Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank and acknowledge all those who have been key to the implementation of CICA across Greater Manchester including Paul Duffy, Jan Hopkins, the alcohol health champions, local co-ordinators, licensing officers and the Royal Society for Public Health training team. We gratefully acknowledge the advice and support from the study steering group, chaired by Eileen Kaner (Brendan Collins, Andrew Simpkin, Harry Sumnall, Janet Harris, Donald Read and Maria Smolar).
Contributions of authors
Elizabeth J Burns (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4611-9253) (Lecturer in Mental Health Nursing) prepared the first draft of this report, contributed to the evaluation design, the process evaluation and prepared the results for publication.
Frank de Vocht (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3631-627X) (Professor in Epidemiology and Public Health) contributed to the evaluation design, generated the random order of sequence in the stepped-wedge design, conducted the outcome evaluation and prepared the results for publication.
Noemia Siqueira (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0730-8561) (Health Economics Research Associate) conducted the economic evaluation and prepared the results for publication.
Cathy Ure (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5021-1947) (Lecturer in Public Health) contributed to the process evaluation and prepared the results for publication.
Suzanne Audrey (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8310-2672) (Senior Research Fellow in Public Health) contributed to the evaluation design, the process evaluation and prepared the results for publication.
Margaret Coffey (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5837-5532) (Reader in Public Health) contributed to the evaluation design, the process evaluation and prepared the results for publication.
Susan Hare (https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5342-4207) (Fallowfield Community Guardian) contributed to the evaluation design, conducted the licensing policy document review and prepared the results for publication.
Suzy C Hargreaves (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3240-8230) (Research Assistant) assisted with the process evaluation and prepared the early implementation phase results for publication.
Mira Hidajat (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7252-9574) (Honorary Senior Research Associate in Epidemiology and Public Health) conducted the analysis of primary outcome measures and prepared the results for publication.
Steve Parrott (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0165-1150) (Reader in Health Economics) contributed to the health economics evaluation design and prepared the results for publication.
Lauren Scott (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3129-5123) (Senior Research Associate in Quantitative Research and Evidence Synthesis) contributed to the analysis of primary outcome measures and prepared the results for publication.
Penny A Cook (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6435-8050) (Professor of Public Health) led the study design and the process evaluation, contributed to the analysis and prepared the results for publication.
Disclosure of interests
Full disclosure of interests: Completed ICMJE forms for all authors, including all related interests, are available in the toolkit on the NIHR Journals Library report publication page at https://doi.org/10.3310/HTMN2101.
Primary conflicts of interest: All authors’ time conducting this research was partially or fully funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Public Health Research (PHR) programme. Frank de Vocht reports funding (to his institution) from National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Public Health Research (PHR) for time on other grants, membership in the NIHR Public Health Research Board and is partly funded by the NIHR Applied Research Collaboration West (ARC West). Frank de Vocht was a member of the PHR Prioritisation group, Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation (EME) Strategy Advisory Committee, EME Funding Committee and EME Funding Committee Sub-Group Remit and Comp Check. Suzanne Audrey was a member of the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Public Health Research (PHR) Funding Board.
Steve Parrott reports funding (to his institution) from Yorkshire Cancer Research and Medical Research Council (MRC) for time on other grants. Penny Cook reports funding (to her institution) from National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Research for Patient Benefit (RfPB), Medical Research Council (MRC) and Oglesby Charitable Trust for time on other grants. Greater Manchester Health and Social Care Partnership funded the initial Train-the-Trainer costs to set up the intervention, co-ordinated roll-out preparation and facilitated local co-ordinator network meetings. The Royal Society for Public Health delivered the Train-the-Trainer events but played no role in the data collection, data analyses or in the preparation of this report. All other authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Participating investigators
Kate Ardern (former Director of Public Health, Wigan Council) contributed to the intervention and study design and served as a scientific advisor in the drafting of work for publication and dissemination/pathway to impact plan.
Paul Duffy (former Health and Wellbeing Programme Manager, Public Health England North West) provided city region support to local commissioners and local co-ordinators in the design and planning phase of CICA.
Jan Hopkins (Programme Manager, Greater Manchester Health and Social Care Partnership) provided city region support to local commissioners and local co-ordinators in the pre-implementation phases and intervention phases of CICA.
Kiran Kenth (Director of National and Regional Programmes, Royal Society for Public Health) contributed to the design of the intervention and dissemination/pathway to impact plan.
Nadine Mirza (Research Assistant, University of Salford) participated in the analysis of the follow-up phase of the process evaluation.
David Ottiwell (Principal Researcher, Greater Manchester Combined Authority) provided a liaison role between the police and the CICA research team and served as a scientific advisor for the New Economy CBA tool.
Patient data statement
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Data-sharing statement
All data requests should be submitted to the corresponding author for consideration. Access to available anonymised data may be granted following review and if appropriate agreements are in place.
Ethics statement
All study procedures were in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki declarations and its later amendments, together with the British Psychological Society’s Ethical Procedures. Ethical approval was received from the University of Salford Research Ethics Committee on 17 May 17 (reference number: HSR1617–135) and obtained from the University of Bristol on 16 May 19 (reference number: 82762).
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Department of Health and Social Care disclaimer
This report presents independent research commissioned by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR). The views and opinions expressed by the interviewees in this publication are those of the interviewees and do not necessarily reflect those of the authors, those of the NHS, the NIHR, MRC, NIHR Coordinating Centre, the Public Health Research programme or the Department of Health.
This monograph was published based on current knowledge at the time and date of publication. NIHR is committed to being inclusive and will continually monitor best practice and guidance in relation to terminology and language to ensure that we remain relevant to our stakeholders.
Publications
Cook PA, Hargreaves SC, Burns EJ, de Vocht F, Parrott S, Coffey M, et al. Communities in charge of alcohol (CICA): a protocol for a stepped-wedge randomised control trial of an alcohol health champions programme. BMC Public Health 2018;18(1):522. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5410-0
McGrath M, Reynolds J, Smolar M, Hare S, Ogden M, Popay J, et al. Identifying opportunities for engaging the ‘community’ in local alcohol decision-making: a literature review and synthesis. Int J Drug Policy 2019;74:193–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.09.020
Ure C, Burns L, Hargreaves SC, Coffey M, Audrey S, Kenth K, et al. Mobilising communities to address alcohol harm: an Alcohol Health Champion approach. Perspect Public Health 2020;140(2):88–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913919899700
Ure C, Burns EJ, Hargreaves SC, Hidajat M, Coffey M, de Vocht F, et al. How can communities influence alcohol licensing at a local level? Licensing officers’ perspectives of the barriers and facilitators to sustaining engagement in a volunteer-led alcohol harm reduction approach. Int J Drug Policy 2021;98:103412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103412
Ure C, Hargreaves SC, Burns EJ, Coffey M, Audrey S, Ardern K, Cook PA. An asset-based community development approach to reducing alcohol harm: exploring barriers and facilitators to community mobilisation at initial implementation stage. Health Place 2021;68:102504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102504
Burns EJ, Hargreaves SC, Ure C, Hare S, Coffey M, Hidajat M, et al. ‘A priori’ external contextual factors and relationships with process indicators: a mixed-methods study of the pre-implementation phase of ‘Communities in Charge of Alcohol’. BMC Public Health 2022;22(1):2224. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14411-2
Hargreaves SC, Ure C, Burns EJ, Coffey M, Audrey S, Ardern K, Cook PA. A mixed-methods analysis evaluating an alcohol health champion community intervention: how do newly trained champions perceive and understand their training and role? Health Soc Care Commun 2022;30(5):e2737–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.13717
Disclaimers
This article presents independent research funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR). The views and opinions expressed by authors in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the NHS, the NIHR, the PHR programme or the Department of Health and Social Care. If there are verbatim quotations included in this publication the views and opinions expressed by the interviewees are those of the interviewees and do not necessarily reflect those of the authors, those of the NHS, the NIHR, the PHR programme or the Department of Health and Social Care.