AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Trees and Forestry hia) _ FLOWER AND LEAVES OF THE TULIP-TREE PORTION OF MODEL IN THE FORESTRY HALL NO. 32 OF THE GUIDE LEAFLET SERIES—SEPTEMBER, 1910
American Museum of Natural History Seventy-seventh Street and Central Park West, New York City BOARD OF TRUSTEES President Henry FarrFretpD OsBoRN First Vice-President Second Vice-President J. Prmrront Morgan = - ~- zap! CLEVELAND H, Dopas - Treasurer Secretary f CuariEes LANIER J. Hamppen Ross 4 Ex Officio Tse Mayor or THE City oF New York Tue CoMPTROLLER OF THE City oF NEw YorE Tue PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PARKS Class of 1910 J. HAMPDEN ROBB PERCY R. PYNE ARTHUR CURTISS JAMES JOHN B. TREVOR J. PIERPONT MORGAN, Jr.
Class of 1911 CHARLES LANIER WILLIAM ROCKEFELLER ANSON W. HARD GUSTAV E. KISSEL SETH LOW Class of 1912 ‘ ALBERT S. BICKMORE THOMAS DsWITT CUYLER ADRIAN ISELIN, Jr. OGDEN MILLS Class of 1913 GEORGE 8S. BOWDOIN CLEVELAND H. DODGE A. D. JUILLIARD ARCHER M. HUNTINGTON FELIX M. WARBURG Class of 1914 ; JOSEPH H. CHOATE J. PIERPONT MORGAN ‘ HENRY F. OSBORN JAMES DOUGLAS GEORGE W. WICKERSHAM _ 3 Es 4 EXECUTIVE OFFICERS Director Assistant Secretary and Assistant Treasurer Hermon C. Bumpus Grorcs H, SHerwoop é ee J Tue AMERICAN Museum or NaTuRAL History was established in 1869 to pro- d i} mote the Natural Sciences and to diffuse a general knowledge of them among the people, and it is in cordial codperation with all similar institutions throughout the world. The Museum authorities are dependent upon private subscriptions and the duesfrommembersforprocuringneededadditionstothecollectionsandforcarrying onexplorationsinAmericaandotherpartsoftheworld. Themembershipfeesare, Annual Members...........: S10 jy" Fellows gosceaauiees seer $500 Sustaining Members (Annual) . 25 Patrons hy ac ssid selvinaetcmame 1000 Life Members .............-. 100 Benefactors (Gift or bequest) 50,000 All money received from membership fees is used for increasing the collections and for developing the educational work of the Museum. The Museum is open free to the public on every day in the year. t
WHITE PINES On the estate of the late Morris Kk. Jesup, Lenox, Massachusetts
TREES SAND “FORESTRY AN ELEMENTARY TREATSIENT OF THE SUBJECT BASED ON THE Jesup Collection of North American Woods IN THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY By MARY CYNTHIA DICKERSON, B.S. Curator of Woods and Forestry NEW YORK Published by the Museum September, 1910
NO. 32 OF THE CUIDE LEAFLET SERIES OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY MARY CYNTHIA DICKERSON, Editor
CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION Morris K. Jesup Collection of North American Trees. : : : 9 STRUCTURE AND LIFE OF A TREE Structure of one-year-old trunk 6 : ; ’ : : : 3 11 Growth of a tree in diameter and height : ; : F ; : 14 Heartwood and sapwood ; : : ; : , : ; ‘ 14 Quartered and common lumber : : : : ; ‘ é ; 18 The food of atree . : 3 : : : ; , 20 Forces that carry the sap from soot to feat : ; ; é : ; 23 Pith rays and silver grain F : : : 3 : 23 Forests, THE WEALTH AND THE NECESSITY OF A NON Economie situation regarding forests ; j ; : : : ; 26 Where the world gets its wood : ; 3 5 ; ‘ : 28 Problems accompanying the forestry pacaien Floods and drought, soil erosion and infertility, unnavigable rivers and harbors . ’ : 32 CONSERVATION OF EXISTING ForESTS National Forest Reserves ; : ‘ : , ; ; ; 35 Necessity for legislation and coéper aion : ; “ ; : : 35 Forestry in relation to investment values P ; : : : : 36 Some Forestry Mertxops General methods applicable anywhere. 5 : ‘ : ‘ ; 38 Cleaning and thinning Removing the harvest Grazingonforestlands Concerning forest fires “Selection method” : : : ; : ; ; ; ‘ : 43 “Strip’’ or “Patch” method . F : Spoke 3 5 : ; 44 Aim or Woop Lot or Forrest Soft woods in proximity to pulp mills. ; ; : : é : 44 Durable woods and market for posts ; : : : : ‘ 45 Durable woods and market for ties, poles, or pine : : ; : 45 Wood preservation, methods and results ; : : : f : 47 Hardwoods and cooperage : : F ‘ ; : : 52 Beech, maple and birch, and acid racrones ; : ‘ ; : ; 52 A timber forest and its vanced products . F : : : : : 52 Work or ForEsTATION Tree planting in the West ; : : : : : 5 : : 54 Experiments with Catalpa trees ; ; : ; : : é : 54 Where to plant trees : ‘ : 5 / : F . 5 56 White pine a profitable Frasier : 5 : é : : Sir Growth of trees from seeds, sprouts and autiings : ; ; é : 60 Tree and shrub transplanting : 64 PLANTING GUIDE. aes from the work of are mated Ginter Worest Service , é : 67 LAWN AND STREET DRESEL THEIR Se Seemiunt Soa ao AND (Chan : 82 AppenpDIx I. How to recognize some eastern broadleaf trees in winter . ; 86 AppeNpIx II. Key to some cone-bearing trees of eastern forests and parks . 100 INDEX . 5 5 3 ; 5 : ; 5 ; 5 : : , il or
PREFATORY NOTE The author expresses gratitude to all those who have extended courtesies during the preparation of this Leaflet. Especially are thanks due to the Honorable Gifford Pinchot, President of the National Conservation Association and to Professor J. H. Toumey, Director of the Yale Forest School, who as members of the Appointive Committee on Woods and Forestry of the American Museum read the Leafleé in proof and gave valuable suggestions; also to the United States Forest Service and Doubleday, Page and Company, who allowed the use of photographs for many of the half-tones. Primarily, of course, indebtedness is due to the Forest Service, since much of the subject matter concerning practical points has been compiled fromitswork.
Thepamphlethasbeenmadetocoverawidefieldinordernottolackinsuggestiveness along the various lines of interest of the Museum’s visitors; thus of necessity it touches many matters briefly. Again forestry is so rapid-growing a subject to-day that even a few months are likely to put out of date these briefly stated facts along certain practical lines. The latest information of markets and methods as well as of legislation on conservation at home and trade relations with foreign countries must always be sought in later publications, such as Government bulletins and the monthly periodical of the American Forestry Association. The chapter intended to help in the identification of trees in their winter condition, although covering trees represented by an armful of twigs which one might gather in the Eastern United States, is so incomplete that it has been given a subordinate place as an appendix. The line cuts for this chapter were made from freshly gathered material, under the supervision of the author, by Miss Alma Field of the Rhode Island School of Design, Providence.
AMERICANMuseumorNaturatHistory,September,1910.
NORTH | | | Lows | OAKS | | | f RAN - CONIFERS exIT Se m TO => EST 4A DARWIN HALL F wa AAPLES ] [ ASHES wac- | .
HOGANY CHERRY TUPELO i : | NUTS \ | { ) | ) ( A | ) | | J wie Hae | ty Ly a ce gee me DIAGRAM OF THE FORESTRY HALL, FIRST FLOOR, EAST FROM THE MAIN FOYER AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY TheForestryHallcontainstheJesupCollectionofWoodsrepresentativeofthefive hundredspeciesofNorthAmericantrees.Thesewoodsarearrangedinrelatedgroupsor families,thespecimensoflargemarketvalueholdingprominentplaceineachgroup