Contributions of authors
Padmanabhan Ramnarayan (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0784-8154) (Consultant, Paediatric Critical Care) contributed to the concept and design, the acquisition, analysis or interpretation of the data, the drafting of the manuscript, the critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content, obtained funding and provided supervision.
Alvin Richards-Belle (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8577-9380) (Trial Manager) contributed to the acquisition, analysis or interpretation of the data, the drafting of the manuscript, the critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content and provided administrative, technical or material support.
Karen Thomas (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7548-4466) (Senior Statistician) contributed to the acquisition, analysis or interpretation of the data, the critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content and the statistical analysis.
Laura Drikite (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5194-4189) (Trial Co-ordinator) contributed to the acquisition, analysis or interpretation of the data, the critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content and provided administrative, technical or material support.
Zia Sadique (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5814-0258) (Associate Professor, Health Economics) contributed to the concept and the design, the acquisition, analysis or interpretation of the data, the critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content, the statistical analysis and obtained funding.
Silvia Moler Zapata (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4733-5601) (Health Economist) contributed to the acquisition, analysis or interpretation of the data, the critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content and the statistical analysis.
Robert Darnell (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4490-1962) (Trial Co-ordinator) contributed to the acquisition, analysis or interpretation of the data, the drafting of the manuscript, the critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content and provided administrative, technical or material support.
Carly Au (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1385-9239) (Senior Data Manager) contributed to the acquisition, analysis or interpretation of the data, the critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content and provided administrative, technical or material support.
Peter J Davis (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0669-2485) (Consultant, Paediatric Critical Care) contributed to the concept and the design, the acquisition, analysis or interpretation of data, the critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content and provided supervision.
Izabella Orzechowska (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9711-3594) (Statistician) contributed to the acquisition, analysis or interpretation of data, the critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content and the statistical analysis.
Julie Lester (https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3164-2654) (Parent Representative) contributed to concept and design, the critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content and acted as a parent representative.
Kevin Morris (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8911-6306) (Consultant, Paediatric Critical Care) contributed to the concept and design, the acquisition, analysis or interpretation of the data, the critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content and provided administrative, technical or material support.
Millie Parke (https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7589-3566) (Research Assistant) contributed to the drafting of the manuscript, the critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content and provided administrative, technical or material support.
Mark Peters (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3653-4808) (Professor, Paediatric Intensive Care) contributed to the concept and design, the acquisition, analysis or interpretation of the data, the critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content, provided administrative, technical or material support and provided supervision.
Sam Peters (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7475-6586) (Research Assistant) contributed to the acquisition, analysis or interpretation of the data, the critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content and provided administrative, technical or material support.
Michelle Saull (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0558-0692) (Data Manager) contributed to the acquisition, analysis or interpretation of data, the critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content and provided administrative, technical or material support.
Lyvonne Tume (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2547-8209) (Professor, Critical Care Nursing) contributed to the concept and the design, the acquisition, analysis or interpretation of the data, the critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content, provided administrative, technical or material support and provided supervision.
Richard G Feltbower (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1728-9408) (Professor, Epidemiology) contributed to the acquisition, analysis or interpretation of data, the critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content, the statistical analysis and provided administrative, technical or material support.
Richard Grieve (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8899-1301) (Professor, Health Economics Methodology) contributed to the concept and design, the critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content and the statistical analysis.
Paul R Mouncey (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8510-8517) (Co-director, Epidemiology) contributed to the concept and design, the acquisition, analysis or interpretation of the data, the critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content, obtained funding and provided supervision.
David Harrison (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9002-9098) (Co-director, Statistics) contributed to the acquisition, analysis or interpretation of data, the critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content, the statistical analysis, obtained funding and provided supervision.
Kathryn Rowan (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8217-5602) (Scientific Advisor, Epidemiology) contributed to the concept and design, the critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content and obtained funding.
Acknowledgements
Chief Investigator and Co-Investigators
Dr Padmanabhan Ramnarayan (Chief Investigator), Professor Mark Peters, Professor Kevin Morris, Dr Lyvonne Tume, Dr Peter Davis, Dr Richard Feltbower, Dr Zia Sadique, Professor Richard Grieve, Mr Paul Mouncey, Professor David Harrison, Professor Kathy Rowan and Mrs Julie Lester.
Trial Management Group (TMG)
Dr Padmanabhan Ramnarayan (Chief Investigator), Professor Mark Peters, Dr Kevin Morris, Dr Lyvonne Tume, Dr Peter Davis, Dr Zia Sadique, Professor Richard Grieve, Mr Paul Mouncey, Professor David Harrison, Professor Kathy Rowan, Mrs Julie Lester, Dr Richard Feltbower, Mr Alvin Richards-Belle, Ms Laura Drikite, Ms Karen Thomas, Ms Izabella Orzechowska, Mr Robert Darnell and Ms Carly Au.
Trial Steering Committee (TSC)
Professor Bronagh Blackwood, Dr Cormac Breatnach, Professor Carrol Gamble, Mr Richard Jenkin, Mr Paul Mouncey, Dr Padmanabhan Ramnarayan, Professor Duncan Young and Ms Madeleine Wang.
Independent Data Monitoring and Ethics Committee (DMEC)
Professor Neal J. Thomas (chairperson), Dr Robinder Khermani and Ms Cliona McDowell.
We thank the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment (HTA) programme for funding this study. We are very grateful to all of the parents and staff members who took part in the FIRST-ABC trials.
Lead investigators
Padmanabhan Ramnarayan, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
Alvin Richards-Belle, Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre, London, UK
Laura Drikite, Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre, London, UK
Robert Darnell, Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre, London, UK
Zia Sadique, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
Julie Lester (parent representative), UK
Kevin Morris, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
Lyvonne Tume, University of Salford, Manchester, UK
Peter Davis, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol
Mark Peters, University College London, London, UK and Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
Richard Feltbower, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Richard Grieve, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
Karen Thomas, Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre, London, UK
Paul R. Mouncey, Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre, London, UK
David Harrison, Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre, London, UK
Kathryn Rowan, Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre, London,UK
Step-up site investigators
Nazima Pathan, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
Deborah White, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
Esther S. Daubney, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
Nayan Shetty, Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, Liverpool, UK
Dawn Jones, Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, Liverpool, UK
Laura O’Malley, Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, Liverpool, UK
Laura Rad, Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, Liverpool, UK
Peter Davis, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
Frances Hutchings, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
Karen Coy, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
Sarah Sheedy, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
Alice Bowerman, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
Kerry Mahoney, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
Laura Dodge, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
Helen Raeside, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
Pardina Samson-Fessale, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
Kribashnie Nundlall, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
Jaime Carungcong, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
Aravind S. Kashyap, Great North Children’s Hospital, Newcastle, UK
Christine Mackerness, Great North Children’s Hospital, Newcastle, UK
Sarah E. Daggert, Great North Children’s Hospital, Newcastle, UK
Rob Claydon, Great North Children’s Hospital, Newcastle, UK
Kirsty Mulgrew, Great North Children’s Hospital, Newcastle, UK
Mark J. Peters, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
Ana L. Pereira Tomas, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
Holly Belfield, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
Lauran O’Neill Gutierrez, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
Emily Beech, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
Gareth Jones, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
Saxena Rohit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
Samiran Ray, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
Hilary Klonin, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, UK
Leanne Sherris, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, UK
Melony Bowdler-Hayes, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, UK
Remy Toko, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, UK
Murad Arshid, James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, UK
Sonia Armstrong, James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, UK
Kerry Hebbron, James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, UK
Adele Szekeres, James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, UK
Avishay Sarfatti, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
Sarah Barton, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
Zoe Oliver, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
Melanie James, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
Lynda Verhulst, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
Akash Deep, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
Ivan Carlo Caro, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
Bedangshu Saikia, Leicester Royal Infirmary and Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
Samira Neshat, Leicester Royal Infirmary and Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
Rekha Patel, Leicester Royal Infirmary and Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
Seema Sukhani, Luton and Dunstable University Hospital, Luton, UK
Karen Samm, Luton and Dunstable University Hospital, Luton, UK
Benila Ravindranathan, Luton and Dunstable University Hospital, Luton, UK
Vanessa Zammit, Luton and Dunstable University Hospital, Luton, UK
Meleika Hamilton, Luton and Dunstable University Hospital, Luton, UK
Shagun Shah, Luton and Dunstable University Hospital, Luton, UK
Susan E. Bowes, Noah’s Ark Children’s Hospital for Wales, Cardiff, UK
Sivakumar Oruganti, Noah’s Ark Children’s Hospital for Wales, Cardiff, UK
Awen Evans, Noah’s Ark Children’s Hospital for Wales, Cardiff, UK
Catarina Silvestre, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
Laura Anderson, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
Maria Saxton, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
Helen Fazackerley, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
Kamal Patel, Royal Alexandra Children’s Hospital, Brighton, UK
Kevin Donnelly, Royal Alexandra Children’s Hospital, Brighton, UK
Emma Tagliavini, Royal Alexandra Children’s Hospital, Brighton, UK
Vivien Richmond, Royal Alexandra Children’s Hospital, Brighton, UK
Helen Coutts, Royal Blackburn Hospital, Blackburn, UK
Jessica R. Scott, Royal Blackburn Hospital, Blackburn, UK
Ellen Smith, Royal Blackburn Hospital, Blackburn, UK
Heather Collier, Royal Blackburn Hospital, Blackburn, UK
Angela Aramburo, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
Laura Alcantara-Gemar, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
Laura Tous Sampol, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
Jenny C. Tan, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
David Armstrong, Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, Edinburgh, UK
Laura J. Fraser, Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, Edinburgh, UK
Margrethe VanDijke, Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, Edinburgh, UK
Ian Piper, Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, Edinburgh, UK
Graham Mason, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, UK
Danielle Pask, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, UK
Lara Bunni, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, UK
Rebecca Marshall, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, UK
Claire Jennings, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, UK
Anton-Paul T. Mayer, Sheffield Children’s Hospital, Sheffield, UK
Alex Howlett, Sheffield Children’s Hospital, Sheffield, UK
Jade Bryant, Sheffield Children’s Hospital, Sheffield, UK
John V. Pappachan, Southampton Children’s Hospital, Southampton, UK
James R. Edelman, Southampton Children’s Hospital, Southampton, UK
Hannah Taylor, Southampton Children’s Hospital, Southampton, UK
Sophie O’Toole, Southampton Children’s Hospital, Southampton, UK
Amber Cook, Southampton Children’s Hospital, Southampton, UK
Christie Mellish, Southampton Children’s Hospital, Southampton, UK
Nicholas Prince, St George’s Hospital, London, UK
Joana Gomes de Queiroz, St George’s Hospital, London, UK
Elena Maccacari, St George’s Hospital, London, UK
Montserrat Ros Foguet, St George’s Hospital, London, UK
Rebecca B. Mitting, St Mary’s Hospital, London, UK
Katy E. Bridges, St Mary’s Hospital, London, UK
David Inwald, St Mary’s Hospital, London, UK
Sarah E. Darnell, St Mary’s Hospital, London, UK
Sobia K. Mustafa, St Mary’s Hospital, London, UK
Naomi Edmonds, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK
Nosheen Khalid, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK
Natasha Thorn, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK
Tahmina Khatun, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK
Step-down site investigators
Nazima Pathan, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
Deborah White, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
Esther S. Daubney, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
Nayan Shetty, Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, Liverpool, UK
Dawn Jones, Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, Liverpool, UK
Laura O’Malley, Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, Liverpool, UK
Laura Rad, Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, Liverpool, UK
Kevin Morris, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK
Helen Winmill, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK
Sarah Fox, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK
Carly Tooke, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK
Afeda Mohamed Ali, Brimingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK
Peter Davis, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
Helen Marley, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
Rebecca Lean, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
Laura Dodge, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
Angela Aramburo, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
Laura Alcantara-Gemar, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
Laura Tous Sampol, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
Helena Sampaio, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
Susan E. Bowes, Noah’s Ark Children’s Hospital for Wales, Cardiff, UK
Sivakumar Oruganti, Noah’s Ark Children’s Hospital for Wales, Cardiff, UK
Awen Evans, Noah’s Ark Children’s Hospital for Wales, Cardiff, UK
Mark J. Peters, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
Holly Belfield, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
Lauran O’Neill Gutierrez, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
Gareth Jones, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
Rohit Saxena, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
Samiran Ray, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
Helen Vander Johnson, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
Tara McHugh, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
David Armstrong, Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, Edinburgh, UK
Laura J. Fraser, Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, Edinburgh, UK
Margrethe VanDijke, Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, Edinburgh, UK
Ian Piper, Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, Edinburgh, UK
Jon Lillie, Evelina London Children’s Hospital, London, UK
Paul A. Wellman, Evelina London Children’s Hospital, London, UK
Aleksandra Williams, Evelina London Children’s Hospital, London, UK
Tabitha Craen, Evelina London Children’s Hospital, London, UK
Joanne Perkins, Evelina London Children’s Hospital, London, UK
Aravind S Kashyap, Great North Children’s Hospital, Newcastle, UK
Christine Mackerness, Great North Children’s Hospital, Newcastle, UK
Lindsay Cooper, Great North Children’s Hospital, Newcastle, UK
Angela Lawton, Great North Children’s Hospital, Newcastle, UK
Lynda Verhulst, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
Akash Deep, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
Ivan Carlo Caro, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
Eniola Nsirim, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
Bedangshu Saikia, Leicester Royal Infirmary and Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
Samira Neshat, Leicester Royal Infirmary and Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
Rekha Patel, Leicester Royal Infirmary and Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
Graham Mason, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, UK
Danielle Pask, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, UK
Rebecca Marshall, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, UK
Claire Jennings, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, UK
Avishay Sarfatti, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
Zoe Oliver, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
Katie Wingfield, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
Sophie Herrington, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
Catarina Silvestre, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
Laura Anderson, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
Maria Saxton, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
Helen Fazackerley, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
Naomi Edmonds, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK
Nosheen Khalid, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK
Natasha Thorn, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK
Hafzia Khatun, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK
Anton-Paul T. Mayer, Sheffield Children’s Hospital, Sheffield, UK
Alex Howlett, Sheffield Children’s Hospital, Sheffield, UK
Jade Bryant, Sheffield Children’s Hospital, Sheffield, UK
Amber Cook, Southampton Children’s Hospital, Southampton, UK
Ahmed Osman, Southampton Children’s Hospital, Southampton, UK
Lorena Caruana, Southampton Children’s Hospital, Southampton, UK
Phillipa C. Thomas, Southampton Children’s Hospital, Southampton, UK
Nicholas Prince, St George’s Hospital, London, UK
Joana Gomes de Queiroz, St George’s Hospital, London, UK
Elena Maccacari, St George’s Hospital, London, UK
Montserrat Ros Foguet, St George’s Hospital, London, UK
Patient data statement
This work uses data provided by patients and collected by the NHS as part of their care and support. Using patient data is vital to improve health and care for everyone. There is huge potential to make better use of information from people’s patient records, to understand more about disease, develop new treatments, monitor safety and plan NHS services. Patient data should be kept safe and secure, to protect everyone’s privacy, and it’s important that there are safeguards to make sure that they are stored and used responsibly. Everyone should be able to find out about how patient data are used. #datasaveslives You can find out more about the background to this citation here: https://understandingpatientdata.org.uk/data-citation.
Data-sharing statement
All data requests should be submitted to the corresponding author for consideration. Please note exclusive use will be retained until the publication of major outputs. Access to anonymised data may be granted following review.
Ethics statement
FIRST-line support for Assistance in Breathing in Children was granted ethical approval by the East of England – Cambridge South Research Ethics Committee (reference: 19/EE/0185) and approval from the Health Research Authority (reference: 260536) on 26 July 2019.
Information governance statement
Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre is committed to handling all personal information in line with the UK Data Protection Act (2018) and the General Data Protection Regulation (EU GDPR) 2016/679.
Under the Data Protection legislation Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre is Joint Data Controller with Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, who are the sponsor. You can find out more about how ICNARC handles personal data, including how to exercise your individual rights and the contact details for our Data Protection Officer here: www.icnarc.org/About/Information-Standards/Information-Security/Data-Protection
Disclosure of interests
Full disclosure of interests: Completed ICMJE forms for all authors, including all related interests, are available in the toolkit on the NIHR Journals Library report publication page at https://doi.org/10.3310/PDBG1495.
Primary conflicts of interest: Padmanabhan Ramnarayan has received grants from the NIHR; Zia Sadique has received a grant from the NIHR; Peter J Davis has been the Chair of NHS England Paediatric Critical Care Clinical Reference Group since April 2020, the Clinical Lead for NHS England South West Paediatric Critical Care Operational Delivery Network since March 2020 and Chair of the Paediatric Intensive Care Audit Network from April 2011 to April 2020; Mark Peters has received salary support to institution from the NIHR HTA programme for this study and other trials in critically ill children, payments as an expert witness in criminal cases and expert opinion in possible medical negligence cases and payment made to institution as NIHR HTA General Committee Member and then Deputy Chair; Lyvonne Tume has been a member of the HTA Commissioned Call Funding Panel; David Harrison is a member of the HTA General Committee; Kathryn Rowan is Director of the NIHR Health and Social Care Delivery Research Programme (HSDR).
Publications
Richards-Belle A, Davis P, Drikite L, Feltbower R, Grieve R, Harrison DA, et al. FIRST-line support for assistance in breathing in children (FIRST-ABC): a master protocol of two randomised trials to evaluate the non-inferiority of high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) versus continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for non-invasive respiratory support in paediatric critical care. BMJ Open 2020;10:e038002. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038002. PMID: 32753452; PMCID: PMC7406113.
Orzechowska I, Sadique MZ, Thomas K, Davis P, Morris KP, Mouncey PR, et al. First-line support for assistance in breathing in children: statistical and health economic analysis plan for the FIRST-ABC trial. Trials 2020;21:903. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-020-04818-w. PMID: 33129360; PMCID: PMC7602829.
Ramnarayan P, Richards-Belle A, Drikite L, Saull M, Orzechowska I, Darnell R, et al.; FIRST-ABC Step-Down RCT Investigators and the Paediatric Critical Care Society Study Group. Effect of high-flow nasal cannula therapy vs. continuous positive airway pressure following extubation on liberation from respiratory support in critically ill children: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2022;327:1555–1565. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.3367. PMID: 35390113; PMCID: PMC8990361.
Ramnarayan P, Richards-Belle A, Drikite L, Saull M, Orzechowska I, Darnell R, et al.; FIRST-ABC Step-Up RCT Investigators and the Paediatric Critical Care Society Study Group. Effect of high-flow nasal cannula therapy vs. continuous positive airway pressure therapy on liberation from respiratory support in acutely ill children admitted to pediatric critical care units: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2022;328:162–172. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.9615. PMID: 35707984; PMCID: PMC9204623.
Disclaimers
This article presents independent research funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR). The views and opinions expressed by authors in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the NHS, the NIHR, the HTA programme or the Department of Health and Social Care. If there are verbatim quotations included in this publication the views and opinions expressed by the interviewees are those of the interviewees and do not necessarily reflect those of the authors, those of the NHS, the NIHR, the HTA programme or the Department of Health and Social Care.