Wave Properties: Speed, Amplitude, Frequency, and Period, Waves and Their Properties | Physics

Learning objectives

Section Key Terms

wavelength

wave velocity

Wave Variables

In the chapter on motion in two dimensions, we defined the following variables to describe harmonic motion:

Amplitude—maximum displacement from the equilibrium position of an object oscillating around such equilibrium position
Frequency—number of events per unit of time
Period—time it takes to complete one oscillation

For waves, these variables have the same basic meaning. However, it is helpful to word the definitions in a more specific way that applies directly to waves:

Amplitude—distance between the resting position and the maximum displacement of the wave
Frequency—number of waves passing by a specific point per second
Period—time it takes for one wave cycle to complete

In addition to amplitude, frequency, and period, their wavelength and wave velocity also characterize waves. The wavelength $λ$ is the distance between adjacent identical parts of a wave, parallel to the direction of propagation. The wave velocity $v_{w}$ is the speed at which the disturbance moves.

Consider the periodic water wave in Figure_13_02_Simple2. Its wavelength is the distance from crest to crest or from trough to trough. The wavelength can also be thought of as the distance a wave has traveled after one complete cycle—or one period. The time for one complete up-and-down motion is the simple water wave’s period T. In the figure, the wave itself moves to the right with a wave velocity v_w. Its amplitude X is the distance between the resting position and the maximum displacement—either the crest or the trough—of the wave. It is important to note that this movement of the wave is actually the disturbance moving to the right, not the water itself; otherwise, the bird would move to the right. Instead, the seagull bobs up and down in place as waves pass underneath, traveling a total distance of 2X in one cycle. However, as mentioned in the text feature on surfing, actual ocean waves are more complex than this simplified example.

View original figure (external; image not reproduced in this text edition)

Original figure description: A seagull bobs up and down on a sinusoidal-shaped periodic ocean wave with a given wave velocity of νw. The wavelength λ is shown as the distance from one crest to the next crest. The amplitude X is shown as the distance between the resting position and the crest. The total distance traveled by the seagull in one cycle or period is shown as 2X.

The wave has a wavelength λ, which is the distance between adjacent identical parts of the wave. The up-and-down disturbance of the surface propagates parallel to the surface at a speed v_w.

The Relationship between Wave Frequency, Period, Wavelength, and Velocity

Since wave frequency is the number of waves per second, and the period is essentially the number of seconds per wave, the relationship between frequency and period is

f = \frac{1}{T}

T = \frac{1}{f},

just as in the case of harmonic motion of an object. We can see from this relationship that a higher frequency means a shorter period. Recall that the unit for frequency is hertz (Hz), and that 1 Hz is one cycle—or one wave—per second.

The speed of propagation v_w is the distance the wave travels in a given time, which is one wavelength in a time of one period. In equation form, it is written as

v_{w} = \frac{λ}{T}

v_{w} = f λ .

From this relationship, we see that in a medium where v_w is constant, the higher the frequency, the smaller the wavelength. See Figure_13_02_Speaker.

View original figure (external; image not reproduced in this text edition)

Original figure description: A smaller speaker emits a high-frequency sound wave with a small wavelength, while a larger speaker emits a lower-frequency sound wave with a larger wavelength.

Because they travel at the same speed in a given medium, low-frequency sounds must have a greater wavelength than high-frequency sounds. Here, the lower-frequency sounds are emitted by the large speaker, called a woofer, while the higher-frequency sounds are emitted by the small speaker, called a tweeter.

These fundamental relationships hold true for all types of waves. As an example, for water waves, v_w is the speed of a surface wave; for sound, v_w is the speed of sound; and for visible light, v_w is the speed of light. The amplitude X is completely independent of the speed of propagation v_w and depends only on the amount of energy in the wave.

Waves in a Bowl

In this lab, you will take measurements to determine how the amplitude and the period of waves are affected by the transfer of energy from a cork dropped into the water. The cork initially has some potential energy when it is held above the water—the greater the height, the higher the potential energy. When it is dropped, such potential energy is converted to kinetic energy as the cork falls. When the cork hits the water, that energy travels through the water in waves.

Large bowl or basin
Water
Cork (or ping pong ball)
Stopwatch
Measuring tape

Instructions

Procedure

Fill a large bowl or basin with water and wait for the water to settle so there are no ripples.
Gently drop a cork into the middle of the bowl.
Estimate the wavelength and the period of oscillation of the water wave that propagates away from the cork. You can estimate the period by counting the number of ripples from the center to the edge of the bowl while your partner times it. This information, combined with the bowl measurement, will give you the wavelength when the correct formula is used.
Remove the cork from the bowl and wait for the water to settle again.
Gently drop the cork at a height that is different from the first drop.
Repeat Steps 3 to 5 to collect a second and third set of data, dropping the cork from different heights and recording the resulting wavelengths and periods.
Interpret your results.

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Geology: Physics of Seismic Waves

View original figure (external; image not reproduced in this text edition)

Original figure description: A town with collapsed buildings after an earthquake.

The destructive effect of an earthquake is a palpable evidence of the energy carried in the earthquake waves. The Richter scale rating of earthquakes is related to both their amplitude and the energy they carry. (Petty Officer 2nd Class Candice Villarreal, U.S. Navy)

Geologists rely heavily on physics to study earthquakes since earthquakes involve several types of wave disturbances, including disturbance of Earth’s surface and pressure disturbances under the surface. Surface earthquake waves are similar to surface waves on water. The waves under Earth’s surface have both longitudinal and transverse components. The longitudinal waves in an earthquake are called pressure waves (P-waves) and the transverse waves are called shear waves (S-waves). These two types of waves propagate at different speeds, and the speed at which they travel depends on the rigidity of the medium through which they are traveling. During earthquakes, the speed of P-waves in granite is significantly higher than the speed of S-waves. Both components of earthquakes travel more slowly in less rigid materials, such as sediments. P-waves have speeds of 4 to 7 km/s, and S-waves have speeds of 2 to 5 km/s, but both are faster in more rigid materials. The P-wave gets progressively farther ahead of the S-wave as they travel through Earth’s crust. For that reason, the time difference between the P- and S-waves is used to determine the distance to their source, the epicenter of the earthquake.

We know from seismic waves produced by earthquakes that parts of the interior of Earth are liquid. Shear or transverse waves cannot travel through a liquid and are not transmitted through Earth’s core. In contrast, compression or longitudinal waves can pass through a liquid and they do go through the core.

All waves carry energy, and the energy of earthquake waves is easy to observe based on the amount of damage left behind after the ground has stopped moving. Earthquakes can shake whole cities to the ground, performing the work of thousands of wrecking balls. The amount of energy in a wave is related to its amplitude. Large-amplitude earthquakes produce large ground displacements and greater damage. As earthquake waves spread out, their amplitude decreases, so there is less damage the farther they get from the source.

What is the relationship between the propagation speed, frequency, and wavelength of the S-waves in an earthquake?

The relationship between the propagation speed, frequency, and wavelength is $v_{w} = f λ .$
The relationship between the propagation speed, frequency, and wavelength is $v_{w} = \frac{f}{λ} .$
The relationship between the propagation speed, frequency, and wavelength is $v_{w} = \frac{λ}{f} .$
The relationship between the propagation speed, frequency, and wavelength is $v_{w} = \sqrt{f λ} .$

Wave on a String

Original figure description: This simulation allows you to observe a string vibrate in slow motion, wiggle the end of the string and make waves, or adjust the frequency and amplitude of an oscillator.

In this animation, watch how a string vibrates in slow motion by choosing the Slow Motion setting. Select the No End and Manual options, and wiggle the end of the string to make waves yourself. Then switch to the Oscillate setting to generate waves automatically. Adjust the frequency and the amplitude of the oscillations to see what happens. Then experiment with adjusting the damping and the tension.

Which of the settingsamplitude, frequency, damping, or tensionchanges the amplitude of the wave as it propagates? What does it do to the amplitude?

Frequency; it decreases the amplitude of the wave as it propagates.
Frequency; it increases the amplitude of the wave as it propagates.
Damping; it decreases the amplitude of the wave as it propagates.
Damping; it increases the amplitude of the wave as it propagates.

Solving Wave Problems

Calculate the Velocity of Wave Propagation: Gull in the Ocean

Calculate the wave velocity of the ocean wave in the previous figure if the distance between wave crests is 10.0 m and the time for a seagull to bob up and down is 5.00 s.

Solution

Enter the known values into $v_{w} = \frac{λ}{T}$

v_{w} = \frac{10 .0 m}{5 .00 s} = 2. 00 m/s .

Discussion

This slow speed seems reasonable for an ocean wave. Note that in the figure, the wave moves to the right at this speed, which is different from the varying speed at which the seagull bobs up and down.

Calculate the Period and the Wave Velocity of a Toy Spring

The woman in Figure_13_01_Transverse creates two waves every second by shaking the toy spring up and down. (a)What is the period of each wave? (b) If each wave travels 0.9 meters after one complete wave cycle, what is the velocity of wave propagation?

Solution for (a)

Enter the known value into $T = \frac{1}{f}$

T = \frac{1}{2 s^{−1}} = 0. 5 s .

Solution for (b)

Enter the known values into $v_{w} = f λ$

$v_{w} = f λ = (2 s^{−1})(0 .9 m) = 1 .8 m/s .$

Discussion

We could have also used the equation $v_{w} = \frac{λ}{T}$ to solve for the wave velocity since we already know the value of the period $(T = 0.5 s)$ from our calculation in part (a), and we would come up with the same answer.

Practice Problems

The frequency of a wave is 10 Hz. What is its period?

The period of the wave is 100 s.
The period of the wave is 10 s.
The period of the wave is 0.01 s.
The period of the wave is 0.1 s.

What is the velocity of a wave whose wavelength is 2 m and whose frequency is 5 Hz?

20 m/s
2.5 m/s
0.4 m/s
10 m/s

Check Your Understanding

What is the amplitude of a wave?

A quarter of the total height of the wave
Half of the total height of the wave
Two times the total height of the wave
Four times the total height of the wave

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When is the wavelength directly proportional to the period of a wave?

When the velocity of the wave is halved
When the velocity of the wave is constant
When the velocity of the wave is doubled
When the velocity of the wave is tripled

Section Summary

A wave is a disturbance that moves from the point of creation at a wave velocity v_w.
A wave has a wavelength $λ$ , which is the distance between adjacent identical parts of the wave.
The wave velocity and the wavelength are related to the wave’s frequency and period by $v_{w} = \frac{λ}{T}$ or $v_{w} = f λ .$
The time for one complete wave cycle is the period T.
The number of waves per unit time is the frequency ƒ.
The wave frequency and the period are inversely related to one another.

Key Equations

wave velocity	$v_{w} = \frac{λ}{T}$ or $v_{w} = f λ$
period	$T = \frac{1}{f}$
frequency	$f = \frac{1}{T}$

Concept Items

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Critical Thinking

If the horizontal distance, that is, the distance in the direction of propagation, between a crest and the adjacent trough of a sine wave is 1 m, what is the wavelength of the wave?

0.5 m
1 m
2 m
4 m

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Two identical waves superimpose in pure constructive interference. What is the height of the resultant wave if the amplitude of each of the waves is 1 m?

Problems

If a seagull sitting in water bobs up and down once every 2 seconds and the distance between two crests of the water wave is 3 m, what is the velocity of the wave?

1.5 m/s
3 m/s
6 m/s
12 m/s

A boat in the trough of a wave takes 3 seconds to reach the highest point of the wave. The velocity of the wave is 5 m/s. What is its wavelength?

0.83 m
15 m
30 m
180 m

Test Prep Multiple Choice

Which of these is not a characteristic of a wave?

amplitude
period
mass
velocity

If you are in a boat at a resting position, how much will your height change when you are hit by the peak of a wave with a height of 2 m?

What is the period of a wave with a frequency of 0.5 Hz?

0.5 s
1 s
2 s
3 s

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Test Prep Short Answer

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If the amplitude of a water wave is 0.2 m and its frequency is 2 Hz, how much distance would a bird sitting on the waters surface move with every wave? How many times will it do this every second?

The bird will go up and down a distance of 0.4 m. It will do this twice per second.
The bird will go up and down a distance of 0.2 m. It will do this twice per second.
The bird will go up and down a distance of 0.4 m. It will do this once per second.
The bird will go up and down a distance of 0.2 m. It will do this once per second.

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A water wave propagates in a river at 6 m/s. If the river moves in the opposite direction at 3 m/s, what is the effective velocity of the wave?

3 m/s
6 m/s
9 m/s
18 m/s

Test Prep Extended Response

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The time difference between a 2 km/s S-wave and a 6 km/s P-wave recorded at a certain point is 10 seconds. How far is the epicenter of the earthquake from that point?

15 m
30 m
15 km
30 km

Glossary

wavelength: distance between adjacent identical parts of a wave
wave velocity: speed at which the disturbance moves; also called the propagation velocity or propagation speed

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