Skip to content
EvidenceHelixEvidenceLib · Scientific Encyclopedia
⌘ K

Scientific library

EvidenceLib encyclopediaAll articles A–Z2,835Open textbooks209Open-access articles1,406Cancer study catalog458How it is made

My workspace this browser

Saved pages0Notes & annotations0

Recently viewed

Explore by field

Cancer and Oncology182Genetics and Genomics170Neuroscience185Cardiovascular Medicine180Immunology142Pharmacology173Molecular Biology161Infectious Diseases150Rare and Inherited Diseases181Clinical Research173Anatomy and Physiology613Drugs and Chemicals621Psychiatry and Psychology185Public Health and Nutrition178Diagnostics and Medical Technology125Respiratory Medicine113Digestive System and Liver91Metabolism and Endocrine Disease177Bones, Joints, Muscles and Skin213Kidney, Urology and Women's Health173Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat55
Plans & pricingCompare EvidenceHelix workspace plans
Library›Open textbooks›Impacts of EU Tobacco Products Directive regulations on use of e-cigarettes in adolescents in Great Britain: a natural experiment evaluation›References

Continue where you left off ()

Explore more with EvidenceHelix Workspace

Compare studies, analyze evidence and create research reports with premium tools.

Explore Researcher plans

Impacts of EU Tobacco Products Directive regulations on use of e-cigarettes in adolescents in Great Britain: a natural experiment evaluation · References

References

CC BY 4.0 · National Institute for Health and Care Research · approximately 16 min read

  1. Office of National Statistics. Adult smoking habits in Great Britain. 2020. URL: www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/drugusealcoholandsmoking/datasets/adultsmokinghabitsingreatbritain (accessed 19 December 2022).
  2. Samet JM. Tobacco smoking: the leading cause of preventable disease worldwide. Thorac Surg Clin 2013;23:103–12. 10.1016/j.thorsurg.2013.01.00923566962
  3. Office of National Statistics. Smoking (General Lifestyle Survey Overview – A Report on the 2011 General Lifestyle Survey). 2013. URL: www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/personalandhouseholdfinances/incomeandwealth/compendium/generallifestylesurvey/2013-03-07/chapter1smokinggenerallifestylesurveyoverviewareportonthe2011generallifestylesurvey (accessed 19 December 2022).
  4. Pesce G, Marcon A, Calciano L, Perret JL, Abramson MJ, Bono R, et al. Time and age trends in smoking cessation in Europe. PLOS One 2019;14:e0211976. 10.1371/journal.pone.021197630730998
  5. Department of Health and Social Care. Smoking Kills: A White Paper on Tobacco. London: The Stationery Office; 1998.
  6. Great Britain. Tobacco Advertising and Promotion Act 2002. London: The Stationery Office; 2002.
  7. Anyanwu PE, Craig P, Katikireddi SV, Green MJ. Impact of UK tobacco control policies on inequalities in youth smoking uptake: a natural experiment study. Nicotine Tob Res 2020;22:1973–80. 10.1093/ntr/ntaa10132469404
  8. Inchley J, Currie D, Vieno A, Torsheim T, Ferreira-Borges C. Adolescent Alcohol-Related Behaviours: Trends and Inequalities in the WHO European Region, 2002–14: Observations from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) WHO Collaborative Cross-National Study. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018.
  9. Hewitt G, Anthony R, Moore G, Melendez-Torres G, Murphy S. Student Health and Wellbeing in Wales: Report of the 2017/18 Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children Survey and School Health Research Network Student Health and Wellbeing Survey. 2019. URL: https://shrn.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/SHRN-HBSC-NR_31.05.2019.pdf (accessed 19 December 2022).
  10. Hallingberg B, Maynard OM, Bauld L, Brown R, Gray L, Lowthian E, et al. Have e-cigarettes renormalised or displaced youth smoking? Results of a segmented regression analysis of repeated cross sectional survey data in England, Scotland and Wales. Tob Control 2020;29:207–16. 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-05458430936390
  11. Laverty AA, Hone T, Vamos EP, Anyanwu PE, Taylor-Robinson D, de Vocht F, et al. Impact of banning smoking in cars with children on exposure to second-hand smoke: a natural experiment in England and Scotland. Thorax 2020;75:345–7. 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2019-21399831988266
  12. Welsh Government. Tobacco Control Strategy for Wales and Delivery Plan. 2021 URL: https://gov.wales/tobacco-control-strategy-wales-and-delivery-plan (accessed 19 December 2022).
  13. Warner KE, Mendez D. E-cigarettes: comparing the possible risks of increasing smoking initiation with the potential benefits of increasing smoking cessation. Nicotine Tob Res 2019;21:41–7. 10.1093/ntr/nty06229617887
  14. Thorndike AN. E-cigarette use by young adult nonsmokers: next-generation nicotine dependence? Ann Intern Med 2019;170:70–1. 10.7326/M18-258130304343
  15. Royal College of Physicians of London. Nicotine Without Smoke Tobacco Harm Reduction. London: Royal College of Physicians of London; 2016.
  16. Kock L, West R, Beard E, Kale D, Brown J. Trends in Electronic Cigarette Use in England. 2021. URL: https://smokinginengland.info/graphs/e-cigarettes-latest-trends (accessed 19 December 2022).
  17. McNeill A, Brose LS, Calder R, Bauld L, Robson D. Evidence Review of E-cigarettes and Heated Tobacco Products 2018. A Report Commissioned by Public Health England London. London: Public Health England; 2018.
  18. Aveyard P, Arnott D, Johnson KC. Should we recommend e-cigarettes to help smokers quit? BMJ 2018;361. 10.1136/bmj.k1759
  19. George J, Hussain M, Vadiveloo T, Ireland S, Hopkinson P, Struthers AD, et al. Cardiovascular effects of switching from tobacco cigarettes to electronic cigarettes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019;74:3112–20.31740017
  20. Mendez D, Warner KE. A magic bullet? The potential impact of e-cigarettes on the toll of cigarette smoking. Nicotine Tob Res 2021;4:654–61. 10.1093/ntr/ntaa160
  21. Hajek P, Phillips-Waller A, Przulj D, Pesola F, Myers Smith K, Bisal N, et al. A randomized trial of e-cigarettes versus nicotine-replacement therapy. N Engl J Med 2019;380:629–37. 10.1056/NEJMoa180877930699054
  22. World Health Organization. E-cigarettes are Harmful to Health. 2020. URL: www.who.int/news/item/05-02-2020-e-cigarettes-are-harmful-to-health (accessed 19 December 2022).
  23. Hartmann-Boyce J, McRobbie H, Lindson N, Bullen C, Begh R, Theodoulou A, et al. Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020;10:CD010216. 10.1002/14651858.CD010216.pub433052602
  24. McNeill A, Brose L, Calder R, Simonavicius E, Robson D. Vaping in England: Evidence Update February 2021. London: Public Health England; 2021.
  25. Gregory A. Regulator Paves Way for NHS e-cigarette Prescriptions in England. The Guardian. 2021.
  26. Royal College of Physicians. Smoking and Health 2021: A Coming of Age for Tobacco Control? London: Royal College of Physicians; 2021.
  27. Hammond D. Outbreak of pulmonary diseases linked to vaping. BMJ 2019;366:l5445. 10.1136/bmj.l544531506254
  28. McKee M. Evidence and e-cigarettes: explaining English exceptionalism. Am J Public Health 2019;109:965–6. 10.2105/AJPH.2019.30513231166720
  29. Pisinger C, Katsaounou P, Belo Ravara S. E-cigarettes, Heated Tobacco and Other Novel Nicotine-Containing Products: A Help to Smokers or a Public Health Threat? Supporting Tobacco Cessation (ERS Monograph). Sheffield: European Respiratory Society; 2021.
  30. Samet JM, Barrington-Trimis J. E-cigarettes and harm reduction: an artificial controversy instead of evidence and a well-framed decision context. Am J Public Health 2021;111:1572–4. 10.2105/AJPH.2021.30645734436931
  31. Balfour DJK, Benowitz NL, Colby SM, Hatsukami DK, Lando HA, Leischow SJ, et al. Balancing consideration of the risks and benefits of e-cigarettes. Am J Public Health 2021;111:1661–72. 10.2105/AJPH.2021.30641634410826
  32. Notley C, Ward E, Dawkins L, Holland R. The unique contribution of e-cigarettes for tobacco harm reduction in supporting smoking relapse prevention. Harm Reduct J 2018;15:31. 10.1186/s12954-018-0237-729921278
  33. Hallingberg B, Angel L, Brown R, Copeland L, Gray L, Van Godwin J, Moore G. Changes in childhood experimentation with, and exposure to, tobacco and e-cigarettes and perceived smoking norms: a repeated cross-sectional study of 10–11 year olds’ in Wales. BMC Public Health 2021;21:1924. 10.1186/s12889-021-12004-z34688277
  34. Padon AA, Maloney EK, Cappella JN. Youth-targeted e-cigarette marketing in the US. Tob Regul Sci 2017;3:95–101. 10.18001/TRS.3.1.928083545
  35. Dyer O. E-cigarette makers under fire for marketing to young people. BMJ 2019;365:l2261. 10.1136/bmj.l226131101616
  36. Measham F, O’Brien K, Turnbull G. ‘Skittles & Red Bull is my favourite flavour’: e-cigarettes, smoking, vaping and the changing landscape of nicotine consumption amongst British teenagers – implications for the normalisation debate. Drugs 2016;23:224–37. 10.1080/09687637.2016.1178708
  37. Notley C, Gentry S, Cox S, Dockrell M, Havill M, Attwood AS, et al. Youth use of e-liquid flavours – a systematic review exploring patterns of use of e liquid flavours and associations with continued vaping, tobacco smoking uptake, or cessation. Addiction 2022;117:1258–72.34784651
  38. Moore G, Hewitt G, Evans J, Littlecott HJ, Holliday J, Ahmed N, et al. Electronic-cigarette use among young people in Wales: evidence from two cross-sectional surveys. BMJ Open 2015;5:e007072. 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007072
  39. Bauld L, MacKintosh AM, Eastwood B, Ford A, Moore G, Dockrell M, et al. Young people’s use of e-cigarettes across the United Kingdom: findings from five surveys 2015–2017. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017;14:E973.
  40. Williams AR. Cannabis as a gateway drug for opioid use disorder. J Law Med Ethics 2020;48:268–74. 10.1177/107311052093533832631185
  41. Chapman S, Bareham D, Maziak W. The gateway effect of e-cigarettes: reflections on main criticisms. Nicotine Tob Res 2019;21:695–8. 10.1093/ntr/nty06729660054
  42. Aladeokin A, Haighton C. Is adolescent e-cigarette use associated with smoking in the United Kingdom? A systematic review with meta-analysis. Tob Prev Cessat 2019;5:15. 10.18332/tpc/10855332411879
  43. Chan GCK, Stjepanović D, Lim C, Sun T, Shanmuga Anandan A, Connor JP, et al. Gateway or common liability? A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies of adolescent e-cigarette use and future smoking initiation. Addiction 2021;116:743–56. 10.1111/add.1524632888234
  44. Sun R, Mendez D, Warner KE. Is adolescent e-cigarette use associated with subsequent smoking? A new look. Nicotine Tob Res 2022;24:710–18. 10.1093/ntr/ntab24334897507
  45. Legleye S, Aubin HJ, Falissard B, Beck F, Spilka S. Experimenting first with e-cigarettes versus first with cigarettes and transition to daily cigarette use among adolescents: the crucial effect of age at first experiment. Addiction 2021;116:1521–31. 10.1111/add.1533033201553
  46. Bell K, Salmon A, Bowers M, Bell J, McCullough L. Smoking, stigma and tobacco ‘denormalization’: further reflections on the use of stigma as a public health tool. A commentary on social science. Medicine’s stigma, prejudice, discrimination and health special issue (67: 3). Soc Sci Med 2010;70:795–9. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.09.06020044187
  47. Hammond D. Health warning messages on tobacco products: a review. Tob Control 2011;20:327–37. 10.1136/tc.2010.03763021606180
  48. Semple S, Maccalman L, Naji AA, Dempsey S, Hilton S, Miller BG, Ayres JG. Bar workers’ exposure to second-hand smoke: the effect of Scottish smoke-free legislation on occupational exposure. Ann Occup Hyg 2007;51:571–80.17846033
  49. Mons U, Nagelhout GE, Allwright S, Guignard R, van den Putte B, Willemsen MC, et al. Impact of national smoke-free legislation on home smoking bans: findings from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project Europe Surveys. Tob Control 2013;22:e2–9. 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-05013122331456
  50. Moore GF, Currie D, Gilmore G, Holliday JC, Moore L. Socioeconomic inequalities in childhood exposure to secondhand smoke before and after smoke-free legislation in three UK countries. J Public Health 2012;34:599–608. 10.1093/pubmed/fds025
  51. Royal Society for Public Health. Top 20 Public Health Achievements of the 21st Century. 2020. URL: www.rsph.org.uk/our-work/policy/top-20-public-health-achievements-of-the-21st-century.html (accessed 19 December 2022).
  52. Nuyts PAW, Kuipers MAG, Willemsen MC, Kunst AE. An increase in the tobacco age-of-sale to 21: for debate in Europe. Nicotine Tob Res 2020;22:1247–9. 10.1093/ntr/ntz13531408159
  53. Sæbø G, Scheffels J. Assessing notions of denormalization and renormalization of smoking in light of e-cigarette regulation. Int J Drug Policy 2017;49:58–64.28987929
  54. Agaku IT, Perks SN, Odani S, Glover-Kudon R. Associations between public e-cigarette use and tobacco-related social norms among youth. Tob Control 2020;29:332–40. 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-05472831110159
  55. Gao W, Sanna M, Chuluunbaatar E, Tsai M-K, Levy DT, Wen CP. Are e-cigarettes reviving the popularity of conventional smoking among Taiwanese male adolescents? A time-trend population-based analysis for 2004–2017. Tob Control 2021;30:132–6.32234845
  56. Walker N, Parag V, Wong SF, Youdan B, Broughton B, Bullen C, Beaglehole R. Use of e-cigarettes and smoked tobacco in youth aged 14–15 years in New Zealand: findings from repeated cross-sectional studies (2014 to 19). Lancet Public Health 2020;5:e204–12.31981489
  57. Creamer MR, Dutra LM, Sharapova SR, Gentzke AS, Delucchi KL, Smith RA, et al. Effects of e-cigarette use on cigarette smoking among US youth, 2004–18. Prev Med 2021;142:106316.33272598
  58. Foxon F, Selya AS. Electronic cigarettes, nicotine use trends and use initiation ages among US adolescents from 1999 to 2018. Addiction 2020;115:2369–78. 10.1111/add.1509932335976
  59. Sokol NA, Feldman JM. High school seniors who used e-cigarettes may have otherwise been cigarette smokers: evidence from monitoring the future (United States, 2009–2018). Nicotine Tob Res 2021;23:1958–61. 10.1093/ntr/ntab10233991190
  60. US Food and Drug Administration. Vaporizers, E-Cigarettes, and other Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS). 2020. URL: www.fda.gov/tobacco-products/products-ingredients-components/vaporizers-e-cigarettes-and-other-electronic-nicotine-delivery-systems-ends (accessed 19 December 2022).
  61. Munafò M. Are e-cigarettes tobacco products? Nicotine Tob Res 2019;21:267. 10.1093/ntr/nty13029931122
  62. Porcellato L, Ross-Houle K, Quigg Z, Harris J, Bigland C, Bates R, et al. Welsh primary schoolchildren’s perceptions of electronic cigarettes: a mixed methods study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020;17:E3639.
  63. Brown R, Van Godwin J, Copeland L, Hallingberg B, Angel L, MacDonald S, et al. Ecological exploration of knowledge and attitudes towards tobacco and e-cigarettes among primary school children, teachers, and parents in Wales: a qualitative study. Tob Use Insights 2020;13:1179173X20938770. 10.1177/1179173X20938770
  64. Moore GF, Angel L, Gray L, Copeland L, Van Godwin J, Segrott J, Hallingberg B. Associations of socioeconomic status, parental smoking and parental e-cigarette use with 10-11-year-old children’s perceptions of tobacco cigarettes and e-cigarettes: cross sectional analysis of the CHETS Wales 3 Survey. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020;17:E683.
  65. Sun R, Mendez D, Warner KE. Trends in nicotine product use among US adolescents, 1999–2020. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4:e2118788. 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.1878834432013
  66. Tobore TO. On the potential harmful effects of E-Cigarettes (EC) on the developing brain: the relationship between vaping-induced oxidative stress and adolescent/young adults social maladjustment. J Adolesc 2019;76:202–9.31574388
  67. King BA, Jones CM, Baldwin GT, Briss PA. The EVALI and youth vaping epidemics – implications for public health. N Engl J Med 2020;382:689–91. 10.1056/NEJMp191617131951683
  68. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Surgeon General’s Advisory on E-cigarette Use Among Youth. 2020. URL: www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/surgeon-general-advisory/index.html (accessed 20 December 2022).
  69. Hammond D, Reid JL, Rynard VL, Fong GT, Cummings KM, McNeill A, et al. Prevalence of vaping and smoking among adolescents in Canada, England, and the United States: repeat national cross sectional surveys. BMJ 2019;365:l2219. 10.1136/bmj.l221931221636
  70. Wang TW, Neff LJ, Park-Lee E, Ren C, Cullen KA, King BA. E-cigarette use among middle and high school students – United States, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:1310–12. 10.15585/mmwr.mm6937e132941408
  71. Park-Lee E, Ren C, Sawdey MD, Gentzke AS, Cornelius M, Jamal A, et al. Notes from the field: e-cigarette use among middle and high school students – National Youth Tobacco Survey, United States, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:1387. 10.15585/mmwr.mm7039a434591834
  72. Nyakutsikwa B, Britton J, Bogdanovica I, Langley T. Vitamin E acetate is not present in licit e-cigarette products available on the UK market. Addiction 2020;115:782–3. 10.1111/add.1492031785207
  73. Tattan-Birch H, Brown J, Shahab L, Jackson SE. Association of the US outbreak of vaping-associated lung injury with perceived harm of e-cigarettes compared with cigarettes. JAMA Netw Open 2020;3:e206981. 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.698132539148
  74. Bush A, Bhatt JM, Connett GJ, Doull I, Gilchrist FJ, Grigg J, et al. A public health emergency among young people. Lancet Respir Med 2020;8:231–3.31843487
  75. Lenney W. Vaping Poses Serious Threat to Children: Letters. The Guardian. 26 November 2019.
  76. Jarvis M, Jackson S, West R, Brown J. Epidemic of Youth Nicotine Addiction? What Does the National Youth Tobacco Survey 2017–2019 Reveal About High School E-Cigarette Use in the USA? 2020. URL: www.qeios.com/read/745076.5 (accessed 20 December 2022).
  77. Snell LM, Nicksic N, Panteli D, Burke S, Eissenberg T, Fattore G, et al. Emerging electronic cigarette policies in European member states, Canada, and the United States. Health Policy 2021;125:425–35.33663799
  78. Douglas H, Hall W, Gartner C. E-cigarettes and the law in Australia. Aust Fam Physician 2015;44:415–18.26209995
  79. Watkins P. E-cigarettes – Balancing the Risks and Benefits for Public Health in Wales. Cardiff: National Assembly for Wales Research Service; 2015.
  80. Watkins P. Research Briefing; Public Health (Wales) Act 2017. Cardiff: National Assembly for Wales; 2017.
  81. Jackson SE, Beard E, Brown J. Smokers’ use of e-cigarettes in situations where smoking is not permitted in England: quarterly trends 2011–2020 and associations with sociodemographic and smoking characteristics. Nicotine Tob Res 2021;23:1831–8. 10.1093/ntr/ntab11934089607
  82. European Parliament. Directive 2014/40/ EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 April 2014 on the Approximation of the Laws, Regulations and Administrative Provisions of the Member States Concerning the Manufacture, Presentation and Sale of Tobacco and Related Products and Repealing Directive 2001/37/EC. 2014. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32014L0040 (accessed 20 December 2022).
  83. Hammond D, Reid JL, Burkhalter R, Rynard VL. E-cigarette marketing regulations and youth vaping: cross-sectional surveys, 2017–2019. Pediatrics 2020;146:e20194020.32601126
  84. Sargent JD, Stoolmiller M, Dai H, Barrington-Trimis JL, McConnell R, Audrain-McGovern J, et al. First e-cigarette flavor and device type used: associations with vaping persistence, frequency, and dependence in young adults. Nicotine Tob Res 2022;24:380–7. 10.1093/ntr/ntab17234460934
  85. Ward E, Anholt C, Gentry S, Dawkins L, Holland R, Notley C. A qualitative exploration of consumers’ perceived impacts, behavioural reactions, and future reflections of the EU Tobacco Products Directive (2017) as applied to electronic cigarettes. Tob Use Insights 2020;13:1179173X20925458. 10.1177/1179173X20925458
  86. Cox S, Frings D, Ahmed R, Dawkins L. Messages matter: the Tobacco Products Directive nicotine addiction health warning versus an alternative relative risk message on smokers’ willingness to use and purchase an electronic cigarette. Addict Behav Rep 2018;8:136–9. 10.1016/j.abrep.2018.09.00630263928
  87. Lee HS, Wilson S, Partos T, McNeill A, Brose LS. Awareness of changes in e-cigarette regulations and behavior before and after implementation: a longitudinal survey of smokers, ex-smokers, and vapers in the United Kingdom. Nicotine Tob Res 2020;22:705–12. 10.1093/ntr/ntz00830690624
  88. Moore GF, Evans RE, Hawkins J, Littlecott H, Melendez-Torres GJ, Bonell C, Murphy S. From complex social interventions to interventions in complex social systems: future directions and unresolved questions for intervention development and evaluation. Evaluation 2019;25:23–45. 10.1177/135638901880321930705608
  89. Hawe P, Shiell A, Riley T. Theorising interventions as events in systems. Am J Community Psychol 2009;43:267–76. 10.1007/s10464-009-9229-919390961
  90. Moore GF, Audrey S, Barker M, Bond L, Bonell C, Hardeman W, et al. Process evaluation of complex interventions: Medical Research Council guidance. BMJ 2015;350:h1258. 10.1136/bmj.h125825791983
  91. Pfadenhauer LM, Gerhardus A, Mozygemba K, Lysdahl KB, Booth A, Hofmann B, et al. Making sense of complexity in context and implementation: the context and implementation of complex interventions (CICI) framework. Implement Sci 2017;12:21. 10.1186/s13012-017-0552-528202031
  92. Roberts C, Freeman J, Samdal O, Schnohr CW, de Looze ME, Nic Gabhainn S, et al. The Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study: methodological developments and current tensions. Int J Public Health 2009;54:140–50. 10.1007/s00038-009-5405-919639259
  93. SHRN Wales. Youth Smoking and Vaping in Wales: Findings from the School Health Research Network 2019 Student Health and Wellbeing Survey. Cardiff: Cardiff University; 2020.
  94. National Statistics. Scottish Schools Adolescent Lifestyle and Substance Use Survey (SALSUS): Smoking Report (2018). 2019. URL: www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-schools-adolescent-lifestyle-substance-use-survey-salsus-smoking-report-2018/ (accessed 20 December 2022).
  95. Lifestyles Team NHS Digital. Smoking, Drinking and Drug Use Among Young People in England 2018. 2019. URL: https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/smoking-drinking-and-drug-use-among-young-people-in-england/2018 (accessed 20 December 2022).
  96. Page N, Hewitt G, Young H, Moore G, Murphy S. Student Health and Wellbeing in Wales: Report of the 2019 School Health Research Network Student Health and Wellbeing Survey. Cardiff: Cardiff University; 2021.
  97. Torsheim T, Cavallo F, Levin KA, Schnohr C, Mazur J, Niclasen B, Currie C, FAS Development Study Group. Psychometric validation of the revised Family Affluence Scale: a latent variable approach. Child Indic Res 2016;9:771–84. 10.1007/s12187-015-9339-x27489572
  98. Hill AB. The environment and disease: association or causation? Proc R Soc Med 1965;58:295–300.14283879
  99. Bernal JL, Cummins S, Gasparrini A. Interrupted time series regression for the evaluation of public health interventions: a tutorial. Int J Epidemiol 2017;46:348–55. 10.1093/ije/dyw09827283160
  100. Katikireddi SV, Der G, Roberts C, Haw S. Has childhood smoking reduced following smoke-free public places legislation? A segmented regression analysis of cross-sectional UK school-based surveys. Nicotine Tob Res 2016;18:1670–4. 10.1093/ntr/ntw01826911840
  101. Moore G, Brown R, Page N, Hallingberg B, Maynard O, McKell J, et al. Young people’s use of e-cigarettes in Wales, England and Scotland before and after introduction of EU Tobacco Products Directive regulations: a mixed-method natural experimental evaluation. Int J Drug Policy 2020;85:102795.32854047
  102. Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol 2006;3:77–101. 10.1191/1478088706QP063OA
  103. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Tobacco: Preventing Uptake, Promoting Quitting and Treating Dependence. NICE Guideline [NG209]. London: NICE; 2021.
  104. Liu C, Cox RB, Washburn IJ, Croff JM, Crethar HC. The effects of requiring parental consent for research on adolescents’ risk behaviors: a meta-analysis. J Adolesc Health 2017;61:45–52.28363714
  105. Brown R, Bauld L, de Lacy E, Hallingberg B, Maynard O, McKell J, et al. A qualitative study of e-cigarette emergence and the potential for renormalisation of smoking in UK youth. Int J Drug Policy 2020;75:102598.31785547
  106. Brown R, Van Godwin J, Page N, Bauld L, McKell J, Hallingberg B, et al. Implementation of e-cigarette regulation through the EU Tobacco Products Directive (2016) in Wales, Scotland and England from the perspectives of stakeholders involved in policy introduction and enforcement. Tob Prev Cessat 2021;7:36. 10.18332/tpc/13437034046533
  107. Gorini G, Gallus S, Carreras G, Cortini B, Vannacci V, Charrier L, et al. A long way to go: 20-year trends from multiple surveillance systems show a still huge use of tobacco in minors in Italy. Eur J Public Health 2019;29:164–9. 10.1093/eurpub/cky13230010742
  108. Katz SJ, Erkinnen M, Lindgren B, Hatsukami D. Beliefs about e-cigarettes: a focus group study with college students. Am J Health Behav 2019;43:76–87. 10.5993/AJHB.43.1.730522568
  109. ASH. Delays in Regulatory Reform Leave Children Exposed to E-cigarette Promotion. 2021. URL: https://ash.org.uk/media-and-news/press-releases-media-and-news/delays-in-regulatory-reform-leave-children-exposed-to-e-cigarette-promotion/ (accessed 20 December 2022).
  110. Ward E, Cox S, Dawkins L, Jakes S, Holland R, Notley C. A qualitative exploration of the role of vape shop environments in supporting smoking abstinence. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018;15:E297.
  111. Langley T, Bell-Williams R, Pattinson J, Britton J, Bains M. ‘I felt welcomed in like they’re a little family in there, I felt like I was joining a team or something’: vape shop customers’ experiences of e-cigarette use, vape shops and the vaping community. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019;16:E2341.
  112. Purves RI, Moodie C, Eadie D, Stead M. The response of retailers in Scotland to the standardised packaging of Tobacco Products Regulations and Tobacco Products Directive. Nicotine Tob Res 2019;21:309–13. 10.1093/ntr/nty18130202853
  113. Maziak W. E-cigarettes: harm reduction or rehabilitation of the tobacco industry? Int J Public Health 2020;65:159–61. 10.1007/s00038-019-01316-y31786625
  114. MacGregor J. Rapid Review of Nicotine Inhaling Product Compliance with the Tobacco Product and Related Products Regulations: 2017. Essex: Trading Standards; 2018.
  115. Tokle R. ‘Vaping and fidget-spinners’: a qualitative, longitudinal study of e-cigarettes in adolescence. Int J Drug Policy 2020;82:102791.32516687
  116. Cho YJ, Thrasher JF, Driezen P, Hitchman SC, Reid JL, Hammond D. Trends in exposure to and perceptions of e-cigarette marketing among youth in England, Canada and the United States between 2017 and 2019. Health Educ Res 2021;36:657–68. 10.1093/her/cyab039
  117. Braak D, Michael Cummings K, Nahhas GJ, Reid JL, Hammond D. How are adolescents getting their vaping products? Findings from the international tobacco control (ITC) youth tobacco and vaping survey. Addict Behav 2020;105:106345.32062339
  118. ASH. Use of E-cigarettes Among Young People in Great Britain. 2021. URL: https://ash.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Use-of-e-cigarettes-among-young-people-in-Great-Britain-2021.pdf (accessed 20 December 2022).
  119. ASH. Use of E-cigarettes Among Young People in Great Britain. 2019. URL: https://ash.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/ASH-Factsheet-Youth-E-cigarette-Use-2019.pdf
  120. Page N, Hallingberg B, Brown R, Lowthian E, Hewitt G, Murphy S, et al. Change over time in adolescent smoking, cannabis use and their association: findings from the School Health Research Network in Wales. J Public Health 2020;43:e620–8. 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa174
  121. Weinberger AH, Dierker L, Zhu J, Levin J, Goodwin RD. Cigarette dependence is more prevalent and increasing among US adolescents and adults who use cannabis, 2002–2019 [published online ahead of print November 23 2021]. Tob Control 2021.
  122. Hopkinson NS. The path to a smoke-free England by 2030. BMJ 2020;386:m518. 10.1136/bmj.m518
  123. Irvine DS, McGarity-Shipley E, Lee EY, Janssen I, Leatherdale ST. Longitudinal associations between e-cigarette use, cigarette smoking, physical activity, and recreational screen time in Canadian adolescents. Nicotine Tob Res 2022;24:978–85. 10.1093/ntr/ntab24834850182
  124. Jackson SE, Beard E, Angus C, Field M, Brown J. Moderators of changes in smoking, drinking and quitting behaviour associated with the first COVID-19 lockdown in England. Addiction 2021;117:772–83.34431577
  125. Skivington K, Matthews L, Simpson SA, Craig P, Baird J, Blazeby JM, et al. A new framework for developing and evaluating complex interventions: update of Medical Research Council guidance. BMJ 2021;374:n2061. 10.1136/bmj.n206134593508
  126. Fletcher A, Jamal F, Moore G, Evans RE, Murphy S, Bonell C. Realist complex intervention science: applying realist principles across all phases of the Medical Research Council framework for developing and evaluating complex interventions. Evaluation 2016;22:286–303. 10.1177/135638901665274327478401
  127. Pawson R, Tilley N. Realistic Evaluation. London: SAGE Publications Ltd; 1997.
  128. McGill E, Er V, Penney T, Egan M, White M, Meier P, et al. Evaluation of public health interventions from a complex systems perspective: a research methods review. Soc Sci Med 2021;272:113697.33508655
← List of supplementary material

Attribution. Graham Moore; Britt Hallingberg; Rachel Brown; Jennifer McKell; Jordan Van Godwin; Linda Bauld et al. (2023). Impacts of EU Tobacco Products Directive regulations on use of e-cigarettes in adolescents in Great Britain: a natural experiment evaluation. National Institute for Health and Care Research. Copyright © 2023 Moore et al. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. NCBI Bookshelf NBK593081. CC BY 4.0. Original source ↗. Text reproduced from the Bookshelf XML without changing wording; figures, images and supplements are not reproduced.

In this chapter Contents

  • References

Source

OpenStax source file ↗

Source record ↗

EvidenceLib is a research-education resource, not medical advice. It does not diagnose, prescribe or recommend starting, stopping or changing any treatment. Talk to a qualified clinician about your own situation. Methods, sources and licences · Rights and removal requests · Legal · Support