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$2 AMERICAN MUSEUM GUIDE LEAFLETS ARRANGEMENT, SELECTION AND CARE OF LAWN AND STREET TREES HEN planting trees about the home, arrangement and selection must be considered from other than the economic standpoint. For instance, instead of scattering trees over the lawn and grounds, it is better to mass them on two or three sides of the buildings as a frame for a picture, leaving open space centrally. In this, dense effects may be produced by filling in a lower story with shade-enduring trees or shrubs such as beech, sassafras, dogwood, witchhazel, tupelo, hornbeam and birch. Consider the view and plant no tall trees in position to obscure it. If the grounds are large, little mistake can be made if the picturesque effects of natural forestation are followed; that is, if a brook passes through the lawn droop willows over it, or if there is a small lake fill a point of land with them. If there is a rocky slope make it beautiful with hemlock and beech. Group birches so that they will be set off by a background of dark tree trunks or of evergreens (Fig. 54); plant the low ground-juniper in open stretches. Lombardy poplars add a conventional touch to the scene; locusts distract from the formal. An occasional isolated tree may be effective; oaks, elms, beeches, maples and many others make luxuriant growth when standing alone (Fig. 55). Add some evergreens in all artistic planting if only for the effect in winter. (Frontispiece. ) Plant many trees in cities. They not only give moisture and coolness to the air but also actually make it more fit to breathe by taking out its carbon dioxide and increasing its supply of oxygen (see Fig. 17, p. 20). Trees in congested city neighborhoods tend directly to diminish the summer death rate among children.
In planting along city streets the conventional row must be followed; but on country roads a more natural arrangement should prevail, groups of trees alternating with spaces left open for distant views. Mass tall sunloving trees with lower shade-enduring trees or with shrubs, and in places allow wild grape and shrubby bittersweet to add their artistic presence. Why conyentionalize country roadways? Conformity to the conventional must exist in most that greets our eyes — in city streets, in agricultural fields, in tree plantations. A country roadway may be orderly and yet have a natural arrangement of trees and shrubs, which will have the advantage also of making the place a more attractive rendezvous for our native birds.
83 DECORATIVE BIRCHES 54. FIG. at tts. Plant birches so th huse Massac ofothertreeorbyevergreens Jesup,Lenox, x ate of the late Morris I Ontheest KS ark trunl offbythedz set they are
S4 AMERICAN MUSEUM GUIDE LEAFLETS For street planting, deep-rooted trees, like sugar or Norway maple, liquidambar or tupelo are best. They suffer least from having their roots covered by the solid substance of walks and roadbeds. Choice should fall more often on oaks for city streets; they take longer to attain large size, but the result pays for the waiting. Silver maple is often used, but like the box elder is fragile in storms and is short-lived. Some of the best trees for broad thoroughfares in the eastern United States are American elm, tuliptree, tupelo or pepperidge, honey locust, sycamore, sugar maple and scarlet oak. Tupelo and scarlet oak in autumn are particularly attractive Lecause of their brilliant red foliage. Asiatic trees much used for streets and lawns are ginkgo, horsechestnut, ailanthus and the magnolias. They are worth the attention they receive, except the ailanthus, which, however, has the advantage of growing under extremely adverse conditions. Very often a sort of care can be given to shade and street trees impossible in the forest and under the conditions of economic forestry. They can be kept in good health, pruned, kept wholly free from insects, supplied with fertilizer and with the proper amount of water, and even artificially strengthened. In pruning, it is best to remove not only dead branches but also living ones to such an extent that there will be left space for the suitable development of those remaining. In removing a branch, cut close to the trunk so that the bark can grow over the wound quickly, preventing the commencement of a cavity through the decay of a stub. Cut through the bark below and at the sides first so that there will be no unnecessary stripping off of bark when the branch falls. _ If trees are artificially watered, avoid keeping the ground continually wet, but let it dry out between times. When roots are surrounded by water, oxygen cannot reach them, and if this condition continues, the trees die from their inability to breathe. A method has arisen in “tree surgery”’ by which hollow tree-trunks are filled with cement, all dead wood being first cut out and the cavity coated with antiseptic. There is no doubt that the process may lengthen the life of a tree tens or scores of years. Many great elms, the pride of Concord, Massachusetts, are interesting examples of such treatment.
FIG. 65. TULIP-TREE IN NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDENS 85 Many trees make luxuriant growth when standing alone. The largest tulip-trees known have measured 190 ft. in height and 10 ft. in diameter. This species cannot endure shade and in the forest prunes itself of side branches. Forestry Hall, Case A, 3
APPENDIX I.
HOW TO RECOGNIZE A FEW EASTERN BROADLEAF TREES IN WINTER.
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE ‘l'wIGs.
A. Twigs with alternate buds B. Twigs with dark bark.
C. More or less slender and flexible:................-..I pp. 86 to 91. GG. More or lessistout and/stifts ..... 2) ea eos Le pp Olutonass BB. Twigs with light bark.
C. More or less slender and flexible:........... ....-III pp. 93 to 95. CC. More or less stout and stiff: . Lee Rie IV pp. 95 to 97. AA. Twigs with opposite buds.
B. ‘With dark. bare? <)..% sft oa eit ae apie oe ee cD nO OnE BB... With light barks 1, cto pero eee ee en LD SOG mr Onaga I. Beech, Chestnut, Wild Cherry, Birch, Alder, Elm, Linden and Locust: Trees whose slender and flexible twigs have alternate buds and dark bark. The twigs of these trees resemble one another closely and are more difficult of recognition than all others. 1. Beech (Fagus americanaSweet). Beech twigs are known by their unusually long and slender, pointed buds which have many overlapping scales (Fig. 56). The twigs are smooth and reddish brown, and are bent at the points of attachment of the buds. ‘The tree is recognized also by the clean and smooth gray bark of the trunk.
2. Chestnut (Castanea dentata Borkh.). Chestnut twigs of recent growth have strong ridges extending downward from the leaf scars (Fig. 57). The rounded buds are light brown, have few scales and extend from the twig at an angle of somewhat less than 45°. The bark of the twigs and young shoots is smooth and shining. ‘The bark of the trunk is coarsely ridged lengthwise.
3. Wild Cherry or Black Cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.). The Wild Cherry has rigidlooking stems which are flexible when bent but . ae FIG. 66. BEECH TWIG which break when bent sharply. The small Known by itsslenderand scaly and pointed buds hug the stems closely. pointed brown buds