Glossary amphibious. Able to live on land and in the water. anthropoid. The group of monkeys most resembling man ; man-like.
antilopine. Like an antelope. aquatic. Living in the water. arboreal. Living in trees.
archaic. Of an earlier or primitive age ; antiquated. basined With basin-shaped hollows on crowns of teeth. teeth.
bipedal. Walking or running on the hind legs and feet. canine Eye teeth or dog teeth, usually longer than teeth. other teeth and sharp-pointed. circumpolar. Surrounding the pole, that is, found in northern parts of both hemispheres. cusps. Points on the crowns of teeth. diastema. A gap between teeth. distal. Farthest away from the body. The hand is attached to the distal part of the forearm. diurnal. Active during daylight hours. embryonic. Pertaining to an embyro or unborn young. enamel. A hard substance which forms a thin layer capping or partly covering the teeth of most mammals.
environment. The sum total of the surroundings affecting the life of an organism.
extinct. No longer living. Applied to species, etc., not extinction. to individuals.
feral. Having escaped from domestication and become wild.
forearm. The part of the arm between the elbow and wrist.
185
186 GLOSSABY genus (plural, A classification ranking between family and genera). species.
gregarious. Habitually living with numbers of its kind. habitat. The natural abode of an animal or plant, or the particular location where it normally lives.
hibernate. To pass the winter in a more or less torpid state.
incisor The front teeth.
teeth.
indigenous. Native to a country. interfemoral Membrane situated between the hind legs. membrane. Present in bats.
lemur. Primitive relatives of monkeys found in Madagascar, Africa, and the Orient. locomotion. Act or power of moving from place to place. longitudinal. Extending lengthwise. marsupial. Pouched. In mammals, members of an order the females of which usually have pouches, or are pouchless descendants of pouched ancestors.
melanistic. Having a high degree of blackish pigmentation which produces a very dark or black color.
metacarpal. Long bones of the hand or forefoot between wrist and fingers.
metatarsal. Long bones of hind foot between ankle and toes.
molar One, two, or three teeth in the rear of the jaw teeth. used for chewing and not preceded by deciduous teeth.
mosaic-tailed. A type of scale arrangement in certain rats in which the scales, instead of overlapping, touch edge to edge like a mosaic. mutant. An individual differing from the usual members of the same species ; for instance, a white animal of a species that is usually gray or brown.
GLOSSARY 187 obsolete, opposable.
palearctic.
palmate (of antlers).
pedicel, pelage, physiography.
physiology, plantigrade.
Pleistocene.
prehensile.
premolar teeth.
primitive.
proboscis.
protrusible.
relicts.
sacculated.
No longer used ; no longer present. Of the thumb, first toe, or other fingers and toes. The ability to act like a man's thumb in grasping.
Pertaining to a region of the world including Europe, Asia north of the Himalayas, northern Arabia, and Africa north of the Sahara.
Broad, resembling the spread-out hand of a man, the points extending like fingers. A supporting part, as a stem or stalk. The coat of hair or fur covering a mammal. Description of the form and physical features of the surface of the earth. The life processes of an animal. Walking on the sole with the heel touching the ground; in opposition to digitigrade, walking on the toes like dogs and cats. The most recent past geological period, during which large ice-caps were developed in Europe and North America ; between the Pliocene and present, roughly from ten thousand to a million years ago. Adapted for grasping. Applied to hands, feet, and tails of mammals.
Chewing teeth between canines and molars, usually less broad than the latter ; preceded by deciduous teeth.
Pertaining to the beginning or origin, like mammals whose structure approximates that of ancestral mammals. A long, flexible nose or trunk. Capable of being protruded or thrust out. Survivors. In zoology, often used for species which have persisted for long periods after their allies have become extinct. Having a series of sac-like expansions.
188 GLOSSARY specialized. Designed, fitted, or adapted for use in one special manner.
Spout (of The column of vapor; the exhaled breath sent whales). out through the nostril (blowhole) of a whale when it comes up for breath. tactile. Touching. In some mammals, special tactile surfaces of toes, fingers, and the tips of tails ; also tactile hairs, as cats' whiskers. talon. In bats, a subsidiary claw-like process at the base of the real claw.
termites. White ants ; pale-colored, soft-bodied insects of the family Termitidae. They are not true ants.
terrestrial Those that live on the ground in contrast to animals. those that live in the water or in trees. Tertiary. The last great period of geologic time following the Mesozoic or Age of Dinosaurs. Most modern orders of mammals developed during the Tertiary period.
trefoil. Shaped like a three-leafed clover. trmicate. Cut off ; chopped off.
W-pattern. In describing teeth, crowns with cusp pattern, when seen from above, arranged like the letter W.
Alphabetical Index-Checklist ^ of the Islands The islands and island groups, each followed by the mammals found there, are listed in alphabetical order. Page references indicate the places in the text where the various mammals are described. In the descriptions of the mammals, their distribution was frequently given in a general manner, many islands and island groups being included by implication without actual mention. The index-checklist is meant to be inclusive. For example, in this index under Java, giant squirrels (Ratufa), are Ksted ; the text discussion says only "They are found from the mainland to Bali and Borneo." Java is, of course, included in the area thus bounded. Some of the islands thus included by implication lack the giant squirrel — for example, Nias Island, a small island off western Sumatra.
Inclusion of a species indicates that it has been reported or is very probable on an island, but its omission from certain islands may be due to our lack of knowledge or of collecting. If a reader should find a mammal on an island where it is not listed, it is very desirable that he send this record, with a photograph or specimen, to some museum for checking and confirmation.
Admiralty Islands, North of New Guinea BATS, flying fox (Pteropus), 48; leaf-nosed bat (Hipposideros), 53; spinal-winged bat (^Dobsonia), 48; tube-nosed fruit bat (Nyctimene), 48.
MARSUPIALS, cuscus (Phalanger), 25; spiny bandicoot (Echymipera), 21.
RODENTS, common rats (Rattus)^ 114; house mouse {Mus), 113.
Aleutian Islands, West from Alaska CARNIVORES. Alaskan brown bear (Ursus), 79; Arctic fox {Alopex), 86; mink {Mustela vison), 82; pygmy weasel 189
190 ALPHABETICAL INDEX-CHECKLIST (Mustela rixosa), 82; red fox (Vulpes), 86; sea otter (Enhydra), 84; wolf (Canis), 84; wolverine (Gulo), 82 EVEN-TOED UNGULATES, caribou (Rangifer), 146. INSECTIVORES. red-toothed shrew {S or ex), 4<0. RABBITS. Arctic hare (Lepus poadromus), 124. RODENTS. Arctic ground squirrel (Citellus), 111; collared lemming {Dicrostonyx), 120; common rat (Rattus), 114; house mouse (Mus), 113; lemming mouse (Synaptomys), 120; meadow mouse (Microtus), 120; red lemming (Lemmus), 119.
SEALS, SEA LIONS, bearded seal (EHgnathus), 104 ; harbor seal (Phoca), 104; northern fur seal (Callorhinus), 102; ribbon seal (Histriophoca) , 104; Steller's sea lion (Eumetopias), 101; walrus (Odobenus), 106.
* Alor Island (Ombay), near Timor, East Indies BATS, flying foxes (Pteropus, Acerodon), 48; rousette or dog bat (Rousettus), 48; spinal-winged bat (Dobsonia), 48. RODENTS, common rats (Rattus), 114; house mouse (Mus), 113.
Amboina, see Ceram Anamba Islands, South China Sea BATS, bent-winged bat (Miniopterus), 59; flying fox (Pteropus), 48 ; horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus) , 53 ; leaf-nosed bat (Hipposideros), 53 ; sheath-tailed bat (Emballonura), 51 ; short-nosed fruit bat (Cynopterus), 48. CARNIVORES, palm civet (Paradoxurus), 89. EVEN-TOED UNGULATES, mouse deer (Tragulus), 149; pig (Sus), 149.
FLYING LEMUR, colugo, caguan (Cynocephalus), 44. INSECTIVORES. tree shrews (Tupaia), 43; white-toothed shrew (Suncus), 40.
MONKEYS, LEMURS, long-tailed macaque (Macaca irus), 67; slow loris (Nycticebus), 76.
RODENTS, common rats (Rattus), 114; giant squirrel (Ratufa), 110; house mouse (Mus), 113; long-nosed ground squirrel (Rhino sciurus), 112; Oriental squirrel (Callosciurus), 110; striped ground squirrel (Lariscus), 111. V,
ALPHABETICAL INDEX-CHECKLIST 191 Arafura Sea, North of Australia DUGONG (Dugong), 136.
WHALES, blackfish or pilot whale (Globiocephalus), 132; common dolphin (Delphinus delphis), 134; false killer (Pseudorca), 132; finless black porpoise (Neorneris), 132; humpback (Megaptera), 128; killer (Orcinus), 131; redbellied dolphin {Delphinus roseiventris), 134; slender dolphin {Prodelphinus), 135; sperm whale (JPhyseter), 129.
Arends Island, Java Sea RODENTS, common rats (Rattus), 114; house mouse (Mus), 113; Oriental squirrel (Callosciurus), 110. Aru Islands, Arafura Sea BATS, common bat (Myotis), 55; flying fox (Pteropus), 48; horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus), 53 ; leaf-nosed bat {Hipposideros), 53; long-tongued bats (Macroglossus, Syconycteris), 49; sheath-tailed bats (Emballonura), 51; spinalwinged bat (Dobsonia), 48.
CARNIVORES, palm civet {Paradoxurus), 89. EVEN-TOED UNGULATES, pig {Sus), 149.
MARSUPIALS, flying phalanger or possum (Petaurus), 27; spiny bandicoot (Echymipera) , 21 ; striped possum (Dactylopsila), 24 ; wallaby (Thylogale), 32 ; marsupial mouse (Sminthopsis), 20.
RODENTS, common rat (Rattus), 114; giant rat (Uromys), 116; house mouse (Mus), 113; water rat (Hydromys), 118.
Australia BATS. Australian long-eared hat (N yet ophilus), 60; bentwinged bat (Miniopterus), 59; common bats (Myotis, Pipistrellus, Eptesicus, Scoteinus, Chalinolobus) , 55; false vampire (Macroderma), 53; flying foxes (Pteropus), 48; free-tailed or mastiff bat (Tadarida), 62; horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus), 53; leaf-nosed bat (HipposideroSy Rhino-
192 ALPHABETICAL INDEX-CHECKLIST nycteris), 53; long-tongued fruit bats (Macroglossus — on Sunday Island and Murray Island only; Syconycteris), 49; slicath-tailcd bats (TajjhozouSy Saccolaimus), 51; spinal-winged fruit bat (Dobsonia), 48; trumpet-eared bat (Phoniscus), 61; tube-nosed fruit bat (Nyctimene), 48.
CAUNIVOllKS. dingo (Canis), 85.
EGG-LAYING MAMMALS, duckbill or platypus (Ornithorhynchus), 11; spiny antcatcr or echidna (Tachyglossuh), 14.
MARSUPIALS, banded anteater (Myrmecobius), 20; bandicoots (IsoodoTiy PerameleSy Macrotis, Ch(£ropus), 21; cuscus (Phalanger), 25 ; flying possum (Acrobates, Petaurus, Schoinobates), 27; iiare wallabies {Lagostrophus, Lagorchestes), 34; honey possum (Tarsipes), 30; kangaroos (Macropus), 31; koala (Phascolarctos), 29; marsupial mole (Notoryctes), 22; marsupial rats and mice {Pkascogale, Sminthopsis, Antechinomys), 20; mouse possum {Eudromicia) , 25; marsupial wolf, extinct (Thylacinus), 17; musk kangaroo (Hypsiprymnodon), 36; nailtailed walhil)y (Onychogale), 33; native cats (Dasyurus), 19; y)ademeh)ns {Thylogale, Setonioc), 32; possum {Trichosurus), 23; rat kangaroos (Bettongia, Aepyprymnus, Potorous), 36; ring-tailed possums {PseudocheiruSy Petropseudes), 26; rock walhibies (Pctrogale, Peradorcas), 33; strif)ed ]:)ossum (Dactylopsila), 24; Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus), 18; tree kangaroo (Dendrolagus), 34; wallabies (Wallabia, ThylogalCy Setonix), 32; wallaroo (Osphranter), 32; wombats {VombatuSy LasiorhinuSy Vonibatula), 30.
RODENTS, broad-toothed rat (Mastacomys), 117; common rat (Uattus), 114; false water rat {Xeromys), 118; giant naked-tailed rat (Uromys), 116; native mice (Thetomys, Leggadinay Gyomys), 117; pouched hopping mice (Notoviys\ A scopharynx ) , 118; pseudo- rat ( Pseudomys ) , 117; rabbit rat (Mesembriomys), 117; stick-nest rat (Leporillus'), 118; thick-tailed rat {Laomys), 117; water rat (Ifydromys), 118; white-tailed rat {7jyzomys), 117. SEALS, SEA'lIONS. fur seals (Arctoccphalu's), 102; seals (Hydrurga, Leptonychotes, Lobodon), 104; sea lions (Neophoca), 100.