CRediT contribution statement
Mary Barker (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2976-0217): Conceptualisation (lead), Funding acquisition (lead), Supervision (lead), Methodology (equal), Investigation (lead), Writing – original draft (lead), Writing – editing and reviewing (equal).
Sarah Jenner (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4644-5027): Data curation (supporting), Formal analysis (lead), Investigation (equal), Writing – original draft (equal), Writing – editing and reviewing (equal).
Kath Woods-Townsend (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3376-6988): Conceptualisation (equal), Funding acquisition (equal), Supervision (equal), Methodology (equal), Resources (lead), Writing – original draft (equal), Writing – editing and reviewing (equal).
Judit Varkonyi-Sepp (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7269-0261): Project administration (lead), Writing – editing and reviewing (supporting).
Millie Barrett (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1981-1976): Data curation (equal), Supervision (equal), Project administration (equal), Formal analysis (equal), Investigation (lead), Writing – editing and reviewing (support).
Lisa Bagust: Project administration (equal), Resources (equal), Writing – editing and reviewing (support).
Donna Lovelock (https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5355-6439): Project administration (equal), Resources (equal), Writing – editing and reviewing (support).
Sarah Shaw (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2206-6858): Resources (equal), Methodology (equal), Validation (equal), Data curation (equal), Formal analysis (equal), Investigation (lead), Resources (equal), Writing – editing and reviewing (support).
Patricia Coakley: Data curation (lead), Software (equal).
Naomi Leonard (https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7279-3254): Writing – editing and reviewing (support).
Laila Khawaja (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3409-3247): Data curation (support), Formal analysis (equal), Investigation (equal), Writing – editing and reviewing (support).
Hamid Homatash (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6267-4444): Methodology (equal), Resources (equal), Software (equal), Data curation (equal), Formal analysis (equal), Writing – editing and reviewing (support).
Leanne Morrison (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9961-551X): Conceptualisation (equal), Funding acquisition (equal), Supervision (equal), Methodology (lead), Writing – editing and reviewing (equal).
Danielle Lambrick (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0325-6015): Methodology (equal), Resources (equal), Software (equal), Data curation (equal), Formal analysis (equal), Resources (equal), Writing – editing and reviewing (support).
Wendy Lawrence (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1264-0438): Funding acquisition (support), Methodology (equal), Formal analysis (equal), Writing – editing and reviewing (support).
David Farrell (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9615-0254): Conceptualisation (equal), Funding acquisition (equal), Methodology (equal), Resources (equal), Software (equal), Data curation (equal), Formal analysis (equal), Writing – editing and reviewing (support).
Christina Vogel (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3897-3786): Methodology (equal), Validation (equal), Formal analysis (equal), Investigation (equal), Writing – editing and reviewing (support).
Mary Christina Horsfall: Project administration (equal), Resources (equal), Writing – editing and reviewing (support) PPIE (equal).
Sofia Strömmer (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7344-1630): Conceptualisation (support), Funding acquisition (support), Supervision (equal), Methodology (equal), Formal analysis (equal), Investigation (lead), Writing – editing and reviewing (equal).
Neelam Kalita (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0973-0160): Methodology (equal), Formal analysis (equal), Investigation (equal), Writing – editing and reviewing (support).
Joanne Lord (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1086-1624): Funding acquisition (equal), Supervision (equal), Methodology (equal), Writing – original draft (equal), Writing – editing and reviewing (equal).
Janis Baird (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4039-4361): Funding acquisition (equal), Supervision (equal), Methodology (equal), Investigation (lead), Writing – original draft (equal), Writing – editing and reviewing (equal).
Hazel Inskip (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8897-1749): Conceptualisation (equal), Funding acquisition (lead), Supervision (equal), Methodology (lead), Formal analysis (lead), Visualisation (lead), Writing – original draft (equal), Writing – editing and reviewing (equal).
Ross Anderson: Software (equal), Formal analysis (support).
Cara Black: Data curation (support), Formal analysis (support).
Lyall Campbell: Software (support), Formal analysis (support).
Debbie Chase: Conceptualisation (support), Funding acquisition (equal).
John Clarke: Conceptualisation (support), Funding acquisition (support).
Claire Colbain: Resources (lead).
Cyrus Cooper: Conceptualisation (equal), Funding acquisition (equal).
Keith Godfrey: Conceptualisation (equal), Funding acquisition (equal).
Marcus Grace: Conceptualisation (support), Funding acquisition (support).
Mark Hanson: Conceptualisation (support), Funding acquisition (support).
Stephanie Hughes: Investigation (support), Formal analysis (equal).
Paul Little: Conceptualisation (equal), Funding acquisition (equal).
Jackie Nuttall: Software (support).
Olu Onyimadu: Methodology (lead), Formal analysis (lead).
Andrew Reid: Software, Formal analysis (support).
Sian Robinson: Conceptualisation (equal), Funding acquisition (support).
Taylor Rose: Investigation (lead), Formal analysis (lead).
Sara Simao: Investigation (support), Formal analysis (support).
Mary Steele: Investigation (support), Formal analysis (support).
Russel Viner: Conceptualisation (support), Funding acquisition (support).
Beth White: Resources (support).
Other contributions
Naomi Leonard: PPIE (lead)
Mary Christina Horsfall: PPIE (equal).
Ros Horlock: PPIE (equal).
Rosie Mackay: PPIE (equal).
Emma O’Rourke: PPIE (equal).
Paula Twynham: PPIE (equal).
Acknowledgements
Our greatest thanks go to all the schools, teachers, students and parents who took part in the EACH-B programme, as well as all the research staff, study managers, PhD students, data managers, finance managers, research nurses and admin staff who made EACH-B possible. We are truly grateful for all your support over the 7 years this programme ran.
We are grateful to our programme co-applicants – Debbie Chase, John Clarke, Cyrus Cooper, Keith Godfrey, Marcus Grace, Mark Hanson, Paul Little, Jo Lord, Leanne Morrison, Sian Robinson, Russell Viner. Their support, advice and expertise has been essential to the successes of the EACH-B programme.
We would also like to thank our PSC members – Marcus Munafo, Graham Moore, Rebecca Playle and Rachel Long – for their steadying hand and constant encouragement. Finally, we would like to thank the institutions that have provided funding and support for EACH-B: the University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton and the NIHR. Our NIHR programme managers over the years – Vasileios Kontogiannis, Fiona Giles, Lisa Klaourakis (later Rodermund), Thomas Hutchinson and Erin Beattie – have always been responsive and positive no matter what we have asked them to do for us. Thank-you to them too.
Acknowledging the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools
Artificial Intelligence was used for writing assistance in preparation of this report.
Data-sharing statement
All data requests should be submitted to the corresponding author for consideration. Access to anonymised data may be granted following review.
Ethics statement
Full ethical approval was granted on 21 July 2019 from the University of Southampton’s Faculty of Medicine Ethics Committee (Ethics ID 49226).
Information governance statement
The University of Southampton is committed to handling all personal information in line with the UK Data Protection Act (2018) and the General Data Protection Regulation (EU GDPR) 2016/679. Under the Data Protection legislation, the University of Southampton is the Data Controller, and you can find out more about how we handle personal data, including how to exercise your individual rights, here: https://www.southampton.ac.uk/about/governance/information-publications/data-protection-information-breach, and the contact details for our Data Protection Officer here: data.protection@soton.ac.uk.
Disclosure of interests
Full disclosure of interests: Completed ICMJE forms for all authors, including all related interests, are available in the toolkit on the NIHR Journals Library report publication page at https://doi.org/10.3310/GJMB4821.
Primary conflicts of interest: Kath Woods-Townsend has an unpaid position on the Royal Society for Public Health – Education Sector Advisory Panel, is a co-opted school governor at Mount Pleasant Federation and a Parent Trustee – HISP Multi Academy Trust.
Sarah Shaw has an unpaid role as a member of the Executive Committee for the International Society for Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity.
David Farrell has taken fees from consulting paid into his company Paidia Consulting Ltd from the following Caution Your Blast (digital transformation agency), Freie Universität Berlin, Foreign Commonwealth and Development Office, Ivy Rock (digital transformation agency), London Borough of Merton, London Borough of Croydon.
Christina Vogel had a non-financial research collaboration with a national UK supermarket chain but has no other declarations.
Janis Baird was a member of the NIHR Public Health Research Committee for 4 years from 2019 to 2023.
Copyright and credit statement
Every effort has been made to obtain the necessary permissions for reproduction, to credit original sources appropriately and to respect copyright requirements. However, despite our diligence, we acknowledge the possibility of unintentional omissions or errors, and we welcome notifications of any concerns regarding copyright or permissions.
Publications
Journal articles
Rose T, Barker M, Jacob CM, Morrison L, Lawrence W, Strömmer S, et al. A systematic review of digital interventions for improving the diet and physical activity behaviors of adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2017;61:669–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.05.024
Strömmer S, Barrett M, Woods-Townsend K, Baird J, Farrell D, Lord J, et al. Engaging adolescents in changing behaviour (EACH-B): a study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial to improve dietary quality and physical activity. Trials 2020;21:859. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-020-04761-w
Strömmer S, Lawrence W, Shaw S, Simao SC, Jenner S, Barrett M, et al. Behaviour change interventions: getting in touch with individual differences, values and emotions. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2020;11:589–98. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2040174420000604
Jacob CM, Hardy-Johnson PL, Inskip HM, Morris T, Parsons CM, Barrett M, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of school-based interventions with health education to reduce body mass index in adolescents aged 10–19 years. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Activ 2021;18:1–22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-01065-9
Strömmer S, Shaw S, Jenner S, Vogel C, Lawrence W, Woods‐Townsend K, Barker M. How do we harness adolescent values in designing health behaviour change interventions? A qualitative study. Br J Health Psychol 2021;26:1176–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12526
Shaw S, Simao SC, Jenner S, Lawrence WT, Woods-Townsend K, Vogel CA; EACH-B Study Group. Parental perspectives on negotiations over diet and physical activity: how do we involve parents in adolescent health interventions? Public Health Nutr 2021;24:2727–36. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980021000458
Shaw S, Crozier S, Strömmer S, Inskip H, Barker M, Vogel C. Development of a short food frequency questionnaire to assess diet quality in UK adolescents using the National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Nutr J 2021;20:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-020-00658-1
Kalita N, Cooper K, Baird J, Woods-Townsend K, Godfrey K, Cooper C, et al. Cost-effectiveness of a dietary and physical activity intervention in adolescents: a prototype modelling study based on the Engaging Adolescents in Changing Behaviour (EACH-B) programme. BMJ Open 2022;12:052611. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052611
Strömmer ST, Sivaramakrishnan D, Shaw SC, Morrison K, Barrett M, Manner J, Jepson R. Young people’s experiences of COVID-19 messaging at the start of the UK lockdown: lessons for positive engagement and information sharing. BMC Public Health 2022;22:1–19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12755-3
Shaw S, Barrett M, Shand C, Cooper C, Crozier S, Smith D, et al. Influences of the community and consumer nutrition environment on the food purchases and dietary behaviors of adolescents: a systematic review. Obes Rev 2023;24:e13569. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13569
Vogel C, Shaw S, Strömmer S, Crozier S, Jenner S, Cooper C, et al. Inequalities in energy drink consumption among UK adolescents: a mixed-methods study. Public Health Nutr 2023;26:575–85. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980022002592
Shaw S, Muir S, Strömmer S, Crozier S, Cooper C, Smith D, et al. The interplay between social and food environments on UK adolescents’ food choices: implications for policy. Health Promot Int 2023;38:daad097. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daad097
Jenner S, Stanescu S, Barker M. ‘Nobody knows young people like young people do!’. Psychologist 2023;36:24–5. URL: www.bps.org.uk/psychologist/nobody-knows-young-people-young-people-do
Barrett M, Shaw S, Jenner S, Hardy-Johnson P, Stanescu S, Woods-Townsend K, et al. Creating meaningful knowledge exchange between young people and public health practitioners: what role can researchers play? Perspect Public Health 2024;144:212–4. https://doi.org/10.1177/17579139241230852
Shaw S, Crozier S, Cooper C, Smith D, Barker M, Vogel C. What role do adolescents’ independent food purchasing choices play in their dietary quality? medRxiv 2024:2024-10. https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.10.17.24315666
Jenner S, Raidos D, Anderson E, Fleetwood S, Ainsworth B, Fox K, et al. Using large language models for narrative analysis: a novel application of generative AI. Method Psychol 2025;12:100183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metip.2025.100183
Shaw S, Crozier S, Cooper C, Smith D, Barker M, et al. The association between adolescents’ independent food purchasing and dietary quality differs by socioeconomic status: findings from a pilot study. PLOS ONE 2025;20:e0312903. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0312903
Jenner S, Barker M, Strömmer S, Shaw S, Khawaja L, Barrett M, et al. Mixed-methods process evaluation of the EACH-B intervention in UK secondary schools: delivery fidelity, stakeholder responses and contextual influences. BMJ Public Health 2025;3:e002491. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2024-002491
Descriptions of papers in draft and yet to be published are given in Supplementary Materials 1–6.
Conference presentations
Barker M. A Lifecourse Perspective on When and How to Intervene to Promote Early Human Development: Introduction. Royal Society ‘Frontiers of Science’ meeting, Milton Keynes, 1 July 2017.
Barker M. Preconception Health and Engagement in Behaviour Change. Alberta Health Services Conference, Canada, 1 November 2018.
Strommer S. The Development of a Questionnaire to Measure Confidence and Behavioural Autonomy for Healthy Eating in Adolescents. UK Society for Behavioural Medicine, Birmingham, 12 December 2018.
Kalita N. Engaging Adolescents in Changing Behaviour: Does It Provide a Cost-effective Use of Resources from UK Perspective? Wessex Public Health Conference, Southampton, 15 March 2019.
Strommer S. Supporting Health Behaviour Change Through Mobile Applications: Opportunities and Challenges. ‘Mobile Apps and Sensors in Surveys’ inaugural workshop, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, 15 March 2019.
Strommer S. Using the Person-based Approach to Develop and Optimise Successful Health Behaviour Change Interventions. Wessex Public Health Conference, Southampton, 15 March 2019.
Inskip H. Preconception Health: What, Why, How, When and for Whom? Richard Doll Seminar Series, Oxford, 4 June 2019.
Hardy-Johnson P. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of School-based Educational Interventions to Improve Body Composition in Adolescents. Conference Poster, International Society of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity Conference, Prague, Czech Repub, 4 June 2019.
Stommer S. Aligning Diet and Physical Activity Interventions with Adolescent Values. International Society for Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity, Prague, 6 June 2019.
Strommer S. What Do Adolescents Value and How Do We Use Their Values to Maximise Their Engagement with Health Behaviour Interventions? Assess Diet Quality in UK Adolescents. Southampton Medical and Health Research Conference, 11 June 2019.
Barker M. Preconception and Adolescent Diet: Importance for Lifelong Health. Opening of Centre of Excellence in Food and Diet Research, Kristiansand, 3 September 2019.
Jacob C. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of School-based Educational Interventions to Improve Body Composition in Adolescents. Society for Social Medicine annual meeting, Cork, 4 September 2019.
Shaw S. Development of a Short Food Frequency Questionnaire to Assess Diet Quality in UK Adolescents. Federation of European Nutrition Societies Conference (FENS), Dublin, 17 October 2019.
Barker M, Lawrence W. Complex Interventions and Study Designs: Moving Developmental Origins of Health and Disease Forward. DOHaD Congress, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, 20 October 2019.
Barker M, Lawrence W. Behavioural Change Interventions. Oral presentation, Developmental Origins of Health and Disease Congress, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, 23 October 2019.
Barker M, Lawrence W. How Can We Improve Engagement in Health and Clinical Research? Developmental Origins of Health and Disease Congress, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, 25 October 2019.
Barker M. Improving Human Health: Why We Do Research. Invited talk at McMaster University, Canada, 26 November 2019.
Barker M. Behaviour Change to Improve Maternal and Child Health. Invited talk at University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, 29 November 2019.
Inskip H, Barker M. ‘Waving Through A Window’ Photographic Exhibition. Dissemination event, Photographic exhibition, New Forest Art Gallery, New Milton, 8 January 2020.
Horsfall MC. EACH-B PPI Members Participating in NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre Science Day. NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre Southampton, Southampton, 17 January 2020.
Jenner S. TEC19 Photography Competition. Dissemination event. Instagram. URL: www.instagram.com/tec19study/?igs. May 2020
Shaw S. Parental Perspectives on Negotiations Over Diet and Physical Activity: How Do We Involve Parents in Adolescent Health Interventions? International Society of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity online Conference, 17 June 2020.
Shaw S. Development of a Short Food Frequency Questionnaire to Assess Diet Quality in UK Adolescents Using the National Diet and Nutrition Survey. International Society of Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9 June 2021.
Shaw S. Exploring the Complex Relationship Between Adolescents’ Social Environments and Their Use of Physical Food Environments: A Qualitative Study. International Society of Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9 June 2021.
Shaw S. The Influences of the Community and Consumer Nutrition Environment on the Food Purchases and Dietary Behaviours of Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Nutrition Society Summer Conference, 30 June 2021.
Strommer S. Prevalence of, and Attitudes Towards, Energy Drink Consumption Among UK Adolescents. Southampton Faculty of Medicine conference, 18 October 2021.
Shaw S. Using Mobile Ecological Momentary Assessment to Understand Adolescents’ Use of the Food Environment and Relationships With Their Independent Food Purchases and Diet. International Society for Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity, 19 May 2022.
Shaw S. The Combined Role of the Social and Food Environments on Adolescent Food Choice: A Qualitative Study. International Congress for Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, 29 August 2022.
Strommer S. Harnessing Adolescents’ Values for Food Choices: Cocreating Food Determinants Maps. European Health Psychology Conference, Bratislava, 24 September 2022.
Barker M. Engaging Young People in Improving Their Health. University of Agder, Norway Seminar series, 30 January 2023.
Barker M. Engaging Adolescents in Changing Health. Aston University, Birmingham, 9 March 2023.
Barker M. Family and Society Level Aspects of Multi-generational Influences of Nutrition: Contextualising Diet. National Institutes of Health Office of Nutrition Research (USA) website. URL: https://videocast.nih.gov/watch/cc75947c-d5db-11f0-9cf9-12c45c580ad9 (accessed 19 May 2026).
Shaw S. The Role of the Physical Food Environment on the Diet-related Behaviours of Adolescents: A Mobile Ecological Momentary Assessment Study. International Society for Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity (ISBNPA) conference, Uppsala, 17 June 2023.
Leonard N. Big Issues: Young People’s Health and Wellbeing Research Priorities. Faculty of Medicine Conference, University of Southampton, 28 June 2023.
Black C. Balancing Inequalities: A Board Game for Young People from Coastal Communities to Discuss Plausible Futures. Serious Games Societies Annual GALA conference, Dublin, 29 November 2023.
Jenner S. Using Story Completion to Understand Adolescent Use of Social Media to Shape and Express Identity and Food Choice. University of Southampton School of Psychology conference, University of Southampton, November 2023.
Jenner S. Using Story Completion to Understand Adolescent Use of Social Media to Shape and Express Identity and Food Choice. ‘Inspiring Narratives, Weaving Stories’ conference, University of Westminster, London, May 2024.
Khawaja L. Engaging Adolescents in Changing Behaviour: Lessons Learned from a School-based RCT. University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine conference, University of Southampton, June 2024.
Conference workshops
Leonard N. Young People Leading the Journey: Our Young Researcher Training Programme (YRTP). Children and Childhoods Conference, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, 10 July 2024.
Black C. Making Lemonade from Lemons: Balancing Inequalities and Exploring the Plausible Futures of Young People Through a Board Game. International Creative Research Methods Conference, Manchester, 9 September 2024.
Leonard N. Young People Leading the Journey: Our Young Researcher Training Programme (YRTP). International Creative Research Methods Conference, Manchester, 9 September 2024.
Conference posters
Jenner S. Identity-based Adolescent Health Interventions: A Systematic Review. International Society for Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity (ISBNPA) Conference, Uppsala, June 2023.
Jenner S. Using Story Completion to Understand Adolescent Use of Social Media to Shape and Express Identity and Food Choice. University of Southampton Doctoral College Poster Showcase, University of Southampton, November 2023.
Jenner S. What Can We Learn from Using Large Language Models for Narrative Analysis of Story Data? Institute for Life Sciences AI in health research poster session, University of Southampton, December 2023.
Leonard N. Big Issues: Young People’s Health and Wellbeing Research Priorities. Institute for Life Sciences (IFLS) and Southampton Institute for Arts & Humanities (SIAH) adolescent health poster session, University of Southampton, 13 June 2024.
Black C. When Life Gives you Lemons: Exploring the Futures of Young People Through a Board Game. Institute for Life Sciences (IFLS) and Southampton Institute for Arts & Humanities (SIAH) adolescent health poster session, University of Southampton, 13 June 2024.
Jenner S. Using Story Completion to Understand Relationships Between Identity, Social Media and Adolescent Food Choices. European Health Psychology Society (EHPS) conference, Cascais, September 2024.
Films, blogs and photographs
Barker M. Teens Experiences of COVID-19. The Policy Pod, episode 3. University of Southampton. URL: https://publicpolicy.podbean.com/e/teens-experiences-of-covid-19-tec-19/
Leonard N, Barker M. Young People’s Professional Advisory Group. The Big Issues: Young People’s Health and Wellbeing Research Priorities. University of Southampton; May 2023. URL: https://sotonac.sharepoint.com/teams/FELSResearchandEnterpriseHub/Shared Documents/Forms/AllItems.aspx?id=%2Fteams%2FFELSResearchandEnterpriseHub%2FShared Documents%2FYPPAG-Layout-FINAL-2June2023%2Epdf&parent=%2Fteams%2FFELSResearchandEnterpriseHub%2FSharedDocuments
Black C, Leonard N, Taylor O, Prescott A. Engaging Children and Young People in Research: Community of Practice Inaugural Meeting. NIHR ARC Wessex; 2023. URL: www.arc-wx.nihr.ac.uk/blogs-1/community-of-practice-inaugural-meeting.
Doctoral theses
Rose T. Supporting Pregnant Women to Improve Their Diet and Physical Activity Behaviours. Southampton: University of Southampton; 2019.
Shaw S. The Individual and Interrelated Roles of Social Environments and Physical Food Environments on the Food Purchasing and Dietary Behaviours of Adolescents. Southampton: University of Southampton; 2023.
Correia S. Optimising Nutrition Interventions for Young People: The On-It Study. Southampton: University of Southampton; 2024.
Jenner S. Shaping the Self: Identity and Food Choices in Adolescence. Southampton: University of Southampton; 2025.
Details of all additional research and dissemination activities are given in Appendix 2.
Disclaimers
This article presents independent research funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR). The views and opinions expressed by authors in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the NHS, the NIHR, CCF, PGfAR or the Department of Health and Social Care. If there are verbatim quotations included in this publication the views and opinions expressed by the interviewees are those of the interviewees and do not necessarily reflect those of the authors, those of the NHS, the NIHR, the PGfAR programme or the Department of Health and Social Care.