- Tremblay MS, Aubert S, Barnes JD, Saunders TJ, Carson V, Latimer-Cheung AE, et al. Sedentary Behavior Research Network (SBRN) – terminology consensus project process and outcome. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2017;14:75. 10.1186/s12966-017-0525-828599680
- Hallal PC, Andersen LB, Bull FC, Guthold R, Haskell W, Ekelund U, Lancet Physical Activity Series Working Group. Global physical activity levels: surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. Lancet 2012;380:247–57. 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60646-122818937
- Hallal PC, Victora CG, Azevedo MR, Wells JC. Adolescent physical activity and health: a systematic review. Sports Med 2006;36:1019–30. 10.2165/00007256-200636120-0000317123326
- Janssen I, Leblanc AG. Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2010;7:40. 10.1186/1479-5868-7-4020459784
- Edwardson CL, Gorely T, Davies MJ, Gray LJ, Khunti K, Wilmot EG, et al. Association of sedentary behaviour with metabolic syndrome: a meta-analysis. PLOS ONE 2012;7:e34916. 10.1371/journal.pone.003491622514690
- Ford ES, Caspersen CJ. Sedentary behaviour and cardiovascular disease: a review of prospective studies. Int J Epidemiol 2012;41:1338–53. 10.1093/ije/dys07822634869
- Wilmot EG, Edwardson CL, Achana FA, Davies MJ, Gorely T, Gray LJ, et al. Sedentary time in adults and the association with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and death: systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia 2012;55:2895–905. 10.1007/s00125-012-2677-z22890825
- Thorp AA, Owen N, Neuhaus M, Dunstan DW. Sedentary behaviors and subsequent health outcomes in adults a systematic review of longitudinal studies, 1996–2011. Am J Prev Med 2011;41:207–15. 10.1016/j.amepre.2011.05.00421767729
- Katzmarzyk PT, Church TS, Craig CL, Bouchard C. Sitting time and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009;41:998–1005. 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318193035519346988
- Teychenne M, Ball K, Salmon J. Physical activity, sedentary behavior and depression among disadvantaged women. Health Educ Res 2010;25:632–44. 10.1093/her/cyq00820145009
- Chinapaw MJ, Proper KI, Brug J, van Mechelen W, Singh AS. Relationship between young peoples’ sedentary behaviour and biomedical health indicators: a systematic review of prospective studies. Obes Rev 2011;12:e621–32. 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00865.x21438990
- Cliff DP, Hesketh KD, Vella SA, Hinkley T, Tsiros MD, Ridgers ND, et al. Objectively measured sedentary behaviour and health and development in children and adolescents: systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2016;17:330–44. 10.1111/obr.1237126914664
- Tremblay MS, LeBlanc AG, Kho ME, Saunders TJ, Larouche R, Colley RC, et al. Systematic review of sedentary behaviour and health indicators in school-aged children and youth. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2011;8:98. 10.1186/1479-5868-8-9821936895
- Carson V, Hunter S, Kuzik N, Gray CE, Poitras VJ, Chaput JP, et al. Systematic review of sedentary behaviour and health indicators in school-aged children and youth: an update. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016;41(Suppl. 6):240–65. 10.1139/apnm-2015-0630
- Hancox RJ, Milne BJ, Poulton R. Association between child and adolescent television viewing and adult health: a longitudinal birth cohort study. Lancet 2004;364:257–62. 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16675-015262103
- Pearson N, Braithwaite RE, Biddle SJ, van Sluijs EM, Atkin AJ. Associations between sedentary behaviour and physical activity in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2014;15:666–75. 10.1111/obr.1218824844784
- Pearson N, Biddle SJ. Sedentary behavior and dietary intake in children, adolescents, and adults. A systematic review. Am J Prev Med 2011;41:178–88. 10.1016/j.amepre.2011.05.00221767726
- Chaput JP, Saunders TJ, Carson V. Interactions between sleep, movement and other non-movement behaviours in the pathogenesis of childhood obesity. Obes Rev 2017;18(Suppl. 1):7–14. 10.1111/obr.12508
- Gabel L, Ridgers ND, Della Gatta PA, Arundell L, Cerin E, Robinson S, et al. Associations of sedentary time patterns and TV viewing time with inflammatory and endothelial function biomarkers in children. Pediatr Obes 2016;11:194–201. 10.1111/ijpo.1204526097139
- Whincup PH, Gilg JA, Papacosta O, Seymour C, Miller GJ, Alberti KG, Cook DG. Early evidence of ethnic differences in cardiovascular risk: cross sectional comparison of British South Asian and white children. BMJ 2002;324:635. 10.1136/bmj.324.7338.63511895820
- Nightingale CM, Rudnicka AR, Owen CG, Cook DG, Whincup PH. Patterns of body size and adiposity among UK children of South Asian, black African-Caribbean and white European origin: Child Heart And health Study in England (CHASE Study). Int J Epidemiol 2011;40:33–44. 10.1093/ije/dyq18021044977
- Whincup PH, Nightingale CM, Owen CG, Rudnicka AR, Gibb I, McKay CM, et al. Early emergence of ethnic differences in type 2 diabetes precursors in the UK: the Child Heart and Health Study in England (CHASE Study). PLOS Med 2010;7:e1000263. 10.1371/journal.pmed.100026320421924
- Chief Medical Officers. Start Active, Stay Active: A Report on Physical Activity from the Four Home Countries’ Chief Medical Officers. 2011. URL: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/216370/dh_128210.pdf (accessed 3 September 2018).
- Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee. 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report. Washington, DC: Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion; 2018. URL: https://health.gov/paguidelines/second-edition/report/ (accessed 3 September 2018).
- Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology. Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth: An Integration of Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour, and Sleep. Ottawa ON; 2016. URL: https://csepguidelines.ca/ (accessed 3 September 2018).
- Australian Government. Australia’s Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines. 2017. URL: www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-pubhlth-strateg-phys-act-guidelines (accessed 3 September 2018).
- Physical Activity Guidelines 2017. The Hague: Health Council of the Netherlands; 2017. URL: www.healthcouncil.nl/documents/advisory-reports/2017/08/22/physical-activity-guidelines-2017 (accessed 3 September 2018).
- Steele RM, van Sluijs EM, Cassidy A, Griffin SJ, Ekelund U. Targeting sedentary time or moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity: independent relations with adiposity in a population-based sample of 10-y-old British children. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;90:1185–92. 10.3945/ajcn.2009.2815319776141
- Clemes SA, Barber SE, Bingham DD, Ridgers ND, Fletcher E, Pearson N, et al. Reducing children’s classroom sitting time using sit-to-stand desks: findings from pilot studies in UK and Australian primary schools. J Public Health 2016;38:526–33. 10.1093/pubmed/fdv084
- Craig R, Mindell JHV. Health Survey for England 2008. London: Department of Health and Social Care; 2008.
- LeBlanc AG, Katzmarzyk PT, Barreira TV, Broyles ST, Chaput JP, Church TS, et al. Correlates of total sedentary time and screen time in 9–11 year-old children around the world: the international study of childhood obesity, lifestyle and the environment. PLOS ONE 2015;10:e0129622. 10.1371/journal.pone.012962226068231
- Colley RC, Wong SL, Garriguet D, Janssen I, Connor Gorber S, Tremblay MS. Physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep in Canadian children: parent-report versus direct measures and relative associations with health risk. Health Rep 2012;23:45–5222866540
- Matthews CE, Chen KY, Freedson PS, Buchowski MS, Beech BM, Pate RR, Troiano RP. Amount of time spent in sedentary behaviors in the United States, 2003–2004. Am J Epidemiol 2008;167:875–81. 10.1093/aje/kwm39018303006
- Abbott RA, Straker LM, Mathiassen SE. Patterning of children’s sedentary time at and away from school. Obesity 2013;21:E131–3. 10.1002/oby.2012723505193
- van Stralen MM, Yildirim M, Wulp A, te Velde SJ, Verloigne M, Doessegger A, et al. Measured sedentary time and physical activity during the school day of European 10- to 12-year-old children: the ENERGY project. J Sci Med Sport 2014;17:450. 10.1016/j.jsams.2014.05.011
- Hughes AR, Muggeridge DJ, Gibson AM, Johnstone A, Kirk A. Objectively measured sedentary time in children and their parents. AIMS Public Health 2016;3:823–36. 10.3934/publichealth.2016.4.82329546197
- Wafa SW, Aziz NN, Shahril MR, Halib H, Rahim M, Janssen X. Measuring the daily activity of lying down, sitting, standing and stepping of obese children using the ActivPAL (TM) activity monitor. J Trop Pediatrics 2017;63:98–103. 10.1093/tropej/fmw052
- Ridgers ND, Timperio A, Cerin E, Salmon J. Within- and between-day associations between children’s sitting and physical activity time. BMC Public Health 2015;15:950. 10.1186/s12889-015-2291-326400793
- Pearson N, Haycraft E, P Johnston J, Atkin AJ. Sedentary behaviour across the primary-secondary school transition: a systematic review. Prev Med 2017;94:40–7. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.11.01027856338
- Biddle SJ, Pearson N, Ross GM, Braithwaite R. Tracking of sedentary behaviours of young people: a systematic review. Prev Med 2010;51:345–51. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.07.01820682330
- van Sluijs EM, Jones NR, Jones AP, Sharp SJ, Harrison F, Griffin SJ. School-level correlates of physical activity intensity in 10-year-old children. Int J Pediatr Obes 2011;6:e574–81. 10.3109/17477166.2010.51823920854106
- Morton KL, Atkin AJ, Corder K, Suhrcke M, van Sluijs EM. The school environment and adolescent physical activity and sedentary behaviour: a mixed-studies systematic review. Obes Rev 2016;17:142–58. 10.1111/obr.1235226680609
- Bonell C, Humphrey N, Fletcher A, Moore L, Anderson R, Campbell R. Why schools should promote students’ health and wellbeing. BMJ 2014;348:g3078. 10.1136/bmj.g307825134103
- Kriemler S, Meyer U, Martin E, van Sluijs EM, Andersen LB, Martin BW. Effect of school-based interventions on physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents: a review of reviews and systematic update. Br J Sports Med 2011;45:923–30. 10.1136/bjsports-2011-09018621836176
- Dobbins M, Husson H, DeCorby K, LaRocca RL. School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;2:CD007651. 10.1002/14651858.CD007651.pub2
- Daly-Smith AJ, Zwolinsky S, McKenna J, Tomporowski PD, Defeyter MA, Manley A. Systematic review of acute physically active learning and classroom movement breaks on children’s physical activity, cognition, academic performance and classroom behaviour: understanding critical design features. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2018;4:e000341. 10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000341
- Biddle SJ, Petrolini I, Pearson N. Interventions designed to reduce sedentary behaviours in young people: a review of reviews. Br J Sports Med 2014;48:182–6. 10.1136/bjsports-2013-09307824347578
- Altenburg TM, Kist-van Holthe J, Chinapaw MJ. Effectiveness of intervention strategies exclusively targeting reductions in children’s sedentary time: a systematic review of the literature. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2016;13:65. 10.1186/s12966-016-0387-527276873
- Michie S, West R, Campbell R, Brown J, Gainforth HL. ABC of Behaviour Change Theories. London: Silverback Publishing; 2014.
- Michie S, Atkins L, West R. The Behaviour Change Wheel: A Guide to Designing Interventions. London: Silverback Publishing; 2014.
- Spence JC, Rhodes RE, Carson V. Challenging the dual-hinge approach to intervening on sedentary behavior. Am J Prev Med 2017;52:403–6. 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.10.01927939240
- Gardner B, Smith L, Lorencatto F, Hamer M, Biddle SJ. How to reduce sitting time? A review of behaviour change strategies used in sedentary behaviour reduction interventions among adults. Health Psychol Rev 2016;10:89–112. 10.1080/17437199.2015.108214626315814
- Hegarty LM, Mair JL, Kirby K, Murtagh E, Murphy MH. School-based interventions to reduce sedentary behaviour in children: a systematic review. AIMS Public Health 2016;3:520–41. 10.3934/publichealth.2016.3.52029546180
- Cane J, O’Connor D, Michie S. Validation of the theoretical domains framework for use in behaviour change and implementation research. Implement Sci 2012;7:37. 10.1186/1748-5908-7-3722530986
- Atkins L, Francis J, Islam R, O’Connor D, Patey A, Ivers N, et al. A guide to using the theoretical domains framework of behaviour change to investigate implementation problems. Implement Sci 2017;12:77. 10.1186/s13012-017-0605-928637486
- Sherry AP, Pearson N, Clemes SA. The effects of standing desks within the school classroom: a systematic review. Prev Med Rep 2016;3:338–47. 10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.03.01627419034
- Minges KE, Chao AM, Irwin ML, Owen N, Park C, Whittemore R, Salmon J. Classroom standing desks and sedentary behavior: a systematic review. Pediatrics 2016;137:e20153087. 10.1542/peds.2015-308726801914
- Blake JJ, Benden ME, Wendel ML. Using stand/sit workstations in classrooms: lessons learned from a pilot study in Texas. J Public Health Manag Pract 2012;18:412–15. 10.1097/PHH.0b013e318221504822836531
- Hinckson EA, Aminian S, Ikeda E, Stewart T, Oliver M, Duncan S, Schofield G. Acceptability of standing workstations in elementary schools: a pilot study. Prev Med 2013;56:82–5. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.10.01423103223
- Benden ME, Blake JJ, Wendel ML, Huber JC. The impact of stand-biased desks in classrooms on calorie expenditure in children. Am J Public Health 2011;101:1433–6. 10.2105/AJPH.2010.30007221421945
- Benden ME, Zhao H, Jeffrey CE, Wendel ML, Blake JJ. The evaluation of the impact of a stand-biased desk on energy expenditure and physical activity for elementary school students. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2014;11:9361–75. 10.3390/ijerph11090936125211776
- Lanningham-Foster L, Foster RC, McCrady SK, Manohar CU, Jensen TB, Mitre NG, et al. Changing the school environment to increase physical activity in children. Obesity 2008;16:1849–53. 10.1038/oby.2008.28218535550
- Benden ME, Pickens A, Shipp E, Perry J, Schneider D. Evaluating a school based childhood obesity intervention for posture and comfort. Health 2013;5:54–60. 10.4236/health.2013.58A3008
- Koskelo R, Vuorikari K, Hänninen O. Sitting and standing postures are corrected by adjustable furniture with lowered muscle tension in high-school students. Ergonomics 2007;50:1643–56. 10.1080/0014013070158723617917904
- Dornhecker M, Blake J, Benden M, Zhao H, Wendel M. The effect of stand-biased desks on academic engagement: an exploratory study. Int J Health Promot Educ 2015;53:271–80. 10.1080/14635240.2015.102964126997917
- Wick K, Faude O, Manes S, Zahner L, Donath L. I can stand learning: a controlled pilot intervention study on the effects of increased standing time on cognitive function in primary school children. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018;15:E356. 10.3390/ijerph1502035629462986
- Aminian S, Hinckson EA, Stewart T. Modifying the classroom environment to increase standing and reduce sitting. Build Res Inf 2015;43:631–45. 10.1080/09613218.2015.1058093
- Silva DR, Minderico CS, Pinto F, Collings PJ, Cyrino ES, Sardinha LB. Impact of a classroom standing desk intervention on daily objectively measured sedentary behavior and physical activity in youth. J Sci Med Sport 2018;21:919–24. 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.01.00729409737
- Hinckson E, Salmon J, Benden M, Clemes SA, Sudholz B, Barber SE, et al. Standing classrooms: research and lessons learned from around the world. Sports Med 2016;46:977–87. 10.1007/s40279-015-0436-226626071
- The Health and Social Care Information Centre. Health Survey for England 2008: Volume 1, Physical Activity and Fitness. 2009. URL: https://files.digital.nhs.uk/publicationimport/pub00xxx/pub00430/heal-surv-phys-acti-fitn-eng-2008-rep-v1.pdf (accessed 3 September 2018).
- Ginsburg H, Opper S. Piaget’s Theory of Intellectual Development. 3rd edn. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc.; 1988.
- Clemes SA, Bingham DD, Pearson N, Chen YL, Edwardson C, McEachan R, et al. Stand Out in Class: restructuring the classroom environment to reduce sedentary behaviour in 9-10-year-olds - study protocol for a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2018;4:103. 10.1186/s40814-018-0295-329850027
- Wright J, Small N, Raynor P, Tuffnell D, Bhopal R, Cameron N, et al. Cohort profile: the born in Bradford multi-ethnic family cohort study. Int J Epidemiol 2013;42:978–91. 10.1093/ije/dys11223064411
- NHS Digital. National Child Measurement Programme, England, 2016/17 School Year. 2017. URL: https://files.digital.nhs.uk/publication/j/n/nati-chil-meas-prog-eng-2016-2017-rep.pdf (accessed 3 September 2018).
- Murray D. Design and Analysis of Group-Randomized Trials. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1998.
- Julious SA. Sample size of 12 per group rule of thumb for a pilot study. Pharmaceutical Statistics 2005;4:287–91. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/pst.185
- Sherry AP, Pearson N, Ridgers ND, Barber SE, Bingham DD, Nagy LC, et al.The Effectiveness of Sit-to-Stand Desks to Reduce Sitting Time Within a Primary School Classroom: An 8 Month Controlled Trial. International Society of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity (ISBNPA) Annual Meeting; Victoria, Canada, abstract no. 473.
- Michie S, van Stralen MM, West R. The behaviour change wheel: a new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions. Implement Sci 2011;6:42. 10.1186/1748-5908-6-4221513547
- Michie S, Johnston M, Abraham C, Lawton R, Parker D, Walker A, ‘Psychological Theory’ Group. Making psychological theory useful for implementing evidence based practice: a consensus approach. Qual Saf Health Care 2005;14:26–33. 10.1136/qshc.2004.01115515692000
- Michie S, Richardson M, Johnston M, Abraham C, Francis J, Hardeman W, et al. The behavior change technique taxonomy (v1) of 93 hierarchically clustered techniques: building an international consensus for the reporting of behavior change interventions. Ann Behav Med 2013;46:81–95. 10.1007/s12160-013-9486-623512568
- Clemes SA, Bingham DD, Pearson N, Chen YL, Edwardson CL, McEachan RRC, et al. Stand Out in Class: restructuring the classroom environment to reduce sitting time – findings from a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2020;17:55. 10.1186/s12966-020-00958-z32349761
- Edwardson CL, Winkler EAH, Bodicoat DH, Yates T, Davies MJ, Dunstan DW, Healy GN. Considerations when using the activPAL monitor in field-based research with adult populations. J Sport Health Sci 2017;6:162–78. 10.1016/j.jshs.2016.02.00230356601
- Kozey-Keadle S, Libertine A, Lyden K, Staudenmayer J, Freedson PS. Validation of wearable monitors for assessing sedentary behavior. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011;43:1561–7. 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31820ce17421233777
- Atkin AJ, Gorely T, Clemes SA, Yates T, Edwardson C, Brage S, et al. Methods of measurement in epidemiology: sedentary behaviour. Int J Epidemiol 2012;41:1460–71. 10.1093/ije/dys11823045206
- Aminian S, Hinckson EA. Examining the validity of the ActivPAL monitor in measuring posture and ambulatory movement in children. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2012;9:119. 10.1186/1479-5868-9-11923031188
- Davies G, Reilly JJ, McGowan AJ, Dall PM, Granat MH, Paton JY. Validity, practical utility, and reliability of the activPAL in preschool children. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012;44:761–8. 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31823b1dc721983077
- Winkler EA, Bodicoat DH, Healy GN, Bakrania K, Yates T, Owen N, et al. Identifying adults’ valid waking wear time by automated estimation in activPAL data collected with a 24 h wear protocol. Physiol Meas 2016;37:1653–68. 10.1088/0967-3334/37/10/165327652827
- Dollman J, Okely AD, Hardy L, Timperio A, Salmon J, Hills AP. A hitchhiker’s guide to assessing young people’s physical activity: deciding what method to use. J Sci Med Sport 2009;12:518–25. 10.1016/j.jsams.2008.09.00719038579
- Trost SG, Ward DS, Moorehead SM, Watson PD, Riner W, Burke JR. Validity of the computer science and applications (CSA) activity monitor in children. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998;30:629–33 10.1097/00005768-199804000-000239565947
- Evenson KR, Catellier DJ, Gill K, Ondrak KS, McMurray RG. Calibration of two objective measures of physical activity for children. J Sports Sci 2008;26:1557–65. 10.1080/0264041080233419618949660
- Trost SG, Loprinzi PD, Moore R, Pfeiffer KA. Comparison of accelerometer cut points for predicting activity intensity in youth. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011;43:1360–8. 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318206476e21131873
- Cole TJ, Freeman JV, Preece MA. Body mass index reference curves for the UK, 1990. Arch Dis Child 1995;73:25–9. 10.1136/adc.73.1.257639544
- O’Brien E, Asmar R, Beilin L, Imai Y, Mallion JM, Mancia G, et al. European Society of Hypertension recommendations for conventional, ambulatory and home blood pressure measurement. J Hypertens 2003;21:821–48. 10.1097/01.hjh.0000059016.82022.ca12714851
- Corsi PM. Human memory and the medial temporal region of the brain. Diss Abstr Int 1972;34:891.
- MacLeod CM. Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: an integrative review. Psychol Bull 1991;109:163–203. 10.1037/0033-2909.109.2.1632034749
- Bakan P. Extraversion-introversion and improvement in an auditory vigilance task. Br J Psychol 1959;50:325–32. 10.1111/j.2044-8295.1959.tb00711.x13795958
- Farrell Pagulayan K, Busch RM, Medina KL, Bartok JA, Krikorian R. Developmental normative data for the Corsi block-tapping task. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2006;28:1043–52. 10.1080/1380339050035097716822742
- Orsini A. Corsi’s block-tapping test: standardization and concurrent validity with WISC-R for children aged 11 to 16. Percept Mot Skills. 1994;79:1547–54. 10.2466/pms.1994.79.3f.15477870543
- Cooper SB, Bandelow S, Nute ML, Dring KJ, Stannard RL, Morris JG, Nevill ME. Sprint-based exercise and cognitive function in adolescents. Prev Med Rep 2016;4:155–61. 10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.06.00427413677
- Gualtieri CT, Johnson LG. Reliability and validity of a computerized neurocognitive test battery, CNS Vital Signs. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2006;21:623–43 10.1016/j.acn.2006.05.00717014981
- Syväoja HJ, Tammelin TH, Ahonen T, Kankaanpää A, Kantomaa MT. The associations of objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time with cognitive functions in school-aged children. PLOS ONE 2014;9:e103559. 10.1371/journal.pone.010355925061820
- Goodman R. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: a research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1997;38:581–6. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x9255702
- Skinner EA, Marchand G, Furrer C, Kindermann T. Engagement and disaffection in the classroom: part of a larger motivational dynamic. J Educ Psychol 2008;100:765–81. 10.1037/a0012840
- Skinner EA, Kindermann T, Furrer C. A Motivational perspective on engagement and disaffection. Educ Psychol Meas 2009;69:493–525. 10.1177/0013164408323233
- Varni JW, Seid M, Kurtin PS. PedsQL 4.0: reliability and validity of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory version 4.0 generic core scales in healthy and patient populations. Med Care 2001;39:800–12 10.1097/00005650-200108000-0000611468499
- Wille N, Badia X, Bonsel G, Burström K, Cavrini G, Devlin N, et al. Development of the EQ-5D-Y: a child-friendly version of the EQ-5D. Qual Life Res 2010;19:875–86. 10.1007/s11136-010-9648-y20405245
- Ravens-Sieberer U, Wille N, Badia X, Bonsel G, Burström K, Cavrini G, et al. Feasibility, reliability, and validity of the EQ-5D-Y: results from a multinational study. Qual Life Res 2010;19:887–97. 10.1007/s11136-010-9649-x20401552
- Campbell MK, Piaggio G, Elbourne DR, Altman DG, CONSORT Group. Consort 2010 statement: extension to cluster randomised trials. BMJ 2012;345:e5661. 10.1136/bmj.e566122951546
- Arain M, Campbell MJ, Cooper CL, Lancaster GA. What is a pilot or feasibility study? A review of current practice and editorial policy. BMC Med Res Methodol 2010;10:67. 10.1186/1471-2288-10-6720637084
- Lancaster GA, Dodd S, Williamson PR. Design and analysis of pilot studies: recommendations for good practice. J Eval Clin Pract 2004;10:307–12. 10.1111/j.2002.384.doc.x15189396
- Bland JM, Kerry SM. Statistics notes. Trials randomised in clusters. BMJ 1997;315:600. 10.1136/bmj.315.7108.6009302962
- Kerry SM, Bland JM. Analysis of a trial randomised in clusters. BMJ 1998;316:54. 10.1136/bmj.316.7124.549451271
- GOV.UK. Schools, Pupils and Their Characteristics: January 2017. URL: www.gov.uk/government/statistics/schools-pupils-and-their-characteristics-january-2017 (accessed 3 September 2018).
- Buman MP, Winkler EA, Kurka JM, Hekler EB, Baldwin CM, Owen N, et al. Reallocating time to sleep, sedentary behaviors, or active behaviors: associations with cardiovascular disease risk biomarkers, NHANES 2005-2006. Am J Epidemiol 2014;179:323–34. 10.1093/aje/kwt29224318278
- Snijders T, Boskers R. Multilevel Analysis: An Introduction to Basic and Advanced Multilevel Modeling. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1999.
- Altman DG. Statistics and ethics in medical research: III how large a sample? Br Med J 1980;281:1336–8. 10.1136/bmj.281.6251.13367437789
- Campbell MK, Fayers PM, Grimshaw JM. Determinants of the intracluster correlation coefficient in cluster randomized trials: the case of implementation research. Clin Trials 2005;2:99–107. 10.1191/1740774505cn071oa16279131
- Harrington DM, Davies MJ, Bodicoat DH, Charles JM, Chudasama YV, Gorely T, et al. Effectiveness of the ‘Girls Active’ school-based physical activity programme: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2018;15:40. 10.1186/s12966-018-0664-629695250
- Kipping RR, Howe LD, Jago R, Campbell R, Wells S, Chittleborough CR, et al. Effect of intervention aimed at increasing physical activity, reducing sedentary behaviour, and increasing fruit and vegetable consumption in children: active for Life Year 5 (AFLY5) school based cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2014;348:g3256. 10.1136/bmj.g325624865166
- Palmer S, Raftery J. Opportunity cost. BMJ 1999;318:1551–2. 10.1136/bmj.318.7197.155110356019
- Curtis LA, Burns A. Unit Costs of Health and Social Care 2017. Canterbury: PSSRU, University of Kent; 2017.
- Department of Health and Social Care. NHS Reference Costs 2015–16. 2017. URL: www.gov.uk/government/publications/nhs-reference-costs-2015-to-2016 (accessed 7 September 2018).
- Jetté M, Sidney K, Blümchen G. Metabolic equivalents (METS) in exercise testing, exercise prescription, and evaluation of functional capacity. Clin Cardiol 1990;13:555–65. 10.1002/clc.49601308092204507
- Faria R, Gomes M, Epstein D, White IR. A guide to handling missing data in cost-effectiveness analysis conducted within randomised controlled trials. PharmacoEconomics 2014;32:1157–70. 10.1007/s40273-014-0193-325069632
- Gabrio A, Mason AJ, Baio G. Handling missing data in within-trial cost-effectiveness analysis: a review with future recommendations. Pharmacoecon Open 2017;1:79–97. 10.1007/s41669-017-0015-629442336
- Leurent B, Gomes M, Faria R, Morris S, Grieve R, Carpenter JR. Sensitivity analysis for not-at-random missing data in trial-based cost-effectiveness analysis: a tutorial. PharmacoEconomics 2018;36:889–901. 10.1007/s40273-018-0650-529679317
- Morris TP, White IR, Royston P. Tuning multiple imputation by predictive mean matching and local residual draws. BMC Med Res Methodol 2014;14:75. 10.1186/1471-2288-14-7524903709
- White IR, Royston P, Wood AM. Multiple imputation using chained equations: issues and guidance for practice. Stat Med 2011;30:377–99. 10.1002/sim.406721225900
- DiazOrdaz K, Kenward MG, Gomes M, Grieve R. Multiple imputation methods for bivariate outcomes in cluster randomised trials. Stat Med 2016;35:3482–96. 10.1002/sim.693526990655
- Graham JW. Missing data analysis: making it work in the real world. Annu Rev Psychol 2009;60:549–76. 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.08553018652544
- Simons CL, Rivero-Arias O, Yu LM, Simon J. Multiple imputation to deal with missing EQ-5D-3L data: should we impute individual domains or the actual index? Qual Life Res 2015;24:805–15. 10.1007/s11136-014-0837-y25471286
- Rubin DB. Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys. New York, NY: Wiley; 1987. 10.1002/9780470316696
- van Reenen M, Janssen B, Oppe M, Kreimeier S, Greiner W. EQ-5D-Y User Guide – Basic Information on How to Use The EQ-5D-Y Instrument. URL: https://euroqol.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/EQ-5D-Y_User_Guide_v1.0_2014.pdf (accessed 7 September 2018).
- Kind P, Klose K, Gusi N, Olivares PR, Greiner W. Can adult weights be used to value child health states? Testing the influence of perspective in valuing EQ-5D-Y. Qual Life Res 2015;24:2519–39. 10.1007/s11136-015-0971-125894060
- Varni JW, Seid M, Rode CA. The PedsQL: measurement model for the pediatric quality of life inventory. Med Care 1999;37:126–39. 10.1097/00005650-199902000-0000310024117
- Khan KA, Petrou S, Rivero-Arias O, Walters SJ, Boyle SE. Mapping EQ-5D utility scores from the PedsQL™ generic core scales. PharmacoEconomics 2014;32:693–706. 10.1007/s40273-014-0153-y24715604
- Youth in Mind. Scoring the Strengths & Difficulties Questionnaire for Age 4–17 or 18+. 2016. URL: www.sdqinfo.org/py/sdqinfo/b3.py?language=Englishqz(UK) (accessed 24 August 2018).
- Agarwal S, Steinmaus C, Harris-Adamson C. Sit-stand workstations and impact on low back discomfort: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ergonomics 2018;61:538–52. 10.1080/00140139.2017.140296029115188
- Davis MG, Fox KR, Hillsdon M, Sharp DJ, Coulson JC, Thompson JL. Objectively measured physical activity in a diverse sample of older urban UK adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011;43:647–54. 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181f3619620689449
- Owen N, Sugiyama T, Eakin EE, Gardiner PA, Tremblay MS, Sallis JF. Adults’ sedentary behavior determinants and interventions. Am J Prev Med 2011;41:189–96. 10.1016/j.amepre.2011.05.01321767727
- Pettee Gabriel KK, Morrow JR, Woolsey AL. Framework for physical activity as a complex and multidimensional behavior. J Phys Act Health 2012;9(Suppl. 1):11–18. 10.1123/jpah.9.s1.s11
- de Rezende LF, Rodrigues Lopes M, Rey-López JP, Matsudo VK, Luiz Odo C. Sedentary behavior and health outcomes: an overview of systematic reviews. PLOS ONE 2014;9:e105620. 10.1371/journal.pone.010562025144686
- Tremblay MS, Leblanc AG, Janssen I, Kho ME, Hicks A, Murumets K, et al. Canadian sedentary behaviour guidelines for children and youth. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2011;36:59–64. 10.1139/H11-01221326378
- Biddle SJ, García Bengoechea E, Wiesner G. Sedentary behaviour and adiposity in youth: a systematic review of reviews and analysis of causality. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2017;14:43. 10.1186/s12966-017-0497-828351363
- van Ekris E, Altenburg TM, Singh AS, Proper KI, Heymans MW, Chinapaw MJ. An evidence-update on the prospective relationship between childhood sedentary behaviour and biomedical health indicators: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2016;17:833–49. 10.1111/obr.1242627256486
- Altenburg TM, de Niet M, Verloigne M, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Androutsos O, Manios Y, et al. Occurrence and duration of various operational definitions of sedentary bouts and cross-sectional associations with cardiometabolic health indicators: the ENERGY-project. Prev Med 2015;71:101–6. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.12.01525535676
- Altenburg TM, Rotteveel J, Dunstan DW, Salmon J, Chinapaw MJ. The effect of interrupting prolonged sitting time with short, hourly, moderate-intensity cycling bouts on cardiometabolic risk factors in healthy, young adults. J Appl Physiol 2013;115:1751–6. 10.1152/japplphysiol.00662.201324136111
- Dunstan DW, Kingwell BA, Larsen R, Healy GN, Cerin E, Hamilton MT, et al. Breaking up prolonged sitting reduces postprandial glucose and insulin responses. Diabetes Care 2012;35:976–83. 10.2337/dc11-193122374636
- Healy GN, Dunstan DW, Salmon J, Cerin E, Shaw JE, Zimmet PZ, et al. Breaks in sedentary time. Diabetes Care 2008;31:661. 10.2337/dc07-204618252901
- Ridgers ND, Salmon J, Ridley K, O’Connell E, Arundell L, Timperio A. Agreement between activPAL and ActiGraph for assessing children’s sedentary time. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2012;9:15. 10.1186/1479-5868-9-1522340137
- SportEngland. What is MOVES? URL: www.sportengland.org/our-work/health-and-inactivity/what-is-moves/ (accessed 7 September 2018).
- Economics of Chronic Diseases (EConDA). EConDA Policy Tool (Beta Version 6). URL: www.econdaproject.com/tools.php (accessed 7 September 2018).
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Estimating Return on Investment for Interventions and Strategies to Increase Physical Activity. London: NICE; 2014.
- van der Ploeg HP, Hillsdon M. Is sedentary behaviour just physical inactivity by another name? Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2017;14:142. 10.1186/s12966-017-0601-029058587
- Whitehead SJ, Ali S. Health outcomes in economic evaluation: the QALY and utilities. Br Med Bull 2010;96:5–21. 10.1093/bmb/ldq03321037243
- Treuth MS, Catellier DJ, Schmitz KH, Pate RR, Elder JP, McMurray RG, et al. Weekend and weekday patterns of physical activity in overweight and normal-weight adolescent girls. Obesity 2007;15:1782–8. 10.1038/oby.2007.21217636097
- Owen N, Bauman A, Brown W. Too much sitting: a novel and important predictor of chronic disease risk? Br J Sports Med 2009;43:81–3. 10.1136/bjsm.2008.05526919050003
- Sullivan PW, Slejko JF, Sculpher MJ, Ghushchyan V. Catalogue of EQ-5D scores for the United Kingdom. Med Decis Making 2011;31:800–4. 10.1177/0272989X1140103121422468
- Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Whitt MC, Irwin ML, Swartz AM, Strath SJ, et al. Compendium of physical activities: an update of activity codes and MET intensities. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000;32(Suppl. 9):498–504. 10.1097/00005768-200009001-00009
- Butte NF, Watson KB, Ridley K, Zakeri IF, McMurray RG, Pfeiffer KA, et al. A youth compendium of physical activities: activity codes and metabolic intensities. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018;50:246–56. 10.1249/MSS.000000000000143028938248
- Thijssen DH. Do not ignore the opposite end of the physical activity spectrum. BMJ 2017;357:09. 10.1136/bmj.j2709
- Biswas A, Oh PI, Faulkner GE, Bajaj RR, Silver MA, Mitchell MS, Alter DA. Sedentary time and its association with risk for disease incidence, mortality, and hospitalization in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2015;162:123–32. 10.7326/M14-165125599350
- Patterson R, McNamara E, Tainio M, de Sá TH, Smith AD, Sharp SJ, et al. Sedentary behaviour and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality, and incident type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose response meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol 2018;33:811–29. 10.1007/s10654-018-0380-129589226
- Tremblay MS, Colley RC, Saunders TJ, Healy GN, Owen N. Physiological and health implications of a sedentary lifestyle. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2010;35:725–40. 10.1139/H10-07921164543
- Murphy MH, Blair SN, Murtagh EM. Accumulated versus continuous exercise for health benefit: a review of empirical studies. Sports Med 2009;39:29–43. 10.2165/00007256-200939010-0000319093694
- World Health Organization. Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health. 2010. URL: whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241599979_eng.pdf (accessed 3 September 2018).
- Murray CJL, Lopez AD, World Health Organization, World Bank, Harvard School of Public Health. Global Health Statistics: A Compendium of Incidence, Prevalence and Mortality Estimates for Over 200 Conditions. 1996. URL: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/41848 (accessed 7 September 2018).
- Office for National Statistics. 2011 Census: Usual Resident Population by Five-Year Age Group and Sex, United Kingdom and Constituent Countries. 2012. URL: www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/2011censuspopulationestimatesbyfiveyearagebandsandhouseholdestimatesforlocalauthoritiesintheunitedkingdom (accessed 10 September 2018).
- Kyu HH, Bachman VF, Alexander LT, Mumford JE, Afshin A, Estep K, et al. Physical activity and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. BMJ 2016;354:i3857. 10.1136/bmj.i385727510511
- Woodcock J, Edwards P, Tonne C, Armstrong BG, Ashiru O, Banister D, et al. Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: urban land transport. Lancet 2009;374:1930–43. 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61714-119942277
- Mansoubi M, Pearson N, Biddle SJ, Clemes SA. Using sit-to-stand workstations in offices: is there a compensation effect? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016;48:720–5. 10.1249/MSS.000000000000080226496419
- Long R. The School Day and Year (England). House of Commons Library; 2016. URL: https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN07148/SN07148.pdf (accessed 10 September 2018).
- Singh V, Suhrcke M, Hardeman W, Sutton S, Wilson ECF, Very Brief Interventions Programme Team. Cost-effectiveness and value of information analysis of brief interventions to promote physical activity in primary care. Value Health 2018;21:18–26. 10.1016/j.jval.2017.07.00529304936
- Over EA, Wendel-Vos GW, van den Berg M, Reenen HH, Tariq L, Hoogenveen RT, van Baal PH. Cost-effectiveness of counseling and pedometer use to increase physical activity in the Netherlands: a modeling study. Cost Eff Resour Alloc 2012;10:13. 10.1186/1478-7547-10-1323006466
- Cobiac LJ, Vos T, Barendregt JJ. Cost-effectiveness of interventions to promote physical activity: a modelling study. PLOS Med 2009;6:e1000110. 10.1371/journal.pmed.100011019597537
- Jacobs-van der Bruggen MA, Bos G, Bemelmans WJ, Hoogenveen RT, Vijgen SM, Baan CA. Lifestyle interventions are cost-effective in people with different levels of diabetes risk: results from a modeling study. Diabetes Care 2007;30:128–34. 10.2337/dc06-069017192345
- Briggs A, Claxton K, Sculpher M. Decision Modelling for Health Economic Evaluation. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2006.
- McCabe C, Claxton K, Culyer AJ. The NICE cost-effectiveness threshold: what it is and what that means. PharmacoEconomics 2008;26:733–44. 10.2165/00019053-200826090-0000418767894
- Office for National Statistics. Estimates of the Population for the UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland – Mid-2017. 2018. URL: www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland (accessed 17 August 2018).
- Bate A. Early Intervention. House of Commons Library; 2017. URL: researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7647/CBP-7647.pdf (accessed 10 September 2018).
- Claxton K, Eggington S, Ginnelly L, Griffin S, McCabe C, Philips Z, et al. A Pilot Study of Value of Information Analysis to Support Research Recommendations for NICE. 2005. URL: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK425823/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK425823.pdf (accessed 10 September 2018).
- Ades AE, Lu G, Claxton K. Expected value of sample information calculations in medical decision modeling. Med Decis Making 2004;24:207–27. 10.1177/0272989X0426316215090106
- Wu S, Cohen D, Shi Y, Pearson M, Sturm R. Economic analysis of physical activity interventions. Am J Prev Med 2011;40:149–58. 10.1016/j.amepre.2010.10.02921238863
- Weatherly H, Drummond M, Claxton K, Cookson R, Ferguson B, Godfrey C, et al. Methods for assessing the cost-effectiveness of public health interventions: key challenges and recommendations. Health Policy 2009;93:85–92. 10.1016/j.healthpol.2009.07.01219709773
- Lehnert T, Sonntag D, Konnopka A, Riedel-Heller S, König HH. The long-term cost-effectiveness of obesity prevention interventions: systematic literature review. Obes Rev 2012;13:537–53. 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00980.x22251231
- Laine J, Kuvaja-Köllner V, Pietilä E, Koivuneva M, Valtonen H, Kankaanpää E. Cost-effectiveness of population-level physical activity interventions: a systematic review. Am J Health Promot 2014;29:71–80. 10.4278/ajhp.131210-LIT-62225361461
- Drost RM, Paulus AT, Ruwaard D, Evers SM. Valuing inter-sectoral costs and benefits of interventions in the healthcare sector: methods for obtaining unit prices. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2017;17:77–84. 10.1586/14737167.2016.114167926757960
- Mansoubi M, Pearson N, Clemes SA, Biddle SJ, Bodicoat DH, Tolfrey K, et al. Energy expenditure during common sitting and standing tasks: examining the 1.5 MET definition of sedentary behaviour. BMC Public Health 2015;15:516. 10.1186/s12889-015-1851-x26021449
- Pate RR, O’Neill JR, Lobelo F. The evolving definition of ‘sedentary’. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2008;36:173–8. 10.1097/JES.0b013e3181877d1a18815485
- Ciani O, Buyse M, Drummond M, Rasi G, Saad ED, Taylor RS. Time to review the role of surrogate end points in health policy: state of the art and the way forward. Value Health 2017;20:487–95. 10.1016/j.jval.2016.10.01128292495
- LeBlanc AG, Janssen I. Dose-response relationship between physical activity and dyslipidemia in youth. Can J Cardiol 2010;26:201–5. 10.1016/S0828-282X(10)70400-120548982
- Kesäniemi A, Riddoch CJ, Reeder B, Blair SN, Sørensen TIa. Advancing the future of physical activity guidelines in Canada: an independent expert panel interpretation of the evidence. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2010;7:41. 10.1186/1479-5868-7-4120459785
- Teychenne M, Ball K, Salmon J. Physical activity and likelihood of depression in adults: a review. Prev Med 2008;46:397–411. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.01.00918289655
- Mammen G, Faulkner G. Physical activity and the prevention of depression: a systematic review of prospective studies. Am J Prev Med 2013;45:649–57. 10.1016/j.amepre.2013.08.00124139780
- Hamer M, Kivimaki M, Steptoe A. Longitudinal patterns in physical activity and sedentary behaviour from mid-life to early old age: a substudy of the Whitehall II cohort. J Epidemiol Community Health 2012;66:1110–15. 10.1136/jech-2011-20050522791800
- Hasson H. Systematic evaluation of implementation fidelity of complex interventions in health and social care. Implement Sci 2010;5:67. 10.1186/1748-5908-5-6720815872
- Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol 2006;3:77–101. 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
- Chief Medical Officer’s Report. Our Children Deserve Better: Prevention Pays. 2013. URL: www.gov.uk/government/publications/chief-medical-officers-annual-report-2012-our-children-deserve-better-prevention-pays (accessed 3 September 2018).
- Department of Health and Social Care. Childhood Obesity: A Plan for Action. 2016. URL: www.gov.uk/government/publications/childhood-obesity-a-plan-for-action (accessed 3 September 2018).
- Saunders TJ, Chaput JP, Tremblay MS. Sedentary behaviour as an emerging risk factor for cardiometabolic diseases in children and youth. Can J Diabetes 2014;38:53–61. 10.1016/j.jcjd.2013.08.26624485214
- Barber SE, Akhtar S, Jackson C, Bingham DD, Hewitt C, Routen A, et al. Preschoolers in the playground: a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial of a physical activity intervention for children aged 18 months to 4 years. Public Health Res 2015;3(5) 10.3310/phr03050
- Adab P, Pallan MJ, Lancashire ER, Hemming K, Frew E, Barrett T, et al. Effectiveness of a childhood obesity prevention programme delivered through schools, targeting 6 and 7 year olds: cluster randomised controlled trial (WAVES study). BMJ 2018;360:k211. 10.1136/bmj.k21129437667
- Wendel ML, Benden ME, Zhao H, Jeffrey C. Stand-biased versus seated classrooms and childhood obesity: a randomized experiment in Texas. Am J Public Health 2016;106:1849–54. 10.2105/AJPH.2016.30332327552276
- Verloigne M, Ridgers ND, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Cardon G. Effect and process evaluation of implementing standing desks in primary and secondary schools in Belgium: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2018;15:94. 10.1186/s12966-018-0726-930261883
- Contardo Ayala AM, Salmon J, Timperio A, Sudholz B, Ridgers ND, Sethi P, et al. Impact of an 8-month trial using height-adjustable desks on children’s classroom sitting patterns and markers of cardio-metabolic and musculoskeletal health. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2016;13. 10.3390/ijerph13121227
- Lawlor DA, Peters TJ, Howe LD, Noble SM, Kipping RR, Jago R. The Active for Life Year 5 (AFLY5) school-based cluster randomised controlled trial protocol: detailed statistical analysis plan. Trials 2013;14:234. 10.1186/1745-6215-14-23423883177
- Ee J, Parry S, Oliveira BI, McVeigh JA, Howie E, Straker L. Does a classroom standing desk intervention modify standing and sitting behaviour and musculoskeletal symptoms during school time and physical activity during waking time? Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018;15. 10.3390/ijerph15081668
- Steeves JA, Bowles HR, McClain JJ, Dodd KW, Brychta RJ, Wang J, Chen KY. Ability of thigh-worn ActiGraph and activPAL monitors to classify posture and motion. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015;47:952–9. 10.1249/MSS.000000000000049725202847
- Edwardson CL, Rowlands AV, Bunnewell S, Sanders J, Esliger DW, Gorely T, et al. Accuracy of posture allocation algorithms for thigh- and waist-worn accelerometers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016;48:1085–90. 10.1249/MSS.000000000000086526741122
- Erwin H, Beighle A, Routen A, Montemayor B. Perceptions of using sit-to-stand desks in a middle school classroom. Health Promot Pract 2018;19:68–74. 10.1177/152483991773004628868936
- van Grieken A, Ezendam NP, Paulis WD, van der Wouden JC, Raat H. Primary prevention of overweight in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of interventions aiming to decrease sedentary behaviour. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2012;9:61. 10.1186/1479-5868-9-6122640437
- Mehta RK, Shortz AE, Benden ME. Standing up for learning: a pilot investigation on the neurocognitive benefits of stand-biased school desks. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2015;13:ijerph13010059. 10.3390/ijerph1301005926703700
- Owen L, Pennington B, Fischer A, Jeong K. The cost-effectiveness of public health interventions examined by NICE from 2011 to 2016. J Public Health 2018;40:557–66. 10.1093/pubmed/fdx119
- Case. Stand-Biased Desks. Cambridge University; 2016. URL: www.cedar.iph.cam.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Stand-biased-desks.pdf (accessed 24 August 2018).
Sit–stand desks to reduce sedentary behaviour in 9- to 10-year-olds: the Stand Out in Class pilot cluster RCT · References
References
Attribution. Stacy A Clemes; Daniel D Bingham; Natalie Pearson; Yu-Ling Chen; Charlotte Edwardson; Rosemary McEachan et al. (2020). Sit–stand desks to reduce sedentary behaviour in 9- to 10-year-olds: the Stand Out in Class pilot cluster RCT. NIHR Journals Library. Copyright © Queen’s Printer and Controller of HMSO 2020. This work was produced by Clemes et al. under the terms of a commissioning contract issued by the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care. This issue may be freely reproduced for the purposes of private research and study and extracts (or indeed, the full report) may be included in professional journals provided that suitable acknowledgement is made and the reproduction is not associated with any form of advertising. Applications for commercial reproduction should be addressed to: NIHR Journals Library, National Institute for Health Research, Evaluation, Trials and Studies Coordinating Centre, Alpha House, University of Southampton Science Park, Southampton SO16 7NS, UK. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. NCBI Bookshelf NBK556928. CC BY 4.0. Original source ↗. Text reproduced from the Bookshelf XML without changing wording; figures, images and supplements are not reproduced.