- Peto R, Darby S, Deo H, Silcocks P, Whitley E, Doll R. Smoking, smoking cessation, and lung cancer in the UK since 1950: combination of national statistics with two case-control studies. BMJ 2000;321:323–9. 10.1136/bmj.321.7257.32310926586
- Jha P, Peto R. Global effects of smoking, of quitting, and of taxing tobacco. N Engl J Med 2014;370:60–8. 10.1056/NEJMra130838324382066
- Department of Health and Social Care. Smoking Kills: A White Paper on Tobacco. 1998. URL: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_4006684 (accessed 20 June 2014).
- Ratschen E, Britton J, McNeill A. The smoking culture in psychiatry: time for change. Br J Psychiatry 2011;198:6–7. 10.1192/bjp.bp.110.08137221200069
- Allender S, Balakrishnan R, Scarborough P, Webster P, Rayner M. The burden of smoking-related ill health in the UK. Tob Control 2009;18:262–7. 10.1136/tc.2008.02629419509003
- Office for National Statistics. Adult Smoking Habits in the UK. URL: www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/healthandlifeexpectancies/bulletins/adultsmokinghabitsingreatbritain/2016 (accessed 19 July 2017).
- Cahill K, Stevens S, Perera R, Lancaster T. Pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;5:CD009329. 10.1002/14651858.CD009329.pub2
- Thomas KH, Martin RM, Davies NM, Metcalfe C, Windmeijer F, Gunnell D. Smoking cessation treatment and risk of depression, suicide, and self harm in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2013;347:f5704.24124105
- US FDA. Press Announcements, FDA: Boxed Warning on Serious Mental Health Events to be Required for Chantix and Zyban. URL: www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm170100.htm (accessed 23 September 2014).
- Anthenelli RM, Benowitz NL, West R, St Aubin L, McRae T, Lawrence D, et al. Neuropsychiatric safety and efficacy of varenicline, bupropion, and nicotine patch in smokers with and without psychiatric disorders (EAGLES): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Lancet 2016;387:2507–20. 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30272-027116918
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Smoking-attributable mortality, years of potential life lost, and productivity losses – United States, 2000–2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2008;57:1226.19008791
- Brown T, Platt S, Amos A. Equity impact of population-level interventions and policies to reduce smoking in adults: a systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014;138:7–16. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.03.00124674707
- Davies NM, Taylor G, Taylor AE, Thomas KH, Windmeijer F, Martin RM, Munafò MR. What are the effects of varenicline compared with nicotine replacement therapy on long-term smoking cessation and clinically important outcomes? Protocol for a prospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2015;5:e009665. 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009665
- Joint Formulary Committee. British National Formulary (online). London: BMJ Group and Pharmaceutical Press. URL: www.medicinescomplete.com (accessed January 2020).
- Herrett E, Gallagher AM, Bhaskaran K, Forbes H, Mathur R, van Staa T, Smeeth L. Data Resource Profile: Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD). Int J Epidemiol 2015;44:827–36. 10.1093/ije/dyv09826050254
- Davies NM, Taylor GMJ, Taylor AE, Jones T, Martin RM, Munafò MR, et al. The effects of prescribing varenicline on two-year health outcomes: an observational cohort study using electronic medical records: varenicline and 2-year health outcomes. Addiction 2018;113:1105–16. 10.1111/add.1414629460494
- Taylor GMJ, Taylor AE, Thomas KH, Jones T, Martin RM, Munafò MR, et al. The effectiveness of varenicline versus nicotine replacement therapy on long-term smoking cessation in primary care: a prospective cohort study of electronic medical records. Int J Epidemiol 2017;46:1948–57. 10.1093/ije/dyx10929040555
- NICE. Quality and Outcomes Framework Indicators. Standards & Indicators. URL: www.nice.org.uk/standards-and-indicators/qofindicators?categories=3910&page=1 (accessed 26 April 2018).
- World Health Organization. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. Tenth Revision. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004.
- Hernán MA, Robins JM. Instruments for causal inference: an epidemiologist’s dream? Epidemiology 2006;17:360–72. 10.1097/01.ede.0000222409.00878.3716755261
- Brookhart MA, Wang PS, Solomon DH, Schneeweiss S. Evaluating short-term drug effects using a physician-specific prescribing preference as an instrumental variable. Epidemiology 2006;17:268–75. 10.1097/01.ede.0000193606.58671.c516617275
- Davies NM. Varenicline Safety. 2016. URL: https://github.com/nmdavies/varenicline-safety (accessed January 2020).
- Davies NM. Varenicline Effectiveness. 2016. URL: https://github.com/nmdavies/varenicline-effectiveness (accessed January 2020).
- Dregan A, Moller H, Murray-Thomas T, Gulliford MC. Validity of cancer diagnosis in a primary care database compared with linked cancer registrations in England. Population-based cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol 2012;36:425–9. 10.1016/j.canep.2012.05.01322727737
- OpenPrescribing. URL: https://openprescribing.net/ (accessed 28 March 2018).
- Sterne JA, White IR, Carlin JB, Spratt M, Royston P, Kenward MG, et al. Multiple imputation for missing data in epidemiological and clinical research: potential and pitfalls. BMJ 2009;338:b2393. 10.1136/bmj.b239319564179
- Martinussen T, Vansteelandt S, Tchetgen Tchetgen EJ, Zucker DM. Instrumental variables estimation of exposure effects on a time-to-event endpoint using structural cumulative survival models. Biometrics 2017;73:1140–9. 10.1111/biom.1269928493302
- West R, Hajek P, Stead L, Stapleton J. Outcome criteria in smoking cessation trials: proposal for a common standard. Addiction 2005;100:299–303. 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00995.x15733243
- Baker TB, Piper ME, Stein JH, Smith SS, Bolt DM, Fraser DL, Flore MC. Effects of nicotine patch vs. varenicline vs. combination nicotine replacement therapy on smoking cessation at 26 weeks: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2016;315:371–9. 10.1001/jama.2015.1928426813210
- Aubin H-J, Bobak A, Britton JR, Oncken C, Billing CB Jr, Gong J, Williams KE, Reeves KR. Varenicline versus transdermal nicotine patch for smoking cessation: results from a randomised open label trial. Thorax 2008;63:717–24. 10.1136/thx.2007.09064718263663
- Davies NM, Smith GD, Windmeijer F, Martin RM. Issues in the reporting and conduct of instrumental variable studies: a systematic review. Epidemiology 2013;24:363–9. 10.1097/EDE.0b013e31828abafb23532055
- Staiger D, Stock J. Instrumental variables regression with weak instruments. Econometrica 1997;65:557–86. 10.2307/2171753
- ClinicalTrials.gov. Study To Evaluate Cardiac Assessments Following Different Treatments Of Smoking Cessation Medications In Subjects With And Without Psychiatric Disorders. Study Results–ClinicalTrials.gov. URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01574703 (accessed 12 August 2017).
- Mills EJ, Thorlund K, Eapen S, Wu P, Prochaska JJ. Cardiovascular events associated with smoking cessation pharmacotherapies clinical perspective: a network meta-analysis. Circulation 2014;129:28–41. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.00396124323793
- Swanson SA, Robins JM, Miller M, Hernán MA. Selecting on treatment: a pervasive form of bias in instrumental variable analyses. Am J Epidemiol 2015;181:191–7. 10.1093/aje/kwu28425609096
- Lawlor DA, Tilling K, Davey Smith G. Triangulation in aetiological epidemiology. Int J Epidemiol 2016;45:1866–86. 10.1093/ije/dyw31428108528
- Davies NM, Thomas KH, Taylor AE, Taylor GMJ, Martin RM, Munafò MR, Windmeijer F. How to compare instrumental variable and conventional regression analyses using negative controls and bias plots. Int J Epidemiol 2017;46:2067–77. 10.1093/ije/dyx01428398582
Varenicline versus nicotine replacement therapy for long-term smoking cessation: an observational study using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink · References
References
Attribution. Neil M Davies; Amy E Taylor; Gemma MJ Taylor; Taha Itani; Tim Jones; Richard M Martin et al. (2020). Varenicline versus nicotine replacement therapy for long-term smoking cessation: an observational study using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. NIHR Journals Library. Copyright © Queen’s Printer and Controller of HMSO 2020. This work was produced by Davies et al. under the terms of a commissioning contract issued by the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care. This issue may be freely reproduced for the purposes of private research and study and extracts (or indeed, the full report) may be included in professional journals provided that suitable acknowledgement is made and the reproduction is not associated with any form of advertising. Applications for commercial reproduction should be addressed to: NIHR Journals Library, National Institute for Health Research, Evaluation, Trials and Studies Coordinating Centre, Alpha House, University of Southampton Science Park, Southampton SO16 7NS, UK. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. NCBI Bookshelf NBK553797. CC BY 4.0. Original source ↗. Text reproduced from the Bookshelf XML without changing wording; figures, images and supplements are not reproduced.