID-19 pandemic in England. EClinicalMedicine 2021;34:100799. 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10079933817610
- Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. The Use and Regulation of Pulse Oximeters (Information for Healthcare Professionals. 2021. URL: www.gov.uk/guidance/the-use-and-regulation-of-pulse-oximeters-information-for-healthcare-professionals (accessed 4 February 2023).
- NHS England. Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Standard Operating Procedure: COVID Oximetry @home. Version 1.2. London: NHS England; 2021.
- NHS England and NHS Improvement. Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Standard Operating Procedure: COVID Virtual Ward. Version 1.0. London: NHS England; 2021.
- NHS England and NHS Improvement. Supporting General Practice – Additional £150 Million of Funding from NHS England. Official Letter, 9 November 2020.
- NHS Digital. Helping Providers Identify Potential Oximetry @home Patients. 2021. URL: https://digital.nhs.uk/coronavirus/covid-oximetry-at-home-digital-and-data-services/helping-providers-identify-potential-oximetry--at-home-patients (accessed 4 February 2023).
- Beaney T, Clarke J, Alboksmaty A, Flott K, Fowler A, Benger JR, et al. Evaluating the impact of a pulse oximetry remote monitoring programme on mortality and healthcare utilisation in patients with covid-19 assessed in Accident and Emergency departments in England: a retrospective matched cohort study. Emerg Med J 2023;0:1–8. https://doi.org./10.1136/emermed-2022-212377
- Beaney T, Clarke J, Alboksmaty A, Flott K, Fowler A, Benger JR, et al. Population-level impact of a pulse oximetry remote monitoring programme on mortality and healthcare utilisation in the people with covid-19 in England: a national analysis using a stepped wedge design. Emerg Med J 2022;39(8):575–582. https://doi.org./10.1136/emermed-2022-21237835418406
- Beaney T, Neves AL, Alboksmaty A, Ashrafian H, Flott K, Fowler A, et al. Trends and associated factors for Covid-19 hospitalisation and fatality risk in 2.3 million adults in England. Nat Commun 2022;13(1):2356. https://doi.org./10.1038/s41467-022-29880-735487905
- Pariza P, Conti S. Statistical Analysis Protocol for an Evaluation of COVID Oximetry@ home Using a Generalised Synthetic Control Approach. London: Health Foundation; 2021.
- Imperial Patient Safety Translational Research Centre. COVID Oximetry@home (CO@h) Service Evaluation Protocol. London: Imperial College London; 2021.
- Sidhu M, Litchfield I, Miller R, Fulop NJ, Janta B, Tanner JR, et al. Using pulse oximeters in care homes for residents with COVID-19 and other conditions: a rapid mixed-methods evaluation. Health Soc Care Deliv Res 2022;10(35). 10.3310/PQWC3425
- Tricco AC, Langlois E, Straus SE; World Health Organization. Rapid Reviews to Strengthen Health Policy and Systems: A Practical guide. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017.
- Lehoux P, Blume S. Technology assessment and the sociopolitics of health technologies. J Health Polit Policy Law 2000;25(6):1083–120. 10.1215/03616878-25-6-108311142053
- Greenhalgh T, Procter R, Wherton J, Sugarhood P, Hinder S, Rouncefield M. What is quality in assisted living technology? The ARCHIE framework for effective telehealth and telecare services. BMC Med 2015;13(1):1–15. 10.1186/s12916-015-0279-625563062
- Greenhalgh T, Shaw S. Understanding heart failure; explaining telehealth–a hermeneutic systematic review. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2017;17(1):1–16. 10.1186/s12872-017-0594-228052754
- Powell J, Gunn L, Lowe P, Sheehan B, Griffiths F, Clarke A. New networked technologies and carers of people with dementia: an interview study. Ageing Soc 2010;30(6):1073–88. 10.1017/S0144686x1000019x
- Greenhalgh T, Wherton J, Papoutsi C, Lynch J, Hughes G, Hinder S, et al. Beyond adoption: a new framework for theorizing and evaluating nonadoption, abandonment, and challenges to the scale-up, spread, and sustainability of health and care technologies. J Med Internet Res 2017;19(11):e367. 10.2196/jmir.877529092808
- Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis 1987;40(5):373–83. 10.1016/0021-9681(87)90171-83558716
- Fulop NJ. A Mixed Methods Evaluation of Remote Home Monitoring Models during the COVID-19 Pandemic in England (Phase Two evaluation) Protocol. Award ID: NIHR135016. 2021. URL: https://fundingawards.nihr.ac.uk/award/NIHR135016 (accessed 4 February 2023).
- Michie S, Van Stralen MM, West R. The behaviour change wheel: a new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions. Implement Sci 2011;6(1):1–12. 10.1186/1748-5908-6-4221208425
- Borrelli B. The assessment, monitoring, and enhancement of treatment fidelity in public health clinical trials. J Public Health Dent 2011;71:S52–63. 10.1111/j.1752-7325.2011.00233.x
- Walton H, Spector A, Tombor I, Michie S. Measures of fidelity of delivery of, and engagement with, complex, face-to-face health behaviour change interventions: a systematic review of measure quality. Br J Health Psychol 2017;22(4):872–903. 10.1111/bjhp.1226028762607
- Lyratzopoulos G, Elliott M, Barbiere J, Henderson A, Staetsky L, Paddison C, et al. Understanding ethnic and other socio-demographic differences in patient experience of primary care: evidence from the English General Practice Patient Survey. BMJ QualSaf 2012;21(1):21–9. 10.1136/bmjqs-2011-000088
- Pianori D, Maietti E, Lenzi J, Quargnolo M, Guicciardi S, Adja KYC, et al. Sociodemographic and health service organizational factors associated with the choice of the private versus public sector for specialty visits: evidence from a national survey in Italy. PLOS One 2020;15(5):e0232827. 10.1371/journal.pone.023282732379839
- English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. The Data We Collect. 2019. URL: www.elsa-project.ac.uk/the-data-we-collect (accessed 4 February 2023).
- Wenz A, Al Baghal T, Gaia A. Language proficiency among respondents: implications for data quality in a longitudinal face-to-face survey. J Surv Stat Methodol 2021;9(1):73–93. 10.1093/jssam/smz045
- Office for National Statistics. Ethnic Group, National Identity and Religion. URL: www.ons.gov.uk/methodology/classificationsandstandards/measuringequality/ethnicgroupnationalidentityandreligion (accessed 4 February 2023).
- UK Government. Age Groups. 2018. URL: www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/uk-population-by-ethnicity/demographics/age-groups/latest (accessed 4 February 2023).
- Office for National Statistics. Lower Layer Super Output Area Population Estimates (Supporting Information). Mid-2019. 2020. [SAPE22DT2 edition] URL: www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/lowersuperoutputareamidyearpopulationestimates (accessed 4 February 2023).
- Office for National Statistics. Rural Urban Classification (2011) of Lower Layer Super Output Areas in England and Wales. 2019. URL: www.data.gov.uk/dataset/9c0e093d-d267-4eb8-90d8-54475ab4d1ff/rural-urban-classification-2011-of-middle-layer-super-output-areas-in-england-and-wales (accessed 23 February 2023).
- Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government. English Indices of Deprivation 2019, File 1: Index of Multiple Deprivation. 2019. URL: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/833970/File_1_-_IMD2019_Index_of_Multiple_Deprivation.xlsx (accessed 23 February 2023).
- Office for National Statistics. Ethnic Group by Sex by Age, Census 2011, Table LC2101EW. 2013. URL: www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/lc2101ew (accessed 23 February 2023).
- Office for National Statistics. Lower Layer Super Output Area (2011) to Clinical Commissioning Group to Local Authority District (April 2020) Lookup in England. 2020. URL: www.data.gov.uk/dataset/d1531a11-ce7f-4d98-859e-1f2bdc76c2c2/output-area-to-lower-layer-super-output-area-to-middle-layer-super-output-area-to-local-authority-district-december-2011-lookup-in-england-and-wales (accessed 23 February 2023).
- Vindrola-Padros C, Chisnall G, Cooper S, Dowrick A, Djellouli N, Symmons SM, et al. Carrying out rapid qualitative research during a pandemic: emerging lessons from COVID-19. Qual Health Res 2020;30(14):2192–204. 10.1177/104973232095152632865149
- Patton MQ. Enhancing the quality and credibility of qualitative analysis. Health Serv Res 1999;34(5 Pt 2):1189–208. URL: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1089059/pdf/hsresearch00022-0112.pdf (accessed 18 July 2023).10591279
- Flick U. Triangulation in Data Collection. London: SAGE Publications; 2018. pp 527–44.
- Tong A, Sainsbury P, Craig J. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. Int J Qual Health Care 2007;19(6):349–57. 10.1093/intqhc/mzm04217872937
- Bradshaw C, Atkinson S, Doody O. Employing a qualitative description approach in health care research. Glob Qual Nurs Res 2017;4:2333393617742282. 10.1177/233339361774228229204457
- Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG; PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med 2009;151(4):264–9, W64. 10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-0013519622511
- Gale NK, Heath G, Cameron E, Rashid S, Redwood S. Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research. BMC Med Res Methodol 2013;13(1):1–8. 10.1186/1471-2288-13-11723297754
- Vindrola C, Fulop N, Greenhalgh T. Virtual Wards: Caring for COVID-19 Patients at Home Could Save Lives. The Conversation 6 November 2020. URL: https://theconversation.com/virtual-wards-caring-for-covid-19-patients-at-home-could-save-lives-149292 (accessed 23 February 2023).
- Yahoo! Finance. Virtual Wards: Caring for COVID-19 Patients at Home Could Save Lives. 2020. URL: https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/virtual-wards-caring-covid-19-114742193.html?guccounter=1 (accessed 23 February 2023).
- Vindrola C, Fulop N, Greenhalgh T. Could Doctors Care for Covid Patients on ‘Virtual Wards?’ Independent, 16 November 2020. URL: www.independent.co.uk/tech/coronavirus-virtual-wards-oximeter-patients-home-mortality-rate-b1720430.html (accessed 23 February 2023).
- Fulop N, Vindrola C, Sidhu M, Sherlaw-Johnson C, Georghou T, Tomini SM, et al. Rapid Evaluation of Remote Home Monitoring Models during COVID-19 Pandemic in England: Nuffield Trust. London: Nuffiend Trust; 2020.
- Damschroder LJ, Aron DC, Keith RE, Kirsh SR, Alexander JA, Lowery JC. Fostering implementation of health services research findings into practice: a consolidated framework for advancing implementation science. Implement Sci 2009;4(1):1–15. 10.1186/1748-5908-4-5019123945
- Glasziou P, Chalmers I, Altman DG, Bastian H, Boutron I, Brice A, et al. Taking healthcare interventions from trial to practice. BMJ 2010;341:c3852–c3852. 10.1136/bmj.c385220709714
- Øvretveit J. Understanding the conditions for improvement: research to discover which context influences affect improvement success. BMJ QualSaf 2011;20(Suppl 1):i18–i23. 10.1136/bmjqs.2010.045955
- Bellg AJ, Borrelli B, Resnick B, Hecht J, Minicucci DS, Ory M, et al; Treatment Fidelity Workgroup of the NIH Behavior Change Consortium. Enhancing treatment fidelity in health behavior change studies: best practices and recommendations from the NIH Behavior Change Consortium. Health Psychol 2004;23(5):443–51. 10.1037/0278-6133.23.5.44315367063
- McGee D, Lorencatto F, Matvienko-Sikar K, Toomey E. Surveying knowledge, practice and attitudes towards intervention fidelity within trials of complex healthcare interventions. Trials 2018;19(1):1–14. 10.1186/s13063-018-2838-629298706
- Michie S, Fixsen D, Grimshaw JM, Eccles MP. Specifying and reporting complex behaviour change interventions: the need for a scientific method. Implement Sci 2009;4(1):1–6. 10.1186/1748-5908-4-4019123945
- Hawkes R, Cameron E, Bower P, French DP. Does the design of the NHS diabetes prevention programme intervention have fidelity to the programme specification? A document analysis. Diabet Med 2020;37(8):1357–66. 10.1111/dme.1420131808578
- Cook DA, Pencille LJ, Dupras DM, Linderbaum JA, Pankratz VS, Wilkinson JM. Practice variation and practice guidelines: attitudes of generalist and specialist physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants. PLOS One 2018;13(1):e0191943. 10.1371/journal.pone.019194329385203
- Dopson S, Fitzgerald L, Ferlie E. Understanding change and innovation in healthcare settings: reconceptualizing the active role of context. J Change Manag 2008;8(3–4):213–31. 10.1080/14697010802133577
- Gilson L, Schneider H, Orgill M. Practice and power: a review and interpretive synthesis focused on the exercise of discretionary power in policy implementation by front-line providers and managers. Health Policy Plan 2014;29(Suppl 3):iii5151–69. 10.1093/heapol/czu098
- Kaplan HC, Brady PW, Dritz MC, Hooper DK, Linam WM, Froehle CM, Margolis P. The influence of context on quality improvement success in health care: a systematic review of the literature. Milbank Q 2010;88(4):500–59. 10.1111/j.1468-0009.2010.00611.x21166868
- Purtle J, Brownson RC, Proctor EK. Infusing science into politics and policy: the importance of legislators as an audience in mental health policy dissemination research. Adm Policy Ment Health 2017;44(2):160–3. 10.1007/s10488-016-0752-327418342
- Campbell NC, Murray E, Darbyshire J, Emery J, Farmer A, Griffiths F, et al. Designing and evaluating complex interventions to improve health care. BMJ 2007;334(7591):455–9. 10.1136/bmj.39108.379965.BE17332585
- Seboka BT, Yilma TM, Birhanu AY. Factors influencing healthcare providers’ attitude and willingness to use information technology in diabetes management. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2021;21(1):1–10. 10.1186/s12911-021-01398-w33388057
- Slev VN, Mistiaen P, Pasman HRW, Verdonck-de Leeuw IM, van Uden-Kraan CF, Francke AL. Effects of eHealth for patients and informal caregivers confronted with cancer: a meta-review. Int J Med Inform 2016;87:54–67. 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2015.12.01326806712
- Warrington L, Absolom K, Conner M, Kellar I, Clayton B, Ayres M, Velikova G. Electronic systems for patients to report and manage side effects of cancer treatment: systematic review. J Med Internet Res 2019;21(1):e10875. 10.2196/1087530679145
- Academic Health Science Network. COVID Oximetry and Virtual Wards. 2020. URL: www.ahsnnetwork.com/covid-oximetry (accessed 4 February 2023).
- National Health Service. Future NHS. 2020. URL: https://future.nhs.uk (accessed 4 February 2023).
- NHS Digital. COVID Oximetry @home – Digital and Data Services. 2020. URL: https://digital.nhs.uk/coronavirus/covid-oximetry-at-home-digital-and-data-services (accessed 4 February 2023).
- Clarke N. Workplace learning environment and its relationship with learning outcomes in healthcare organizations. Hum Resour Dev Int 2005;8(2):185–205. 10.1080/13678860500100228
- Rogers L, De Brún A, Birken SA, Davies C, McAuliffe E. The micropolitics of implementation; a qualitative study exploring the impact of power, authority, and influence when implementing change in healthcare teams. BMC Health Serv Res 2020;20(1):1–13. 10.1186/s12913-020-05905-z
- Best A, Greenhalgh T, Lewis S, Saul JE, Carroll S, Bitz J. Large-system transformation in health care: a realist review. Milbank Q 2012;90(3):421–56. 10.1111/j.1468-0009.2012.00670.x22985277
- Fulop NJ, Ramsay AI, Perry C, Boaden RJ, McKevitt C, Rudd AG, et al. Explaining outcomes in major system change: a qualitative study of implementing centralised acute stroke services in two large metropolitan regions in England. Implement Sci 2015;11(1):1–13. 10.1186/s13012-016-0445-z
- Turner S, Ramsay A, Perry C, Boaden R, McKevitt C, Morris S, et al. Lessons for major system change: centralization of stroke services in two metropolitan areas of England. J Health Serv Res Policy 2016;21(3):156–65. 10.1177/135581961562618926811375
- Ogunlayi F, Britton P. Achieving a ‘top-down’ change agenda by driving and supporting a collaborative ‘bottom-up’ process: case study of a large-scale enhanced recovery programme. BMJ Open Qual 2017;6(2):e000008. 10.1136/bmjoq-2017-000008
- Hale T, Petherick A, Phillips T, Webster S, Kira K, Angrist N. A global panel database of pandemic policies (Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker). Nat Hum Behav 2021;5:529–38. 10.1038/s41562-021-01079-833686204
- Capano G, Howlett M, Jarvis DS, Ramesh M, Goyal N. Mobilizing policy (in) capacity to fight COVID-19: understanding variations in state responses. Pol Soc 2020;39(3):285–308. 10.1080/14494035.2020.1787628
- Capano G, Lippi A. Decentralization, policy capacities, and varieties of first health response to the COVID-19 outbreak: evidence from three regions in Italy. J Eur Public Policy 2021;1:22. 10.1080/13501763.2021.1942156
- Sherlaw-Johnson C, Georghiou T, Morris S, Crellin N, Litchfield I, Massou E, et al. The impact of remote home monitoring of people with COVID-19 using pulse oximetry: a national population and observational study. EClinicalMedicine 2022;45:101318. https://doi.org./10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.10131835252824
- Clarke J, Flott K, Crespo RF, Ashrafian H, Fontana G, Benger J, et al. Assessing the safety of home oximetry for COVID-19: a multisite retrospective observational study. BMJ Open 2021;11(9):e049235. 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049235
- Freedman DA. Ecological inference and the ecological fallacy. Int Encyclopedia Soc Behav Sci 1999;6(4027–4030):1–7.
- NHS England and Improvement. COVID-19 Vaccinations. 2021. URL: www.england.nhs.uk/statistics/statistical-work-areas/covid-19-vaccinations/covid-19-vaccinations-archive/ (accessed 4 February 2023).
- Jabłońska K, Aballéa S, Toumi M. The real-life impact of vaccination on COVID-19 mortality in Europe and Israel. Public Health 2021;198:230–7. 10.1016/j.puhe.2021.07.03734482101
- NIHR Rapid Service Evaluation Team; NIHR Birmingham RAND and Cambridge Evaluation Centre; Imperial College London; Improvement Analytics Unit. COVID Oximetry @home Evaluation Interpretation of Findings. London: Nuffield Trust; 2021.
- Casariego-Vales E, Blanco-López R, Rosón-Calvo B, Suárez-Gil R, Santos-Guerra F, Dobao-Feijoo MJ, et al. Efficacy of telemedicine and telemonitoring in at-home monitoring of patients with COVID-19. J Clin Med 2021;10(13):2893. 10.3390/jcm1013289334209725
- Nematswerani N, Collie S, Chen T, Cohen M, Champion J, Feldman C, et al. The impact of routine pulse oximetry use on outcomes in COVID-19-infected patients at increased risk of severe disease: a retrospective cohort analysis. S Afr Med J 2021;111(10):950–56. https://doi.org./10.7196/SAMJ.2021.v111i10.1588034949288
- Boniface M, Burns D, Duckworth C, Duruiheoma F, Armitage H, Ratcliffe N, et al. COVID Oximetry@ home: evaluation of patient outcomes. BMJ Open Qual 2021;11(1):e001584. 10.1101/2021.05.29.21257899
- Bell LC, Norris-Grey C, Luintel A, Bidwell G, Lanham D, Marks M, et al. Implementation and evaluation of a COVID-19 rapid follow-up service for patients discharged from the emergency department. Clin Med 2021;21(1):e57. 10.7861/clinmed.2020-0816
- Agarwal P, Mukerji G, Laur C, Chandra S, Pimlott N, Heisey R, et al. Adoption, feasibility and safety of a family medicine–led remote monitoring program for patients with COVID-19: a descriptive study. CMAJ Open 2021;9(2):E324–30. 10.9778/cmajo.20200174
- Francis NA, Stuart B, Knight M, Vancheeswaran R, Oliver C, Willcox M, et al. Predictors of clinical deterioration in patients with suspected COVID-19 managed in a ‘virtual hospital’setting: a cohort study. BMJ Open 2021;11(3):e045356. 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045356
- Medina M, Babiuch C, Card M, Gavrilescu R, Zafirau W, Boose E, et al. Home monitoring for COVID-19. Cleve Clin J Med 2020; 11 June. https://doi.org./10.3949/ccjm.87a.ccc028
- Georghiou T, Sherlaw-Johnson C, Massou E, Morris S, Crellin NE, Herlitz L, et al. The impact of post-hospital remote monitoring of COVID-19 patients using pulse oximetry: a national observational study using hospital activity data. eClinicalMedicine 2022;48:101441. https://doi.org./10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.10144135582125
- Uminski K, Komenda P, Whitlock R, Ferguson T, Nadurak S, Hochheim L, et al. Effect of post-discharge virtual wards on improving outcomes in heart failure and non-heart failure populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS One 2018;13(4):e0196114. 10.1371/journal.pone.019611429708997
- Gordon WJ, Henderson D, DeSharone A, Fisher HN, Judge J, Levine DM, et al. Remote patient monitoring program for hospital discharged COVID-19 patients. ApplClin Inform 2020;11(05):792–801. 10.1055/s-0040-1721039
- Grutters L, Majoor K, Mattern E, Hardeman J, van Swol C, Vorselaars A. Home telemonitoring makes early hospital discharge of COVID-19 patients possible. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2020;27(11):1825. 10.1093/jamia/ocaa16832667985
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust. Case Study. Rapid Development of a COVID-19 Virtual Ward (Oximetry at Home) to Improve Patient Experience, Flow and the Interface to Same Day Emergency Care. Salford: Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust; 2020.
- Maghrabi F, Bazaz R, Wilson E, O’Reilly S, Calisti G, Richardson R, et al. S57 The development and implementation of a virtual discharge ward for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia: data on the first 300 patients. Thorax 2021;76(Suppl 1):A35–A36.
- Kyriakides J, Khani A, Coleman R, Kelly C. Analysis of an ambulatory care pathway for patients with COVID-19 utilising remote pulse oximetry at a London district general hospital. Cureus 2021;13(1):e12979. doi: https://doi.org./10.7759/cureus.1297933659119
- Kodama R, Arora S, Anand S, Choudhary A, Weingarten J, Francesco N, et al. Reengineering the discharge transition process of COVID-19 patients using telemedicine, remote patient monitoring, and Around-the-Clock remote patient monitoring from the emergency department and inpatient units. Telemed J E Health 2021;27(10):1188–93. 10.1089/tmj.2020.045933320031
- Bambra C, Riordan R, Ford J, Matthews F. The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities. J Epidemiol Community Health 2020;74(11):964–8. 10.1136/jech-2020-21440132535550
- Ayoubkhani D, Khunti K, Nafilyan V, Maddox T, Humberstone B, Diamond I, et al. Post-covid syndrome in individuals admitted to hospital with covid-19: retrospective cohort study. BMJ 2021;372:n693. https://doi.org./10.1136/bmj.n69333789877
- Raman B, Cassar MP, Tunnicliffe EM, Filippini N, Griffanti L, Alfaro-Almagro F, et al. Medium-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on multiple vital organs, exercise capacity, cognition, quality of life and mental health, post-hospital discharge. EClinicalMedicine 2021;31:100683. 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.10068333490928
- Ramos-Casals M, Brito-Zerón P, Mariette X. Systemic and organ-specific immune-related manifestations of COVID-19. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2021;17(6):315–32. 10.1038/s41584-021-00608-z33903743
- Office for National Statistics. Deaths Registered in Private Homes, England and Wales: 2020 Final and January to June 2021, Provisional. 2020. URL: www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/articles/deathsinprivatehomesenglandandwales/2020finalandjanuarytojune2021provisional (accessed 4 February 2023).
- Ramos-Martínez A, Parra-Ramírez LM, Morrás I, Carnevali M, Jiménez-Ibañez L, Rubio-Rivas M, et al. Frequency, risk factors, and outcomes of hospital readmissions of COVID-19 patients. SciRp 2021;11(1):1–10. 10.1038/s41598-021-93076-0
- Thiruvengadam G, Lakshmi M, Ramanujam R. A study of factors affecting the length of hospital stay of COVID-19 patients by Cox-Proportional Hazard Model in a South Indian Tertiary Care Hospital. J Prim Care Community Health 2021;12:21501327211000231. https://doi.org./10.1177/2150132721100023133729040
- Richardson S, Hirsch JS, Narasimhan M, Crawford JM, McGinn T, Davidson KW, et al.; the Northwell COVID-19 Research Consortium. Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City area. JAMA 2020;323(20):2052–9. 10.1177/2150132721100023132320003
- Thorpe KE, Joski PJ. SARS-CoV-2 outcomes: the role of patient characteristics and chronic disease comorbidities. Popul Health Manag 2021;25:86–90. https://doi.org./10.1089/pop.2021.011634516237
- Nematshahi M, Soroosh D, Neamatshahi M, Attarian F, Rahimi F. Factors predicting readmission in patients with COVID-19. BMC ResNotes 2021;14(1):1–6. 10.1186/s13104-021-05782-7
- Michaud TL, Zhou J, McCarthy MA, Siahpush M, Su D. Costs of home-based telemedicine programs: a systematic review. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2018;34(4):410–8. 10.1017/S026646231800045430058505
- Curtis L, Burns A. Unit Costs of Health and Social Care: 2020. Canterbury: University of Kent; 2020.
- Newbould J, Abel G, Ball S, Corbett J, Elliott M, Exley J, et al. Evaluation of telephone first approach to demand management in English general practice: observational study. BMJ 2017;358:j4197. https://doi.org./10.1136/bmj.j419728954741
- Salisbury C, Murphy M, Duncan P. The impact of digital-first consultations on workload in general practice: modeling study. J Med Internet Res 2020;22(6):e18203. 10.2196/1820332543441
- Bowles KH, Hanlon AL, Glick HA, Naylor MD, O’Connor M, Riegel B, et al. Clinical effectiveness, access to, and satisfaction with care using a telehomecare substitution intervention: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Telemed Appl 2011;2011:540138. https://doi.org./10.1155/2011/54013822187551
- Hæsum LKE, Ehlers L, Hejlesen OK. Telehomecare technologies enhance self-management and empowerment among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) – where does health literacy fit into this equation? Stud Health Technol Inform 2013;192:1182. 10.3233/978-1-61499-289-9-118223920956
- Mierdel S, Owen K. Telehomecare reduces ER use and hospitalizations at William Osler health system. Stud Health Technol Inform 2015;209:102–8. 10.3233/978-1-61499-505-0-10225980711
- Mistry H. Systematic review of studies of the cost-effectiveness of telemedicine and telecare. Changes in the economic evidence over twenty years. J Telemed Telecare 2012;18(1):1–6. 10.1258/jtt.2011.11050522101609
- Schultz K, Vickery H, Campbell K, Wheeldon M, Barrett-Beck L, Rushbrook E. Implementation of a virtual ward as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Aust Health Rev 2021;45(4):433–41. https://doi.org./10.1071/AH2024033840420
- Caffery LJ, Bradford NK, Wickramasinghe SI, Hayman N, Smith AC. Outcomes of using telehealth for the provision of healthcare to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people: a systematic review. Aust N Z J Public Health 2017;41(1):48–53. 10.1111/1753-6405.1260027868300
- Sidhu M, Walton H, Crellin N, et al. Staff experiences of training and delivery of remote home monitoring services for patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in England: A mixed-methods study. Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 2023;0(0). 10.1177/13558196231172586
- Asthana S, Jones R, Sheaff R. Why does the NHS struggle to adopt eHealth innovations? A review of macro, meso and micro factors. BMC Health Serv Res 2019;19(1):1–7. 10.1186/s12913-019-4790-x30606168
- Rodgers M, Raine GA, Thomas S, Harden M, Eastwood AJ. Informing NHS policy in ‘digital-first primary care’: a rapid evidence synthesis. Health Serv Del Res 2019;7(41):1–154. 10.3310/hsdr07410
- Topol EJ. The Topol Review: Preparing the Healthcare Workforce to Deliver the Digital Future: An independent report on behalf of the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care. The Topol Review. London: Health Education England; 2019.
- King’s Fund. NHS Workforce: Our Position. 2021. URL: www.kingsfund.org.uk/projects/positions/nhs-workforce (accessed 4 February 2023).
- Heath C, Hindmarsh J. Analyzing interaction: video, ethnography and situated conduct. In: May T, editor. Qualitative Research in Action. London: Sage; 2002. pp. 99–122.
- Suchman L. Making work visible. Commun ACM 1995;38(9):56–64. 10.1145/223248.223263
- Royal College of General Practitioners. General Practice in the Post Covid World: Challenges and Opportunities for General Practice. London: RCGP; 2020.
- National Health Service. Remote-monitoring Service for People Living with Heart and Long Diseases Reduces A&E Admissions in Norfolk. URL: www.longtermplan.nhs.uk/case-studies/remote-monitoring (accessed 4 February 2023).
- Manacorda T, Bandiera P, Terzuoli F, Ponzio M, Brichetto G, Zaratin P, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on persons with multiple sclerosis: early findings from a survey on disruptions in care and self-reported outcomes. J Health Serv Res Policy. 2021;26(3):189–197. https://doi.org./10.1177/135581962097506933337256
- Shaw SE, Cameron D, Wherton J, Seuren LM, Vijayaraghavan S, Bhattacharya S, et al. Technology-enhanced consultations in diabetes, cancer, and heart failure: protocol for the qualitative analysis of remote consultations (QuARC) project. JMIR Res Protoc 2018;7(7):e10913. 10.2196/1091330064972
- Liberati E, Richards N, Parker J, Willars J, Scott D, Boydell N, et al. Remote care for mental health: qualitative study with service users, carers and staff during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMJ Open 2021;11(4):e049210. 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049210
- Houlding E, Mate KK, Engler K, Ortiz-Paredes D, Pomey M-P, Cox J, et al. Barriers to use of remote monitoring technologies used to support patients with COVID-19: Rapid review. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 2021;9(4):e24743. 10.2196/2474333769943
- Cane J, O’Connor D, Michie S. Validation of the theoretical domains framework for use in behaviour change and implementation research. Implement Sci 2012;7(1):1–17. 10.1186/1748-5908-7-37
- Brewster L, Mountain G, Wessels B, Kelly C, Hawley M. Factors affecting front line staff acceptance of telehealth technologies: a mixed-method systematic review. J Adv Nurs 2014;70(1):21–33. 10.1111/jan.1219623786584
- Walton H, Vindrola-Padros C, Crellin NE, Sidhu MS, Herlitz L, Litchfield I, et al. Patients’ experiences of, and engagement with, remote home monitoring services for COVID-19 patients: a rapid mixed-methods study. Health Expect 2022;25(5):2386–2404. https://doi.org./10.1111/hex.1354835796686
- Colbert GB, Venegas-Vera AV, Lerma EV. Utility of telemedicine in the COVID-19 era. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2020;21(4):583–7. https://doi.org./10.31083/j.rcm.2020.04.18833388003
- Barr N, Vania D, Randall G, Mulvale G. Impact of information and communication technology on interprofessional collaboration for chronic disease management: a systematic review. J Health Serv Res Policy 2017;22(4):250–7. 10.1177/135581961771429228587494
- Albert NM, Dinesen B, Spindler H, Southard J, Bena JF, Catz S, et al. Factors associated with telemonitoring use among patients with chronic heart failure. J Telemed Telecare 2017;23(2):283–91. 10.1177/1357633x1663044426869144
- Braithwaite J, Vincent C, Garcia-Elorrio E, Imanaka Y, Nicklin W, Sodzi-Tettey S, et al. Transformational improvement in quality care and health systems: the next decade. BMC Med 2020;18(1):1–17. 10.1186/s12916-020-01739-y31898501
- Pols J. Care at a Distance: On the Closeness of Technology. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press; 2012.
- May CR, Eton DT, Boehmer K, Gallacher K, Hunt K, MacDonald S, et al. Rethinking the patient: using Burden of Treatment Theory to understand the changing dynamics of illness. BMC Health Serv Res 2014;14(1):1–11. 10.1186/1472-6963-14-28124382312
- Vallo Hult H, Hansson A, Svensson L, Gellerstedt M. Flipped healthcare for better or worse. Health Informatics J 2019;25(3):587–97. 10.1177/146045821983309930887867
- Greene J, Hibbard JH. Why does patient activation matter? An examination of the relationships between patient activation and health-related outcomes. J Gen Intern Med 2012;27(5):520–6. 10.1007/s11606-011-1931-222127797
- Barlow J, Wright C, Sheasby J, Turner A, Hainsworth J. Self-management approaches for people with chronic conditions: a review. Patient Educ Couns 2002;48(2):177–87. 10.1016/s0738-3991(02)00032-012401421
- Lorig KR, Sobel DS, Stewart AL, Brown Jr BW, Bandura A, Ritter P, et al. Evidence suggesting that a chronic disease self-management program can improve health status while reducing hospitalization: a randomized trial. Med Care 1999;37(1):5–14. https://doi.org./10.1097/00005650-199901000-0000310413387
- Donaldson L. Expert patients usher in a new era of opportunity for the NHS: the expert patient programme will improve the length and quality of lives. BMJ 2003;326(7402):1279–80. 10.1136/bmj.326.7402.127912805129
- Ruckenstein M, Schüll ND. The datafication of health. Annu Rev Anthropol 2017;46:261–78. 10.1146/annurev-anthro-102116-041244
- Ong BN, Rogers A, Kennedy A, Bower P, Sanders T, Morden A, et al. Behaviour change and social blinkers? The role of sociology in trials of self-management behaviour in chronic conditions. Sociol Health Illn 2014;36(2):226–38. 10.1111/1467-9566.1211324528304
- Tran V-T, Barnes C, Montori VM, Falissard B, Ravaud P. Taxonomy of the burden of treatment: a multi-country web-based qualitative study of patients with chronic conditions. BMC Med 2015;13(1):1–15. 10.1186/s12916-015-0356-x25563062
- Sadler E, Wolfe CD, McKevitt C. Lay and health care professional understandings of self-management: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. SAGE Open Med 2014;2:2050312114544493. https://doi.org./10.1177/205031211454449326770733
- Mair FS, Montori VM, May CR. Digital transformation could increase the burden of treatment on patients. BMJ 2021;375:n2909. https://doi.org./10.1136/bmj.n290934824093
- Mair FS, May CR. Thinking about the burden of treatment. BMJ 2014;349:g6680. 10.1136/bmj.g668025385748
- Coulter A, Locock L, Ziebland S, Calabrese J. Collecting data on patient experience is not enough: they must be used to improve care. BMJ 2014;348:g2225. 10.1136/bmj.g222524671966
- Mira JJ, Tomás O, Virtudes-Pérez M, Nebot C, Rodríguez-Marín J. Predictors of patient satisfaction in surgery. Surgery 2009;145(5):536–41. 10.1016/j.surg.2009.01.01219375613
- Vassilev I, Rogers A, Sanders C, Kennedy A, Blickem C, Protheroe J, et al. Social networks, social capital and chronic illness self-management: a realist review. Chronic Illn 2011;7(1):60–86. 10.1177/174239531038333820921033
- Russell S, Ogunbayo OJ, Newham JJ, Heslop-Marshall K, Netts P, Hanratty B, et al. Qualitative systematic review of barriers and facilitators to self-management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: views of patients and healthcare professionals. NPJ Prim Care Respir Med 2018;28(1):1–13. 10.1038/s41533-017-0069-z29323120
- Walton H, Spector A, Roberts A, Williamson M, Bhatt J, Tombor I, et al. Developing strategies to improve fidelity of delivery of, and engagement with, a complex intervention to improve independence in dementia: a mixed methods study. BMC Medical Res Methodol 2020;20(1):1–19. 10.1186/s12874-020-01006-x
- Boulton ER, Horne M, Todd C. Multiple influences on participating in physical activity in older age: developing a social ecological approach. Health Expect 2018;21(1):239–48. 10.1111/hex.1260828768065
- Roberts SH, Bailey JE. Incentives and barriers to lifestyle interventions for people with severe mental illness: a narrative synthesis of quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods studies. J Adv Nurs 2011;67(4):690–708. 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05546.x21323972
- Crellin N, Herlitz L, Sidhu MS, Ellins J, Georghiou T, Litchfield I, et al. Examining disparities relating to service reach and patient engagement with COVID-19 remote home monitoring services in England: a mixed methods rapid evaluation. medRxiv 2022;02.21.22270793. 10.1101/2022.02.21.22270793
- Blundell R, Costa Dias M, Joyce R, Xu X. COVID-19 and inequalities. Fisc Stud 2020;41(2):291–319. 10.1111/1475-5890.1223232836542
- Leung MST, Lin SG, Chow J, Harky A. COVID-19 and oncology: service transformation during pandemic. Cancer Med 2020;9(19):7161–71. 10.1002/cam4.338432810386
- Wosik J, Fudim M, Cameron B, Gellad ZF, Cho A, Phinney D, et al. Telehealth transformation: COVID-19 and the rise of virtual care. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2020;27(6):957–62. 10.1093/jamia/ocaa06732311034
- Eruchalu CN, Pichardo MS, Bharadwaj M, Rodriguez CB, Rodriguez JA, Bergmark RW, et al. The expanding digital divide: digital health access inequities during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City. J Urban Health 2021;98(2):183–6. 10.1007/s11524-020-00508-933471281
- Honeyman M, Maguire D, Evans H, Davies A. Digital Technology and Health Inequalities: A Scoping Review. Cardiff: Public Health Wales NHS Trust; 2020.
- Litchfield I, Shukla D, Greenfield S. Impact of COVID-19 on the digital divide: a rapid review. BMJ Open 2021;11(10):e053440e053440. 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053440
- Davies AR, Honeyman M, Gann B. Addressing the digital inverse care law in the time of COVID-19: potential for digital technology to exacerbate or mitigate health inequalities. J Med Internet Res 2021;23(4):e21726. 10.2196/2172633735096
- McAuley A. Digital health interventions: widening access or widening inequalities? Public Health 2014;12(128):1118–20. 10.1016/j.puhe.2014.10.008
- Reiners F, Sturm J, Bouw LJ, Wouters EJ. Sociodemographic factors influencing the use of eHealth in people with chronic diseases. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019;16(4):645. 10.3390/ijerph1604064530795623
- Durand M-A, Carpenter L, Dolan H, Bravo P, Mann M, Bunn F, Elwyn G. Do interventions designed to support shared decision-making reduce health inequalities? A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS One 2014;9(4):e94670. 10.1371/journal.pone.009467024736389
- White M, Adams J, Heywood P. How and why do interventions that increase health overall widen inequalities within populations. In: Babones V, editor. Social Inequality and Public Health. Bristol: Policy Press; 2009. pp. 65–82.
- Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. QualRes Psychol 2006;3(2):77–101. 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
- Miles MB, Huberman AM. Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook. London: SAGE Publications; 1994.
- Crespí-Lloréns N, Hernández-Aguado I, Chilet-Rosell E. Have policies tackled gender inequalities in health? A scoping review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021;18(1):327. 10.3390/ijerph1801032733466282
- King RK, Green AR, Tan-Mcgrory A, Donahue EJ, Kimbrough-Sugick J, Betancourt JR. A plan for action: key perspectives from the racial/ethnic disparities strategy forum. Milbank Q 2008;86(2):241–72. 10.1111/j.1468-0009.2008.00521.x18522613
- Ortega G, Rodriguez JA, Maurer LR, Witt EE, Perez N, Reich A, Bates DW. Telemedicine, COVID-19, and disparities: policy implications. Health Policy Technol 2020;9(3):368–71. 10.1016/j.hlpt.2020.08.00132837888
- Phelan JC, Link BG, Tehranifar P. Social conditions as fundamental causes of health inequalities: theory, evidence, and policy implications. J Health Soc Behav 2010;51(1_suppl):S28–40. 10.1177/002214651038349820943581
- Greenhalgh T, Rosen R, Shaw SE, Byng R, Faulkner S, Finlay T, et al. Planning and evaluating remote consultation services: a new conceptual framework incorporating complexity and practical ethics. Front Digit Health 2021;3:726095. https://doi.org.10.3389/fdgth.2021.72609534713199
- Cooper LA, Hill MN, Powe NR. Designing and evaluating interventions to eliminate racial and ethnic disparities in health care. J Gen Intern Med 2002;17(6):477–86. 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2002.10633.x12133164
- Centre for Ageing Better. COVID-19 and the Digital Divide: Supporting Digital Inclusion and Skills during the Pandemic and Beyond. London: Centre for Ageing Better; 2021.
- Coffey JD, Christopherson LA, Glasgow AE, Pearson KK, Brown JK, Gathje SR, et al. Implementation of a multisite, interdisciplinary remote patient monitoring program for ambulatory management of patients with COVID-19. NPJ Digit Med 2021;4(1):1–11. 10.1038/s41746-021-00490-933398041
- Hill CV, Pérez-Stable EJ, Anderson NA, Bernard MA. The National Institute on Aging health disparities research framework. Ethn Dis 2015;25(3):245. 10.18865/ed.25.3.24526675362
- Thomas EE, Taylor ML, Banbury A, Snoswell CL, Haydon HM, Rejas VMG, et al. Factors influencing the effectiveness of remote patient monitoring interventions: a realist review. BMJ Open 2021;11(8):e051844. 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051844
- Herlitz L, Crellin N, Vindrola-Padros C, Ellins J, Georghiou T, Litchfield I, et al. Technology-enabled and analogue models of remote home monitoring care for COVID-19: a rapid mixed-method evaluation of patient and staff experiences. Submitted June 2023.
- Stone E, Nuckley P, Shapiro R. Digital Inclusion in Health and Care: Lessons Learned from the NHS Widening Digital Participation Programme: Good Things Foundation. Sheffield: Good Things Foundation; 2020.
- Davis MM, Freeman M, Kaye J, Vuckovic N, Buckley DI. A systematic review of clinician and staff views on the acceptability of incorporating remote monitoring technology into primary care. Telemed J E Health 2014;20(5):428–38. 10.1089/tmj.2013.016624731239
- Taylor J, Coates E, Brewster L, Mountain G, Wessels B, Hawley MS. Examining the use of telehealth in community nursing: identifying the factors affecting frontline staff acceptance and telehealth adoption. J Adv Nurs 2015;71(2):326–37. 10.1111/jan.1248025069605
- Papoutsi C, Wherton J, Shaw S, Morrison C, Greenhalgh T. Putting the social back into sociotechnical: case studies of co-design in digital health. J Ame Med Inform Assoc 2021;28(2):284–93. 10.1093/jamia/ocaa197
- Greenhalgh T, Wherton J, Shaw S, Papoutsi C, Vijayaraghavan S, Stones R. Infrastructure revisited: an ethnographic case study of how health information infrastructure shapes and constrains technological innovation. J Med Internet Res 2019;21(12):e16093. 10.2196/1609331855184
- Lundell S, Modig M, Holmner A, Wadell K. Perceptions of home telemonitoring use among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: qualitative study. JMIR mHealth uHealth 2020;8(6):e16343. 10.2196/1634332490844
- Mair FS, Hiscock J, Beaton SC. Understanding factors that inhibit or promote the utilization of telecare in chronic lung disease. Chronic Illn 2008;4(2):110–7. 10.1177/174239530809248218583448
- Shany T, Hession M, Pryce D, Galang R, Roberts M, Lovell N, Basilakis J. Home telecare study for patients with chronic lung disease in the Sydney West Area Health Service. Stud Health Technol Inform 2010;161:139–48.21191167
- Khan N, Jones D, Grice A, Alderson S, Bradley S, Carder P, et al. A brave new world: the new normal for general practice after the COVID-19 pandemic. BJGP Open 2020;4(3):bjgpopen20X101103. 10.3399/bjgpopen20X101103
- Leonardsen A-CL, Hardeland C, Helgesen AK, Grøndahl VA. Patient experiences with technology enabled care across healthcare settings-a systematic review. BMC Health Serv Res 2020;20(1):1–17. 10.1186/s12913-020-05633-4
- Sidhu MS, Ford GA, Fulop NJ, Roberts CM. Learning networks in the pandemic: mobilising evidence for improvement. BMJ 2022;379:e070215. 10.1136/bmj-2022-07021536207025
- Lewis C, Moore Z, Doyle F, Martin A, Patton D, Nugent LE. A community virtual ward model to support older persons with complex health care and social care needs. Clin Interv Aging 2017;12:985–93. 10.2147/CIA.S13087628721026
- Jones J, Carroll A. Hospital admission avoidance through the introduction of a virtual ward. Br J Community Nurs 2014;19(7):330–4. 10.12968/bjcn.2014.19.7.33025039341
- Davidson S. Digital Inclusion Evidence Review London: Age UK. London: Age UK; 2018.
- Office for National Statistics. Internet Users. 2019. URL: www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/itandinternetindustry/datasets/internetusers (accessed 4 February 2023).
- Boivin A, Lehoux P, Lacombe R, Burgers J, Grol R. Involving patients in setting priorities for healthcare improvement: a cluster randomized trial. Implement Sci 2014;9(1):1–10. 10.1186/1748-5908-9-2424398253
A rapid mixed-methods evaluation of remote home monitoring models during the COVID-19 pandemic in England · References
References
Attribution. Naomi J Fulop; Holly Walton; Nadia Crellin; Theo Georghiou; Lauren Herlitz; Ian Litchfield et al. (2023). A rapid mixed-methods evaluation of remote home monitoring models during the COVID-19 pandemic in England. National Institute for Health and Care Research. Copyright © 2023 Fulop et al. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. NCBI Bookshelf NBK595751. CC BY 4.0. Original source ↗. Text reproduced from the Bookshelf XML without changing wording; figures, images and supplements are not reproduced.