Skip to content
EvidenceHelixEvidenceLib · Scientific Encyclopedia
⌘ K

Scientific library

EvidenceLib encyclopediaAll articles A–Z2,835Open textbooks209Open-access articles1,406Cancer study catalog458How it is made

My workspace this browser

Saved pages0Notes & annotations0

Recently viewed

Explore by field

Cancer and Oncology182Genetics and Genomics170Neuroscience185Cardiovascular Medicine180Immunology142Pharmacology173Molecular Biology161Infectious Diseases150Rare and Inherited Diseases181Clinical Research173Anatomy and Physiology613Drugs and Chemicals621Psychiatry and Psychology185Public Health and Nutrition178Diagnostics and Medical Technology125Respiratory Medicine113Digestive System and Liver91Metabolism and Endocrine Disease177Bones, Joints, Muscles and Skin213Kidney, Urology and Women's Health173Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat55
Plans & pricingCompare EvidenceHelix workspace plans
Library›Open textbooks›Development and testing of an intervention to improve recovery after an episode of delirium: the RecoverED research programme›References

Continue where you left off ()

Explore more with EvidenceHelix Workspace

Compare studies, analyze evidence and create research reports with premium tools.

Explore Researcher plans

Development and testing of an intervention to improve recovery after an episode of delirium: the RecoverED research programme · References

References

CC BY 4.0 · National Institute for Health and Care Research · approximately 6 min read

  1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5™. 5th edn. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013. 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
  2. Reynish EL, Hapca SM, De Souza N, Cvoro V, Donnan PT, Guthrie B. Epidemiology and outcomes of people with dementia, delirium, and unspecified cognitive impairment in the general hospital: prospective cohort study of 10,014 admissions. BMC Med 2017;15:140. 10.1186/s12916-017-0899-028747225
  3. Ryan DJ, O’Regan NA, Caoimh RO, Clare J, O’Connor M, Leonard M, et al. Delirium in an adult acute hospital population: predictors, prevalence and detection. BMJ Open 2013;3:e001772. 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001772
  4. Andrew MK, Freter SH, Rockwood K. Incomplete functional recovery after delirium in elderly people: a prospective cohort study. BMC Geriatr 2005;5:5. 10.1186/1471-2318-5-515774005
  5. Bickel H, Gradinger R, Kochs E, Forstl H. High risk of cognitive and functional decline after postoperative delirium: a three-year prospective study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2008;26:26–31. 10.1159/00014080418577850
  6. O’Keeffe S, Lavan J. The prognostic significance of delirium in older hospital patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1997;45:174–8. 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1997.tb04503.x9033515
  7. Siddiqi N, House AO, Holmes JD. Occurrence and outcome of delirium in medical in-patients: a systematic literature review. Age Ageing 2006;35:350–64. 10.1093/ageing/afl00516648149
  8. Witlox J, Eurelings LS, de Jonghe JF, Kalisvaart KJ, Eikelenboom P, van Gool WA. Delirium in elderly patients and the risk of postdischarge mortality, institutionalization, and dementia: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2010;304:443–51. 10.1001/jama.2010.101320664045
  9. Partridge JS, Martin FC, Harari D, Dhesi JK. The delirium experience: what is the effect on patients, relatives and staff and what can be done to modify this? Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2013;28:804–12. 10.1002/gps.390023112139
  10. Cole MG, Ciampi A, Belzile E, Zhong L. Persistent delirium in older hospital patients: a systematic review of frequency and prognosis. Age Ageing 2009;38:19–26. 10.1093/ageing/afn25319017678
  11. Leslie DL, Inouye SK. The importance of delirium: economic and societal costs. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011;59:S241–3. 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03671.x22091567
  12. Hshieh TT, Yue J, Oh E, Puelle M, Dowal S, Travison T, Inouye SK. Effectiveness of multicomponent nonpharmacological delirium interventions: a meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med 2015;175:512–20. 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.777925643002
  13. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Delirium: Diagnosis, Prevention and Management. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2010. URL: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg103 (accessed 1 September 2025).
  14. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Dementia: Assessment, Management and Support for People Living with Dementia and Their Carers. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2018. URL: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng97 (accessed 1 September 2025).
  15. Leighton SP, Herron JW, Jackson E, Sheridan M, Deligianni F, Cavanagh J. Delirium and the risk of developing dementia: a cohort study of 12 949 patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2022;93:822–7. 10.1136/jnnp-2022-32890335606105
  16. Cole MG, Bailey R, Bonnycastle M, McCusker J, Fung S, Ciampi A, et al. Partial and no recovery from delirium in older hospitalized adults: frequency and baseline risk factors. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015;63:2340–8. 10.1111/jgs.1379126515438
  17. Levkoff SE, Liptzin B, Evans DA, Cleary PD, Lipsitz LA, Wetle T, Rowe JW. Progression and resolution of delirium in elderly patients hospitalized for acute care. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 1994;2:230–8. 10.1097/00019442-199400230-0000728530936
  18. Richardson SJ, Davis DHJ, Stephan BCM, Robinson L, Brayne C, Barnes LE, et al. Recurrent delirium over 12 months predicts dementia: results of the Delirium and Cognitive Impact in Dementia (DECIDE) study. Age Ageing 2021;50:914–20. 10.1093/ageing/afaa24433320945
  19. Salluh JI, Wang H, Schneider EB, Nagaraja N, Yenokyan G, Damluji A, et al. Outcome of delirium in critically ill patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2015;350:h2538. 10.1136/bmj.h253826041151
  20. Finucane AM, Lugton J, Kennedy C, Spiller JA. The experiences of caregivers of patients with delirium, and their role in its management in palliative care settings: an integrative literature review. Psychooncology 2017;26:291–300. 10.1002/pon.414027132588
  21. Dasgupta M, Brymer C. Prognosis of delirium in hospitalized elderly: worse than we thought. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2014;29:497–505. 10.1002/gps.403224123329
  22. Goodwin VA, Allan LM. ‘Mrs Smith has no rehab potential’: does rehabilitation have a role in the management of people with dementia? Age Ageing 2019;48:5–7. 10.1093/ageing/afy15230247498
  23. Skivington K, Matthews L, Simpson SA, Craig P, Baird J, Blazeby JM, et al. Framework for the development and evaluation of complex interventions: gap analysis, workshop and consultation-informed update. Health Technol Assess 2021;25:1–132. 10.3310/hta25570
  24. Skivington K, Matthews L, Simpson SA, Craig P, Baird J, Blazeby JM, et al. A new framework for developing and evaluating complex interventions: update of Medical Research Council guidance. BMJ 2021;374:n2061. 10.1136/bmj.n206134593508
  25. Pawson R. Realistic Evaluation. London: SAGE Publications Ltd; 1997.
  26. O’Rourke G, Parker D, Anderson R, Morgan-Trimmer S, Allan L. Interventions to support recovery following an episode of delirium: a realist synthesis. Aging Ment Health 2021;25:1769–85. 10.1080/13607863.2020.179390232734773
  27. Hasson H. Systematic evaluation of implementation fidelity of complex interventions in health and social care. Implement Sci 2010;5:67. 10.1186/1748-5908-5-6720815872
  28. Huang Y, Wang Y, Yang J, Johansson L, Ma B, Zhang X, et al. Application of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) in dementia research and practice: a scoping review. Aging Ment Health 2023;27:357–71. 10.1080/13607863.2022.205383535315703
  29. Mahmoud A, Raghuraman S, Richards E, Allan L, Anderson R, Trimmer SM. 2218 Experience of family caregivers for older patients with delirium: a qualitative study. Age Ageing 2024;53:afae139079. 10.1093/ageing/afae139.079
  30. Raghuraman S, Richards E, Mahmoud A, Morgan-Trimmer S, Clare L, Anderson R, et al. Understanding rehabilitation and support needs after an episode of delirium: a qualitative thematic analysis of interviews with older people with delirium, family carers and healthcare professionals. BMC Geriatr 2025;25:547. 10.1186/s12877-025-06196-x40713532
  31. Allan L, O’Connell A, Raghuraman S, Bingham A, Laverick A, Chandler K, et al. A rehabilitation intervention to improve recovery after an episode of delirium in adults over 65 years (RecoverED): study protocol for a multi-centre, single-arm feasibility study. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2023;9:162. 10.1186/s40814-023-01387-y37715277
  32. Tieges Z, McGrath A, Hall RJ, Maclullich AM. Abnormal level of arousal as a predictor of delirium and inattention: an exploratory study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2013;21:1244–53. 10.1016/j.jagp.2013.05.00324080383
  33. Breitbart W, Rosenfeld B, Roth A, Smith MJ, Cohen K, Passik S. The Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale. J Pain Symptom Manage 1997;13:128–37. 10.1016/s0885-3924(96)00316-89114631
  34. NHS England. 2022/23 National Cost Collection Data Publication. London: NHS England; 2024.
  35. Jones K, Weatherly HLA, Birch S, Castelli A, Chalkley MJ, Dargan A, et al. Unit Costs of Health and Social Care 2023 Manual. London: Personal Social Services Research Unit; 2023.
  36. NHS England. Adult Social Care Activity and Finance Report, England, 2022–23. London: NHS England; 2023.
  37. Garfield K, Thorn JC, Noble S, Husbands S, Hollingworth W. Development of a brief, generic, modular resource-use measure (ModRUM): piloting with patients. BMC Health Serv Res 2023;23:994. 10.1186/s12913-023-10011-x37710265
  38. Office for National Statistics (ONS). Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings Time Series of Selected Estimates. London: ONS; 2023.
  39. Herdman M, Gudex C, Lloyd A, Janssen M, Kind P, Parkin D, et al. Development and preliminary testing of the new five-level version of EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L). Qual Life Res 2011;20:1727–36. 10.1007/s11136-011-9903-x21479777
  40. Smith SC, Lamping DL, Banerjee S, Harwood R, Foley B, Smith P, et al. Measurement of health-related quality of life for people with dementia: development of a new instrument (DEMQOL) and an evaluation of current methodology. Health Technol Assess 2005;9:1–93, iii. 10.3310/hta9100
  41. Hernández Alava M, Pudney S, Wailoo A. Estimating the relationship between EQ-5D-5L and EQ-5D-3L: results from a UK population study. PharmacoEconomics 2023;41:199–207. 10.1007/s40273-022-01218-736449173
  42. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. NICE Health Technology Evaluations: The Manual. Process and Methods. London: NICE; 2022.
  43. Mulhern B, Rowen D, Brazier J, Smith S, Romeo R, Tait R, et al. Development of DEMQOL-U and DEMQOL-PROXY-U: generation of preference-based indices from DEMQOL and DEMQOL-PROXY for use in economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess 2013;17:v–xv, 1–140. 10.3310/hta17050
  44. Coast J, Flynn TN, Natarajan L, Sproston K, Lewis J, Louviere JJ, Peters TJ. Valuing the ICECAP capability index for older people. Soc Sci Med 2008;67:874–82. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.05.01518572295
  45. Carroll C, Patterson M, Wood S, Booth A, Rick J, Balain S. A conceptual framework for implementation fidelity. Implement Sci 2007;2:40. 10.1186/1748-5908-2-4018053122
  46. Hasson H. Systematic evaluation of implementation fidelity of complex interventions in health and social care. Implement Sci 2010;5:67. 10.1186/1748-5908-5-6720815872
← SynopsisAdditional information →

Attribution. Louise Allan; Jinpil Um; Abby O’Connell; Shruti Raghuraman; Alison Bingham; Abigail Laverick et al. (2026). Development and testing of an intervention to improve recovery after an episode of delirium: the RecoverED research programme. National Institute for Health and Care Research. Copyright © 2026 Allan et al. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. NCBI Bookshelf NBK623447. CC BY 4.0. Original source ↗. Text reproduced from the Bookshelf XML without changing wording; figures, images and supplements are not reproduced.

In this chapter Contents

  • References

Source

OpenStax source file ↗

Source record ↗

EvidenceLib is a research-education resource, not medical advice. It does not diagnose, prescribe or recommend starting, stopping or changing any treatment. Talk to a qualified clinician about your own situation. Methods, sources and licences · Rights and removal requests · Legal · Support