SPECIES OF MAMMALS OF THE PACIFIC AREA 145 hippelaphus) is a smaller, lighter-colored animal with more slender horns, smaller ears, and thinner tail instead of the bushy tail of the typical sambar. These deer generally rank as a full species.
4%^^ Fig. 61 — Sambar Deer On Bawean Island in the Java Sea, there is found a small deer only about twenty-seven inches high and of a uniform brown color. The Bawean Deer {Cervus kuhlii) is found only on this island and is very rare in museum collections. In the Philippine Islands are also a number of small deer of
146 MAMMALS OF THE PACIFIC WORLD the sambar group. The most colorful of these is the Philippine Spotted Deer (Cervus alfredi). Its general color is rich dark brown, distinctly marked at all seasons of the year with yellowish white spots. It is about twenty-eight inches at the shoulders. It is found on Cebu, Guimaras, Leyte, Masbate, Negros, Panay, and Samos. The Philippine deer (philippinus), found on the island of Luzon, is slightly larger than alfredi and is dark brown, darker on the back and lighter on the neck. Dark streaks from above each eye meet to form a band running down the center of the face. Other forms of the sambar group are found in the Philippines : Mindoro, Mindanao, Basilan, and Culion.
The Sika Deer {Cervus nippon) stands only about three feet in height. The antlers generally have four tines. In summer the reddish brown coat is covered with white spots, but in the darker brown winter coat these spots disappear or become very indistinct. The sika is found in northern China, Manchuria, Japan, Formosa, and the Luchu Islands (possibly introduced). The sika deer of Formosa retains the spots to some extent throughout the year.
Numerous deer have been introduced into various sections of New Zealand, namely: the European red deer {Cervus elephus), the axis deer {Cervus axis), the fallow deer {Dama dama), the sambar {Cervus unicolor), the sika deer {Cervus nippon), all from Europe and Asia; and the Virginia deer {Odocoileus virginianus), the mule deer {Odocoileus hemionus), the wapiti {Cervus canadensis), and the moose {Alces americanus) from North America. The axis deer has also been imported to some of the islands of Hawaii.
The Grant Caribou {Rangifer granti) inhabits the western end of the Alaskan Peninsula and Unimak Island of the Aleutians ; the reindeer {Rangifer tarandus). Old World representative of this group, is found on Sakhalin. Caribou are large deer standing about fifty inches at the shoulder. The antlers are slightly palmated and are borne by both male and female.
SPECIES OF MAMMAES OF THE PACIFIC ABEA 147 Fig. 6^—Sika Deer The Barking Deer or Muntjae (Muntiacus muntjaJc) is a small red deer found chiefly in wooded areas or thick undergrowth. The males have small antlers which have but one short tine; these antlers grow at the tips of long skin-covered pedicles rising well above the skull. The males have large canine teeth protruding from the upper jaw. The voice shows a marked similarity to the sharp bark of a dog. The muntjae has an extensive range, from China and Formosa to Sumatra, Java, Bali, Borneo, and smaller islands. Throughout this range many different forms have been described.
The Musk Deer (Moschus moschiferus), is a small animal measuring about two feet at the shoulder. It is characterized
148 MAMMALS OF THE PACIFIC WOELD Fig. 63 — Barking Deer by the absence of antlers, by long upper canine teeth in the males, and by the abdominal gland which yields the musk of commerce. This musk gland, found only in males, is especially well developed during the mating season. The musk is colored dark brown and when fresh is soft and moist. After the death of the deer this secretion soon dries. The gland is cut out by the hunter and is tied up in a portion of the skin covering it. This is known as the "musk pod." A "pod" contains about one ounce of musk, which is of high commercial value. The musk deer has heavy legs. The coarse, brittle hair is
SPECIES OF MAMMALS OF THE PACIFIC AREA 149 dark brown, often mottled with gray or light brown spots. This deer is constantly being hunted and is slowly disappearing from many of the places where it was at one time common. It prefers mountain forests and is found in the Himalayas, Tibet, western China, Siberia, Manchuria, Korea, and Sakhalin. Cheveotains or Mouse-deer. Family Tragulid^e This family contains the chevrotains or mouse-deer of southern Asia and the water chevrotains of West Africa. They look like small antlerless deer. The males possess canine teeth. In some structures of their skulls and teeth they resemble the camels.
The Mouse-deer or Chevrotain (Tragulus), standing less than a foot high at the shoulders, is the smallest of the Asiatic hoofed animals. When seen running through the brush it reminds one of a rabbit. In fact, its external appearance and shape are much like those of a long-legged rodent, such as an agouti of South America. The name mouse-deer is misleading, for this animal is not closely related to the deer. The range extends throughout southeastern Asia to adjoining islands. Numerous forms have been described, all of which fall into two species, the larger mouse-deer (Tragulus javanicus) found on almost all of the Greater Sunda group of islands, and the smaller mouse-deer (Tragulus kanchil) found on Sumatra and some of its associated islands.
Pigs. Family Suid^ Even the less familiar members of this family may be recognized by the elongated head and snout and the tusks which grow from both the upper and lower jaws. These tusks grow throughout life, those from the upper jaw curving upward. The hair is coarse and bristly, the tail generally fairly long and tufted on the end.
The Wild Pigs (Sus) have the greatest range of any of the larger mammals of the islands. Domestic pigs, taken from is-
150 MAMMALS OF THE PACIFIC WORLD Fig. 64 — Mouse Deer land to island by man, have often reverted to the wild, which accounts for their presence on most of the inhabited Pacific islands. The common wild pig {Sus cristatus), found on the mainland of Asia, also occurs on Sumatra, Java, and many of the associated islands. In Japan, the Luchu Islands, and Formosa, the Japanese boar (Sus leucomystax) occurs. This animal has a white streak on its muzzle. The Javan pig {Sus verrucosus) is distinguished by the presence of three small warts on each side of its face. The bearded pig {Sus harbatus) is recognized by the long fringe of hair on the cheeks. It is found in Borneo, Sumatra, some of the smaller islands, and also on the Malay Peninsula. The giant pig (Sus gargantua) is known only from a skull from southeast Borneo. The Celebes pig {Sus celehensis) has warts on the face. It is related to the Javan pig {Sus verrucosus).
The Babirusa (Babirussa babyrussa) is a remarkable pig of Celebes and Burn. The males have very long tusks in the upper
SPECIES OF MAMMALS OF THE PACIFIC AREA 151 and lower jaws that turn upward and backward in sweeping curves. The legs are long in comparison with other pigs. The babirusa of Burn has a well-developed grayish coat, while the Celebes form is very scantily haired.
Fig. 65 — Babirusa Odd-toed Ungulates. Order Perissodactyla This order contains those hoofed animals which have an odd number of toes, namely, horses, rhinoceroses, and tapirs. Only the rhinoceroses and tapirs are found within the East Indies. Rhinoceroses. Family Rhinocerotid^ The rhinoceroses are now found only in Africa and southern Asia. In Africa there are two kinds and in Asia three, two of which are found in our region.
The Javan Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus) carries a single horn and looks very much like a small edition of the large Indian rhinoceros. It has deep folds in its thick, dusky gray skin. At one time this animal had a very extensive range, from eastern India, Burma, and Indo-China through Thailand and the Malay Peninsula to Sumatra and Java. It is now very rare everywhere and has become extinct in many parts of its
152 MAMMALS OF THE PACIFIC WORLD former habitat. It is still hunted bv natives, cliicfly because of the high prices paid for its carcass by the Chinese who use not Fig. 66 — Javan Rhinoceros only the horn but the bones, blood, and other parts for medicine. This animal can bo saved from extinction only by rigid Fig. 67 — Sumatraji Rhinoceros protection. The Javan rhinoceros lives in the forest. It stays near places where it can wallow and is found both in the swampy lowlands and as high as seven thousand feet in the mountains.