TREES AND FORESTRY FIG.72.GROWTHOFTHESMOOTHSUMACH Recognized in winter by means of its tapering twigs withtheirdeadends 95 IV. Butternut, Sumach, Poison Sumach, Ailanthus, Sassafras, Sweet Gum: Trees or shrubs with lightcolored,moreorlessstout and rigid twigs having alternate buds.
1. Butternut (Juglans cinerea 1..) can be known in winter by its long, yellowish brown naked buds (Figs. 68 and 69). The terminal bud is much larger than the lateral buds and shows outer reduced leaves which are woolly. The lateral buds are steamed, and have one or more smaller buds between them and the’r respective leaf sears. The leaf scars are large and contain three distinct U-shaped scars. Zach leaf has a downy ridge above it. The pith consists of transversechambers,between brown walls, easily seen when the twig is split lengthwise (Fig. 71). The butternut isa large tree with coarse light bark.
Black Walnut (Juglans nigra L.) resembles the butternut, but can be distinguished by the gray color
96 AMERICAN MUSEUM GUIDE LEAFLETS of the buds and by the absence of the downy ridge above the leaf scar (Fig. 70). 2. Scarlet orSmooth Sumach (/hus glabra L.) has light-colored, smooth stems which are straight and stiff, tapering to a more slender dead end (killed by the frost, or perhaps the remains of the fruit cluster). The buds are small and project from the centers of the leaf scars, being like those of locusts and buttonwoods in this respect.
Sumach of any variety can be recognized in winter by its spreading shape and curious tapering twigs with dead ends. The age of a sumach can be readily told at considerable distance by the curious method of branching from the one to four strongest buds (Fig. 72). The smooth sumach and the staghorn sumach (Rhus hirta Sudw.) carry pyramids of scarlet fruit throughout the winter, furnishing food for crows and other birds. The staghorn sumach can be distinguished from the smooth sumach by the dark velvet covering on its stems. 3. Poison Sumach (Rhus vernix L.). The grayish brown twigs of the poison sumach have extremely small buds above large reddish brown leaf scars that are conspicuously hollowed out. ‘This sumach grows in wet places and has hanging, loose clusters of white berries, which adhere through the winter. This is the most venomous poison among our woody plants.
Poison “Ivy” or Poison “Oak”? (Rhus toxicodendron LL.) is a sumach of vine habit, either climbing fence posts, trees and the like (Rhus radicans), or trailing over the ground in a dense carpet (/thus microcarpa).
4. Ailanthus or Tree of Heaven (Ai/anthus FIG. 73. 2 AILANTHUS, OR TREE Glandulosa Desf.). The coarse and sturdy- OF HEAVEN . ; ee -ianth ; Rie 73) ing 2 ef 5 Beh cecoull area Large heart-shaped leaf looking put prittle ailanthus twigs (Fig. i scars; buds small, two-scaled have very light bark and conspicuous white
TREES AND FORESTRY 97 lenticels; the alternate leaf scars are large, more or less heart-shaped, and show many small scars where woody fibres broke away. The buds are small, two-scaled. ‘The pith in the twigs is brown and extensive. 5. Sassafras (Sassafras sassafras Karst.). The yellowish green, rigidlooking twigs are arranged in bushy sprays. They are brittle and when broken give off an aromatic odor. The term’nal buds, which include leaves and flowers, are prominent throughout the winter. 6. Sweet Gum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.). The young twigs are yellowish in color; the buds are reddish brown and glossy. If the twigs , Flower cluster Scar show the blade-like ridges of bark characteristic of sweet gum, the matter of the tree’s . identity is settled at f { Lt yp Leaf Sear Bud Scale once.
V. Horsechestnut and Maples: Trees with dark-colored twigs and S = opposite buds. Scars 1. Horsechestnut (sculus hippocasta- ‘ num L.). The dark \ twigs are coarse and G rowth stout, with prominent - 0 ome opposite leaf scars (Fig. year 74). The large brown and scaly terminal buds are covered with a gummy substance. The old bark of the tree breaks away in sinooth, square A FIG. 74. HORSECHESTNUT TWIG pieces.
2. Red Maple (Acer rubrum L.). Branches, leaf scars, and buds are opposite (Figs. 75 and 76). Spherical flower buds, red in color, may be clustered around the stem adjacent to the leaf buds. Young twigs are red;
QS AMERICAN MUSEUM GUIDE LEAFLETS IK FIG.75.LEAFBUDSOFRED MAPLE FIG.76.FLOWERBUDSOFREDMAPLE Twigs of latest growth are red; older twigs are Branches, buds, and leaf sears are opposite brown older ones, brown. The twigs are often curved like the pendulous twigs of the Silver Maple (Acer saccharinum L.). The old bark is smooth and gray, sometimes cracked lengthwise. 3. Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) has sharp-pointed and scaly brown buds. ‘The old bark is broken into long fissures, having a “ploughed” appearance.
VI. White Ash, Elderberry, ete.: Trees or shrubs having light-colored twigs and opposite buds.
1. White Ash (Fraxinus americana L.). Twigs with light-colored smooth bark; branches, leaf-scars and buds opposite (Fig. 77). The ter-
TREES AND FORESTRY minal bud (rusty in color) is largest and has but few scales. The stems are flattened at the joints. The old bark is furrowed into diamond-shaped spaces.
Red Ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) can be distinguished by the down on the new shoots. The twigs are relatively slender and are more branched than those of white ash. The buds are dark-colored. Black Ash (Fraxinus nigra Marsh.) twigs are not conspicuously flattened at the joints, they have greenish bark; the buds are black in color. The tree grows in wet places. 2. American Elder or Elderberry (Sambucus canadensis L.). The opposite buds are small and nearly naked. The twigs are tapering and dead at the tips (compare with sumach, p. 95). The branching is opposite from lateral buds. The American elder seldom reaches a_height greater than twelve feet.
QQ FIG.77.WHITEASHTWIG Oppositeleafscarsand buds. Twig flattened at the joints
APPENDIX II KEY TO SOME OF THE CONE-BEARING TREES OF EASTERN FORESTS AND PARKS A. leaves not on the tree through the winter...............:0.++---+se8 Larch (LarixamericanaMichx.)
AA. Leaves on the tree and green through the winter. B. Leaves in bundles.
C.. Leaves five in’a bundletiiccc. aces crepe acre oak ee neces OWE GE CC. Leaves fewer than five in bundle. (Pinus strobus 1.) D. DGeaves threevin bundle. 5.24.00 4; cee Ose ee ee Pitch Pine (PinusrigidaMill.)
DD. Leaves two in bundle.
E. Leaves 4-6 inches long.
IF. Leaves flexible from long conspicuous sheathes. Red Pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) FF. Leaves very stiff............ air . Austrian Pine Panne aca var. ? aairaion Wndl.) EXE. Leaves less than two inches long. I. Cones point outward and downward...... Scotch Pine (Pinus sylvestris LL.)
HE: Cones: point upwardicn .4..-sess oon ee Scrub Pine (PinusbanksianaLamb) BB. Leaves single in attachment to twig. C. Leaves attached alternately all around twig. D. Leaves extending in all directions from twig. FE. Leaves four sided, sharp pointed. F. Leaves bluish green; cones 4 to es in. long, persistent for many years. in..02 4.00 erdnse ss . Black Spruce ‘(Pix mariana B.S. & P.)
I'l’. Leaves yellowish green; cones 1 to 2 in. long, beginning to fall as soon as the scales open............ Red Spruce (PicearubensSarg.)
EE. Leaves flat, blunt.............Fir Balsam (young branch) (AbiesbalsameaMill.)
DD. Leaves spreading at sides of twig in two ranks. BH. Leaves along top of twig minute............. Hemlock (TsugacanadensisCarr.)
EE. Leaves along top of twig not reduced in size. Fir Balsam (old branch) (Abies balsamea Mill.) CC. Leaves attached opposite each other or in whorls closely covering the twig.
D. Spray flat.
E. Cones opening to the base at maturity; scales thin, Arborvite (Thuya occidentalis L.) EE. Cones never opening to the base; scales thick and beaked. White Cedar ewig to thyoides Britt.) DD. Spray 4-angled......... ee Peere tie chaps . Red Cedar " antner us virginiana L.)
100
INDEX Pagenumbersofillustrationsaresetinheavyfacetype Abies(Seefir) Acer(Seemaple) Acidfactories52,54 Zsculus hippocastanum LL.
(horsechestnut) 84, 97 Agriculturalimplements68,73,74,77 Agriculture, Sec’y of, James R. Wilson 42 Ailanthus(AilanthusglandulosaDesf.)84, 95, 96, 97 Alder,86,90,91 common or smooth (Alnus rugosa Spreng.)86,90,91 speckled(AlnusincanaWilld.)91 Alnus(Seealder) Appalachianregion,deforestationin32 Arborvitae (Thuya occidentalis L.) 28, 45, 100 Ash,26,38,52 black(FraxinusnigraMarsh.)18,99 green (Fraxinus lanceoluta) 68 red (Frazinus pennsylvanica Marsh.)
99 white(FrazrinusamericanaL.)14,52, 68,77,98,99 Asiminatriloba(papaw)8 Aspen, American (Populus tremuloides Michx.)44,94;large-toothed(Populus grandidentata Michx.)
94 Ballplanting65,66 Balsam(AbiesbalsameaMill.)28,44,100 Basketry 63, 74 Basswood (Tilia americana L.) 9, 44, 63, 69,86,89,90 Bast11,13,19,21,23 Beech(Fagusamericana)43,5261,82,86 Betula(Seebirch) Birch16,20,21,52,54,82,86 American gray (Betula populifolia Marsh.)37,87,88,90 black,(BetulalentaL.)88 canoe,paperorwhite(BetulapapyriferaMarsh)83,87,88 yellow(BetulaluteaMichx.)88,89 Blightonchestnut(Diaportheparasitica)37 Borers,marine47,48 Box-boards44,57,59,72,79 Boxelder(Acernegundo)57,64,69,84 Boxwood10,37,66,82 Brushmethodofwoodpreservation47,48 Burl18,20 Butternut(JuglanscinereaL.)93,94,95 Buttonwood(PlatanusoccidentalisL.)32, 84,92,93,94 Cabinetwork49,70,71,72,77,81 Cambium11,13,14,19,20,21,63 Carolina poplar (cottonwood) (Populus deltoidea Marsh.)
57, 62, 72 CastaneadentataBorkh.(chestnut)16,32, 37,45,63,64,71,86,87 Catalpa44,45,63,67 hardy(Catalpaspeciosa)54,55,57,64, 70 Cedar 24, 45 incense (Libocedrus decurrens Torr.)
25 red (Juniperus virginiana L.) 45, 60, 70,87,100 white(ChamecyparisthyoidesBritt.) 100 Celtis occidentalis (hackberry) 73 Chamecyparis thyoides Britt. (See white cedar) Charcoal52,54,76,81 Cherry,black(PrunusserotinaEhrh.)52,71, 86, 87 Chestnut(CastaneadentataBorkh.)16,32. 37,45,63,64,71,86,87 Christmas trees 54 Coffeetree (Gymnocladus dioicus) 72 Conservation 28, 32, 35, 37, 39, 42, 44, 50, 52 Cooperage52,71,73,74,76,77,79,80,81 CornusfloridaL.(floweringdogwood)10, 37,66,82 Cottonwood (Carolina poplar) (Populus deltoidea) 57, 62, 72 Creosoteaswoodpreservative47,48 Croton watershed 28 Cutting,methodsof16-18,38,40,43,44 wastein17,39 Cuttings 62, 63 Cypress (Taxodium distichum Rich.) 24, 45, 56 Distillation, wood for 52 Dogwood, flowering (Cornus florida I.) 10,37,66,82 Douglasfirorspruce(Pseudotsugataxifolia Britt.)16,24,47 Drainage of swamps 56 Elder(SambucuscanadensisL.)66,98,99 Elm,Americanorwhite(Ulmusamericana Ii.) (9; 14, 26, 32; 38, 52, 60; 64, 69, 73,82,84,86,89 slippery(UlmusfulvaMichx.)73,89 Erosion 27, 28, 31, 32, 33, 56, 57, 58, 62 Eucalyptus(bluegum)63,67 Evergreens,artisticplantingof82 ballplantingof65,66 101
102 Excelsior 54, 75 Exports,netwood26 FagusamericanaSweet(beech)43,52,61, 82, 86 Farms, abandoned 59, 79 onsteephillsides31,32 Firbalsam(AbiesbalsameaMill.)28,44,100 Douglas (Pseudotsuga Britt.) 16,24,47 red(AbiesmagnificaMurr.)25 white(AbieslasiocarpaNutt.)42 Fire lanes 42 Fires,forest36,39,40,41,42,43,67 Floods28,30,32,33 Flowers,wax8,9,10,12,13,49 Foodoftrees19,20 Forest,aimof44-54 asaninvestment36,38,59 fires (See fires) hardwood 24 legislation 35 mixed 43 planting in 54 Rangers 42 RegionsoftheUnitedStates24,26 Reserves, National 26, 29, 34, 35, 37, 39,41,43,57,59,61 Service,UnitedStates42,47,62,67 taxation36,67 telephones 42 variedproductsof(Seeproducts) Forestation54,57,62,67-81 Forester,workofthe50,52,67 Forestry laws 40-43 methods36,37,38,44,54 Forests,conservationofexisting28,32,35, 37,42,44,50,52 destructionof26,28,30,31,32,36,39, 40,41,42,43,67 Fraxinus (See ash) Fuel 50, 52, 64, 68, 70, 72, 74, 75, 76, 79, 80, SL Fungi37,47,54,64,65 Furniture68,69,72,73,75,76,81 Ginko 84 Gleditsia triacanthos (honey locust) 45, 75, 84 Governors’ Conference 35 Grafting 11, 12 Grainoflumber,silver21,22,23 Grazing on forestlands 40 Gum,black(Nyssasylvatica)82,84 blue (Eucalyptus globulus) 63, 67 sweet(LiquidambarstyracifluaL.)9, 95, 97 Gumpicking51,54 Gymnocladus dioicus (coffeetree) 72 Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) 73 Heartwood13,14,20,21,45 Hedges64,75,78 Hemlock(TsugacanadensisCarr.)24,28, 43,45,82,100 Hickory32,38,44,52,91 taxifolia AMERICAN MUSEUM GUIDE LEAFLETS mockernutorwhite(HicoriaalbaBritt.) 90, 91 pignut shagbark (Hicoria ovata Hicoria(Seehickory) Hornbeam(OstryavirginianaMill.)16,37, 82 Horsechestnut (4@sculus hippocastanum L.)
84, 97 Humus 32, 40 Industries, forest maplesugar51,54 pulp44,52,69,80 turpentine 53, 54 Insects14,38,39,40,47,54,64,84 Insuranceofforestagainstfire42 Interiorfinish68,69,71,75,77,80,SL Irrigation ditches 62 projectinNevada36 questions 28 JesupCollection9,67-81 EstateLenox,Mass.2,54,83 Morris K., 9, 67 JuglanscinerealL.(Seebutternut) (See black walnut) JuniperusvirginianaL.(Seeredcedar) Larch(LarixamericanaMichx.)16,28,100 European(Larixeuropwa)74 Leafmould28,32 Legislation concerning forests 35 Torr.
(incense cedar) Britt.) 91 Britt.)74,91 (Hicoria glabra nigra Libocedrus decurrens 95 <0 Linden (Tilia americana L.) 9, 44, 60, 62, 86,89,90 Liquidambar styraciflua (See sweet gum) Liriodendron tulipifera (See tulip-tree) Locust,blackorcommon(Robiniapseudacacia)16,45,60,63,64,75,82,86,91 honey (Gleditsia triacanthos) 45, 75, 84 Lumber69,78,79 grading of 52 quartered16,17,21,52 radial16,17,21,22,23,26 tangential17,18,21,22,26 Magnolias 9, 84 Maple16,26,43,52,61,64,82,97 bird'seye17,18 hard, 18, 38 Norway (Acer platanoides) 82 red(AcerrubrumL.)37,97,98 silver(AcersaccharinumL.)75,84,98 soft60,63 sugar(AcersaccharumMarsh.)61,52, 54, 76, 82, 84, 98 Mockernut(HicoriaalbaBritt.)90,91 Models,wax8,9,10,12,13,49 Morusalbatatarica(SeeRussianmulberry) Mulberry 16, 45 Russian(Morusalbatatarica)63,64,76 NationalForestReserves26,29,34,35,37, 39,41,43,57,59,GL