SPECIES OF MAMMALS OF THE PACIFIC AREA 73 of the foregoing. It is found in the highlands of Palembang. The Mentawi Leaf Monkey (Preshytis potenziani) is black with some white on the head. It is restricted to the Mentawi Islands off western Sumatra.
The fourth group contains only the species thomasi from northeastern Sumatra. It is dark smoky gray on the back. The upperside of tail, the outersides of limbs, feet, and hands are black; the forehead is white with median and lateral black stripes ; the innersides of the limbs and underparts are white. This animal differs from the members of the melalopha group in having the short hairs of the cheeks growing forward to form a curved crest between the eye and the ear. There is also a pointed medial crest. It lacks the frontal whorl and the definite brow fringe.
On the island of Java, the gray leaf monkey, Freshytis aygula, is found. This animal is dark ashy gray, darker on the loins, with the head, cheeks, and upper basal part of the tail black. The outsides of the limbs are similar in color to the back but there is generally some white on the hands and feet, and the underparts are white. On Mt. Slamat, Java, a closely related form (fredericce) occurs. With the exception of some white on the throat and underparts it is entirely black. Hose's Leaf Monkey (Freshytis hosei) of north central Borneo lacks the frontal whorl, the hairs sweeping backward to form a crest less pronounced than that of thomasi of Sumatra. The back and sides, tail and outsides of the limbs are ashy gray. The hands and feet are black. The underparts are white. The underside of the tail is little darker than the upperside. This monkey differs from all of the preceding by the fact that the head markings of the sexes differ. In the male the forehead is wholly covered with a white band which joins the white of the temples and cheeks and then passes over the ear to the sides of the neck, thus leaving but a narrow band of blackish gray along the nape to connect the colored crown and shoulders. The female, in most cases, has the white on the head, cheeks,
74 MAMMALS OF THE PACIFIC WORLD and sides of neck less extensive or on the crown and forehead even wanting. On Mt. Kina Balu there is a monkey (canicrus) in which both sexes resemble the female of hosei, except that the crown and nape are brownish, there is no white spot on the forehead, and the forearm and lower legs are never blackish but gray, strongly contrasting with the black hands and feet. In the flat forest land between Paitan Bay and Sandakan Bay, northeast Borneo,, another race (sahana) occurs. It is similar to hoseiy except that the chin, cheek, and temples are black and there is no white on the head, which is grayish black. The seventh group of leaf monkeys (Preshytis ruhicunda) of Borneo is distinguished by its golden red or brown color and pale reddish underparts. There is no sharp contrast in color between the inside and outside of the legs as in the case of most leaf monkeys. In typical ruhicunda from near Bettotan, North Borneo, the feet and hands are black, while in the subspecies ignita from Sarawak, the hands and feet are similar to or very little darker than the arms and legs. On Karimata Island southwest of Borneo a supposedly paler monkey (carimatce) is found. The eighth group {Preshytis frontata) of Borneo may be identified by a naked or nearly naked patch on the forehead. Typical frontata is dark brown or grayish brown on the back, with black limbs, hands, and feet. The temples, brow fringe, and cheeks in front of the ears are also black. The color of the base of the tail, similar to the back, gradually becomes dark ashy gray at the tip. The underparts are paler than the back. This form is found in southeast Borneo. A subspecies (nudifrons) from Baj along, Sarawak, is said to be grayish brown above and grayer below ; there are some white hairs on the sides of the jaw.
The Silvered Leaf Monkey {Preshytis pyrrhus) inhabits the mainland, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Bali, and the Natuna Islands. P. pyrrhus pyrrhus, found in eastern Java, is usually black with a varying amount of gray- or buff-tipped hairs. It also has a red phase. The newborn young of this group are
SPECIES OF MAMMALS OF THE PACIFIC AREA 75 uniform golden red; those of all preceding leaf monkeys are white, generally with a black dorsal band and sometimes with hands, feet, legs, and shoulders black. The western Javan form (sondaicus) is a blacker animal, with a few gray-tipped hairs restricted to the back of the thighs. One subspecies (kohlbruggei) is confined to the island of Bali. It is similar in color to the Javan form of pyrrhus, but it is slightly smaller. In Sumatra, Borneo, and some of the neighboring small islands another form (cristata) is distinguished by grayer hair tips and paler ground color. P. p. ultima of Sumatra and Borneo is a still paler form. On the South Natuna Islands vigilans occurs. Although similar to cristata in outward appearance, it is characterized by skull differences.
The Proboscis Monkey (Nasalis larvatus) is confined to Borneo. Its color is reddish or yellowish brown above, with yellowish gray on rump, tail, and limbs. The undersurface is yellowish white. In old males the tail is often white. The most striking characteristic of this large monkey is its nose, which in old males is much enlarged and movable. Proboscis monkeys, traveling in small troops, prefer branches over water and are frequently seen in Nipa palm swamps near riverbanks. Those animals from northeast Borneo {orient alis) are paler than the typical ones from west Borneo.
The Pig-tailed Langur (Simias concolor), a large langur with a short tail, occurs on the Mentawi Islands, off the southwestern coast of Sumatra. This monkey appears blackish brown, although the individual hairs, especially about the shoulders, are ringed with buff. It can be recognized by its short (less than six-inch), nearly naked tail and its short, upturned nose. The typical race was first discovered on South Pagi Island. On Siberut Island a darker race (siberu) has been distinguished, of which a creamy buff phase has been recorded.
76 MAMMALS OF THE PACIFIC WORLD Fig. 30 — Proboscis Monkey LoRiSES. Family Lorisid^e This family contains the Asiatic lorises and the African pottos. The slow loris is the only member found in the Malay region.
The Slow Loris {Nycticehus coucang) occurs from Assam and Indo-China south through the Malay Peninsula to Sumatra, Borneo, and Java. It is found too on Banka Island, the islands of the Rhio Archipelago, northern Natuna Island, and the
SPECIES OF MAMMALS OF THE PACIFIC AREA 77 Fig. 31 — Slow Loris southern Philippines. It has a short, rounded head, with large eyes set close together, short ears scarcely visible above the fur, short neck and very short tail concealed by body hair. The limbs are short, the fur close and woolly, and the hands and feet designed for grasping. The color is usually silver-gray with a bufFy wash, but it varies somewhat in different forms. Dark brown markings generally encircle the eyes. They are seen also on the crown of the head, and often connect with a stripe of
78 MAMMALS OF THE PACIFIC WORLD Fig. 32—Tarsier varying length down the back. The total length of the slow loris is from twelve to sixteen inches. This animal is arboreal and nocturnal in habits, seldom descending to the ground. It is very slow and deliberate in its motions. It feeds on insects, fruit, and vegetation.
Tarsiers. Family Tarsiid^e The Tarsier (Tarsius) is distinguished by its rounded head, very short, pointed muzzle, large ears, and large eyes which form the most arresting feature of the face. The hind limbs are long, especially the feet. The fingers and toes end in flattened pads which may be slightly adhesive. The tail is long, nearly naked, ending with a tuft of hair. The thick, woolly fur is brownish yellow, the bases of its hairs slate-gray; underparts are paler. The length of head and body is about six inches, of the tail about ten inches.
Tarsiers are island animals found on Sumatra, Banka,
SPECIES OF MAMMALS OF THE PACIFIC AREA 79 Billiton, Borneo, the southern Philippines, and Celebes. Throughout this territory their appearance is sufficiently different to lead to the description of a number of species and subspecies. The tarsier is nocturnal, as its large eyes indicate. It lives among brush, trees, and bamboos, and moves by a series of leaps ; it can jump long distances.
Flesh-eaters. Order Carnivora The teeth of carnivores or flesh-eating mammals are generally modified for a flesh diet; the strong prominent canines and cheek-teeth are adapted for rending and cutting rather than grinding food. In certain members of the order which feed chiefly on vegetable matter the molars are broader and are used for crushing. The toes have claws. This order includes the bears, martens, weasels, badgers, otters, dogs, wolves, foxes, civets, mongooses, and cats.
Bears. Family Ursid^ The bears are large, heavily built carnivores with molar teeth broad, flattened, and suitable for crushing rather than cutting — in contrast to the case of the cat. They have short tails and plantigrade feet ; that is to say, they walk on the soles. They are among the least carnivorous of the flesh-eating mammals, for much of their food consists of roots, fruits, and other vegetable matter.
The Eurasian Brown Bear (JJrsus arctos), which had a very extensive range, is still found in suitable localities in Europe and Asia. On account of this wide distribution the color and size varies to such an extent that this bear has been divided into numerous subspecies. Its color may range from light brown to black. One of the darker forms (lasiotus) is found on Hokkaido Island, Japan, the Kurile Islands, and Sakhalin, The Peninsula Giant Bear (JJrsus gyas) belongs to the group known as the Alaskan brown bears, closely related to the
80 MAMMALS OF THE PACIFIC WOELD grizzly and Eurasian brown bear. The range of these bears includes the islands and mainland of the western coast of Alaska from Unimak Island to British Columbia. The group contains the largest existing carnivorous mammals, rarely attaining a weight of three-fourths of a ton.
The Asiatic Black Bear {Selenarctos thihetanus) is distributed from northern China and Manchuria south into the Hima- Fig. SS— Malay Bear layas, Burma, southern Japan, and Formosa. It corresponds in size to the American black bear but has larger ears, broader body, and is marked on its chest with a large white or creamy inverted chevron. The race found in Japan (japonicus) is the smallest of the Asiatic black bears, attaining a length of about four feet. The Formosan subspecies (formosanus) is slightly larger — about four and one-half feet long.
The Malay Bear (Helarctos malayanus) is the smallest of the bears. It occurs in wooded areas from Assam, Burma, and Indo-China south through the Malay Peninsula to Sumatra and Borneo. This bear is commonly black, but the pelage when worn may have a brownish tinge. The breast patch is generall}' buff