We would like to thank our independent Steering Group members (Elizabeth Draper, Alison Wright, Maria Clark and Daniel Prieto-Alhambra) for providing expert advice and oversight of the study.
We would also like to thank Anuradhaa Subramanian for helping with the literature review, Max Feltham, the Birmingham Surgical Trials Consortium (Birmingham, UK) and Mary Perrins for their help with the survey on prophylactic antibiotic policies; Fiona Alderdice and Jane Henderson for providing aggregate data on breastfeeding from the National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit’s Maternity Surveys; Rachel Rowe for her advice regarding information on free-standing midwifery units; and Katie Harron for her advice on mother–baby linkage in the HES data set.
We also thank all of the women who were involved in our PPI engagement sessions, and the members of the RCOG’s Women’s Voices Involvement Panel and clinicians who completed the survey.
Dana Šumilo is affiliated to the National Institute for Health and Care Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Gastrointestinal Infections at University of Liverpool in partnership with the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), in collaboration with University of Warwick. Dana Šumilo is based at the University of Warwick. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of NIHR, the Department of Health and Social Care or UKHSA.
This study is based, in part, on data from the CPRD, obtained under licence from the UK NHRA, and THIN, obtained under licence from IQVIA. IQVIA Medical Research Data incorporates data from THIN, a Cegedim database. Reference made to THIN is intended to be descriptive of the data asset licensed by IQVIA. This work used de-identified data provided by patients as a part of their routine care.
Contributions of authors
Dana Šumilo (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6732-2459) (Consultant and Honorary Senior Research Fellow, Public Health and Epidemiology) contributed to the study design, analysis and interpretation of the results and led the writing of the report.
Krishnarajah Nirantharakumar (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6816-1279) (Professor, UK Research and Innovation Clinical Fellow and Honorary Consultant, Public Health and Health Informatics) led the preparation of the THIN–CPRD data set and contributed to the analysis, interpretation of the results and writing of the final report.
Brian H Willis (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0821-8624) (Medical Research Council Clinician Scientist and General Practitioner) contributed to the study design, development of study outcome definitions, interpretation of the results and writing of the final report.
Gavin Rudge (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9857-6547) (Research Fellow, Health Informatics) was responsible for data linkage and preparation of the HES data set, and contributed to the development of study outcome definitions, analysis, interpretation of the results and writing of the final report.
James Martin (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6949-4200) (Lecturer, Statistics) was responsible for statistical analysis and contributed to the interpretation of the results and writing of the final report.
Krishna Gokhale (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2167-9572) (Research Fellow, Computer Science) was responsible for data linkage and preparation of the THIN–CPRD data set and contributed to the analysis, interpretation of the results and writing of the final report.
Rasiah Thayakaran (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4422-4095) (Research Fellow, Statistics) was responsible for preparation of the THIN–CPRD data set and contributed to the analysis, interpretation of the results and writing of the final report.
Nicola J Adderley (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0543-3254) (Lecturer, Health Informatics and Epidemiology) contributed to data acquisition, interpretation of the results and writing of the final report.
Joht Singh Chandan (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9561-5141) (Academic Clinical Lecturer, Public Health) contributed to data acquisition, preparation of the THIN–CPRD data set, development of study outcome definitions and writing of the final report.
Kelvin Okoth (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2745-4083) (Research Fellow, Epidemiology) contributed to the development of study outcome definitions and preparation of the THIN–CPRD data set.
Isobel M Harris (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8125-3832) (Research Fellow, Systematic Reviews) contributed to the literature review for this study, and the analysis and writing of the final report.
Ruth Hewston (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2035-184X) (Patient and Public Contributor) advised on all PPI aspects of the project, including defining study outcomes, wider PPI engagement, interpretation of the results, development of lay messages and writing of the final report.
Magdalena Skrybant (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7119-2482) (Patient and Public Contributor) advised on all PPI aspects of the project, including defining study outcomes, wider PPI engagement, interpretation of the results, development of lay messages and writing of the final report.
Jonathan J Deeks (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8850-1971) (Professor, Biostatistics) developed statistical methodology and oversaw the analysis, and contributed to the study design, interpretation of the results and writing of the report.
Peter Brocklehurst (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9950-6751) (Professor, Women’s Health and Perinatal Epidemiology) contributed to the study design, development of study outcome definitions, interpretation of the results and writing of the report.
Publications
Šumilo D, Nirantharakumar K, Willis BH, Rudge G, Martin J, Gokhale K, et al. Long term impact of giving antibiotics before skin incision versus after cord clamping on children born by caesarean section: protocol for a longitudinal study based on UK electronic health records. BMJ Open 2019;9:e033013.
Šumilo D, Willis BH, Rudge GM, Martin J, Gokhale K, Thayakaran R, et al. Long term impact of prophylactic antibiotic use before incision versus after cord clamping on children born by caesarean section: longitudinal study of UK electronic health records. BMJ 2022;377:e069704.
Data-sharing statement
All data queries and requests should be submitted to the corresponding author for consideration in the first instance. Please note that data for this study were derived from THIN and CPRD GOLD primary care and linked data obtained under licence from IQVIA World Publications Ltd and UK MHRA. A secondary care database was derived from HES data obtained under licence from the Health and Social Care Information Centre (NHS Digital). Data for similar cohorts can be requested from IQVIA World Publications Ltd, the UK MHRA and NHS Digital, subject to protocol approval and licence agreements.
Patient data
This work uses data provided by patients and collected by the NHS as part of their care and support. Using patient data is vital to improve health and care for everyone. There is huge potential to make better use of information from people’s patient records, to understand more about disease, develop new treatments, monitor safety, and plan NHS services. Patient data should be kept safe and secure, to protect everyone’s privacy, and it’s important that there are safeguards to make sure that it is stored and used responsibly. Everyone should be able to find out about how patient data are used. #datasaveslives You can find out more about the background to this citation here: https://understandingpatientdata.org.uk/data-citation.
Disclaimers
This report presents independent research funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR). The views and opinions expressed by authors in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the NHS, the NIHR, the HTA programme or the Department of Health and Social Care. If there are verbatim quotations included in this publication the views and opinions expressed by the interviewees are those of the interviewees and do not necessarily reflect those of the authors, those of the NHS, the NIHR, the HTA programme or the Department of Health and Social Care.