PLETHODONTIN A. 51 against body; fingers and toes moderate, cylindrical-depressed ; carpal and tarsal tubercles indistinct. Tail shorter than head and body, subcylindrical at the base, becoming strongly compressed at the end, which is obtuse. Skin shining, minutely pitted; no parotoids; a strong gular fold; fourteen costal grooves, extending across the body. Brownish black, a little paler beneath, sometimes with greyish lichen-like spots on the sides. Total length .............. 111 millim. From snout to cloaca ....... 59 ,, Heads se ws cine eerie atiaules 103, Width of head ............ % ,, ae MIMD stew ea eae ya 14. —C,, ind limb ............... 16a, WaTesaesniecereireteaceratyonehcg’s52.—COs, United States—Austro-riparian and Eastern districts, west of the Alleghanies.
a-e. Q. 8. Illinois. Smithsonian Institution [P.]. (As Amblystoma jeffersonianum.
d,e. &. N. America.
Axolotes maculata, Owen, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1844, xiv. p. 23; Gray, Cat. p. 50.
This larva I am not able to refer to any of the known species. a. Mexico. Prof. R. Owen [P.].
Subfam. C. PLETHODONTINZ.
Plethodontide, part., Gray, Cat. Batr. Grad. Plethodontide, Baltioglonide, Hemidactylide, Hallow. Journ, Ac. Philad. (2) iti. 1858.
Spelerpinez, Cope, Proc, Ac. Philud. 1859. Plethedentiaes Cope, Journ. Ac. Philad, (2) vi. 1866, and Proc. Ac. Philad, 1869.
Salamandrida Lechriodonta, part., Strauch, Rev. d. Salam., in Mém. Ae, St. Pétersb. (7) xvi. no. 4.
Synopsis of the Genera.
I. Tongue attached along the median line to the anterior margin. Maxillary and mandibular teeth very large, few in number, com- PLOSSEd: oss Wek saint due ede we 14, Anaides, p. 52. Teeth normal ; toes five.............. 15. Plethodon, p. 53. Toes fOUr sec vedios ber adit ane 16. Batrachoseps, p. 58. II. Tongue free all round, attached by its central pedicel only. Toes fiveis cata ree eM Caries eae es 17. Spelerpes, p. 60. Toes FOUT eves bs si sew eee wee eels 18, Manculus, p. 75. EQ
52 SALAMANDRIDZ.
14. ANAIDES.
Anaides, Baird, Iconogr. Encyclop. ii. 1849, p. 256; Cope, Proe. Ae. Philad. 1869, p. 109; Strauch, Salam. p. 74.
Tongue large, attached along the median line, the sides extensively free. Palatine tecth in a chevron-shaped series behind the choane; parasphenoid teeth in an elongate patch. Maxillary and mandibular teeth few in number, compressed, knife-shaped. Toes five. Tail cylindrical.
Western North America.
1, Anaides lugubris.
Taricha ? lugubris, Gray, Cat. p. 26.
Ambystoma punctulatum, 7d. bid. p. 37.
Salamandra lugubris, Hallow. Journ. Ac. Philad. 1848, p. 126. Anaides lugubris, Baird, Iconogr. Encycl. ii. 1849, p. 256; Batrd & Gir, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1853, p. 302; Baird, U.S. Explor. Exped., Herp. pl. i. £. 26-83, and Rep. U.S. Expl, Surv. xiii. part iv. pl. 80. £.4; Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1869, p. 109; Strauch, Salam. p.75.
Palatine teeth in two short series obliquely converging and meeting behind, not extending outwards beyond the choane; parasphenoid teeth in an elongate patch, narrowed anteriorly. 10 to 12 tee:h in the upper jaw, 6 to10 in the mandible. Head oval, longer than broad, greatest width at temporal regions; snout narrowed, truncate; eyes very large, prominent; interorbital space narrow; maxillary outline strongly recurved posteriorly, much like what is seen in the Crocodites. Body somewhat depressed, measuring twice and a half to twice and a third the distance from tip of snout to gular .fold. Limbs moderate, meeting when adpressed against the body; fingers and toes free, dilated at the tips, inner short but well developed ; no carpal or tarsal tubercles. Tail about as long as head and body, cylindrical, slightly compressed towards the end. Anal opening longitudinal, the borders not swollen. Skin smooth ; no parotoids ; a strong gular fold; thirteen costal grooves. Dark brown or leadcoloured above, yellowish white beneath; sides and limbs with scattered whitish dots.
Total length .................0. 154 millim.
From snout to cloaca .......... 76 (Ca, Head: a. wesncewctwaray Berens Le x Width of head ................ 15. ,, Fore lim: sccewissrisweawamars en 22.—C«, ind Dib sa cses eesgacetnncaiers rs 25 (x, Tail, \camareineuiieacncie soins inne) TBS Sy Pacific Region of North America.
a i
14. anampes.—-15, PLETHODON. 53 a-b, c-d. Adult, her., & yg. California. e. Adult. Farallone Islands. Hr. Gruber. Jf. Her. Monterey. (Type of- Ambystomapunctulatum.)
g. Skeleton. California.
2, Anaides ferreus.
Anaides ferreus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1869, p. 109. Smaller and more slender than the last. The parasphenoid patch does not extend quite forwards to the middle of the orbits, and is much flatter and wider anteriorly than in A. lugubris. Body slender, cylindric. Limbs, and especially digits, slender ; adpressed to the side they fail to meet by the length of the fingers; thumb not distinct. Fourteen costal grooves. Sides and nape greenish grey ; top of head und dorsal region behind in the form of a serrate band, with the tail black; below yellowish brown, unspotted. Total length 90 millim.
Oregon.
15. PLETHODON.
Plethodon, Tschudi, Batr. p. 92; Baird, Jown, Ac. Philad. (2) i. p. 282; Gray, Cat. p. 38; Dum. § Bibr. ix. p. 82; Cope, Proc. vic, Philad. 1869, p99; Strauch, Salam. p. 69. Sauropsis, Fitzing. Syst. Rept. i. 4 33. Cylindrosoma, part., Dum. & Bibr. p. 76. Ensatina, Gray, Cat. p. 76.
sek es Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1856, p. 140; Strauch, Salam. .
76, Sisronchilas, Cope, l. ce. p. 100. Urotropis, Espada, An. Soc. Esp. iv. p. 70. Tongue large, attached along the median line, extensively free laterally and more or less behind. Palatine teeth in two more or less distinctly arched series behind the choane; parasphenoidal - teeth in two elongate patches. Toes five. Tail subcylindrical or compressed.
North America; (one species in the valley of the Rio de la Plata ?). Synopsis of the Species.
I. Parasphenoid patches well separated ; tongue free inits posterior half.
11 costal grooves; the length of the parasphenoid patches equals the distance from their anterior border to the intermaxillary teeth; uniform brown. 1. oregonensis, p. 54. 11 costal grooves; the length of the parasphenoid patches equals about the distance from their anterior border to the choane; brown above, with yellow spots ........ eee ee serene 2. platensis, p. 55.
54 SALAMANDRIDA.
18 costal grooves ; black; with red-orange spots above; bright red-orange below. 3. croceater, p. 55. II. Parasphenoid patches in contact throughout; tongue, posterior borderfree.
13 costal grooves; palatine series very oblique, not extending outwards beyond choane; habit moderate; black, with large yellowish spots.......... 4, flavipunctatus, p. 55. 14 costal grooves ; palatine series slightly oblique, extending outwards beyond choanz; habit moderate: black with small greyish spots................ 5. glutinosus, p. 56. 13 costal grooves; palatine series not extending outwards beyond choane; body elongate, limbs weak; a broad reddish-brown dorsal band.......... 6. intermedius, p. 57. 16-18 costal grooves ; palatine series not extending outwards beyond choane; body much elongate, limbs very weak ; generally a reddish-brown dorsal band . 7. erythronotus, p. 57. 1. Plethodon oregonensis.
Ensatina eschscholtzii, Gray, Cat. p. 48 (nee Triton ensatus, Eschsch.).
Heredia oregonensis, Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1856, p. 235, and U.S. Explor. Exped., Herp. pl. i. £. 18-25; Strauch, Salam. p. 76, Plethodon ensatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1867, p. 167. oregonensis, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1869, p. 100. Palatine teeth in two strongly curved series, meeting at a right angle backwards, extending outwards a good deal beyond choane ; parasphenoid teeth in two elongate patches diverging .backwards, well separated from each other posteriorly, and from palatine teeth series ; the length of the parasphenoid patches equals the distance from their anterior border to the intermaxillary teeth. Tongue very large; suboval, attached narrowly along the anterior half of the median line. Head moderate, convex, longer than broad, greatest width at angles of jaws; snout rounded, projecting a little beyond lower jaw ; margin of lower jaw slightly projecting below the eyes; latter very large, prominent. Body cylindrical, short, measuring only twice or twice and one third the distance from tip of snout to gular fold. Limbs well developed; when laid against the body, the fingers and toes intercross; fingers and toes moderate, obtuse, free, inner very short; no carpal or tarsal tubercles. Tail cylindrical at the base, slightly compressed at ‘the end, a little shorter than head and body. Skin smooth, shinizig ; no parotoids ; a strong, arched gular fold, meeting a rectilinear groove from the eye oe costal grooves. Uniform reddish brown, lighter . beneath,
15. PLETHODON. 55 Total length .. ......-...00005 127 millim.
From snout to cloaca .......... 67 ,, MV OAC tase tee alas Gees wicke SS os 156, Width of head ................ 124 ,, Fore limb .................0.0. 21 «,, Hid limb ». 5. ceca cece eeseee es 24. (C«,, Wall, ase fyscates aca ey aay eiataes eee es 60 4, Oregon ; California.
a-c. 9& yg. Monterey. (Types of Ensatina eschscholtz. ) 2. Plethodon platensis.
Urotropis platensis, Espada, An. Soc. Esp. iv. p. 71, pl. 1. General characters as in P. oregonensis, but the tongue smaller, the parasphenoid patches shorter, and the inner fingers and toes longer. Dark brown above, with irregular yellow spots ; lower surfaces of a dirty carneous tint.
Rio de la Plata (?)
3. Plethodon croceater.
Plethodon croceater, Cope, Proc. Ae. Philad. 1867, p. 210, & 1869, p. 100; Strauch, Salam. p. 70. j Dentition and tongue as in P. oregonensis. Head very broad; snout truncate, projecting considerably beyond lower jaw; margin of lower jaw projecting beyond upper below the eyes. Body and limbs as in P. oregonensis. Tail a little longer than head and body. Skin very smooth; thirteen costal grooves. Colour pitchy black, fading into bright red-orange below ; limbs orange, with a blackish cross band below the knee; a large red-orange spot on each parotoid region, and four smaller irregular similar spots on the body to base of tail, on each side of and near the vertebral line ; a pair of orange spots at base of tail and a distant series on the upper face of the tail. Total length 125 millim.
Fort Tejon, California.
4, Plethodon flavipunctatus.
Plethodon flavipunctatus, Strauch, Salam. p. 71. Palatine teeth in two very oblique series converging backwards, separated from each other by a slight interspace, not extending outwards beyond choane ; parasphenoid teeth in two elongate patches in contact throughout, widely separated from the palatine teeth. Tongue very large, posterior border free. Head rather long, with a median longitudinal groove. Body cylindrical. Limbs as in P. glutinosus, but the fingers more slender and more pointed. Tail
56 SALAMANDRIDA.
cylindrical, a little shorter than head and body. Skin smooth ; thirteen costal grooves. Black, with large irregular yellowish spots, more numerous on the sides and on the upper part of the tail, smaller on the throat and belly, absent on the upper surface of the head and the lower surface of the tail. Total length 117 millim. California.
5. Plethodon glutinosus.
Plethodon glutinosum, Gray, Cat. p. 39.
Salamandra glutinosa, Green, Journ. Ac. Philad, i. p. 857; Holbr. N. Amer. Herp. v. p. 39, pl. 10; Dekay, N.Y. Faun., Rept. p. 81, 1.17. £42.
euo variolata, Gilliams, Journ. Ac, Philad. i. p. 460. cylindracea, Harlan, Journ. Ac. Philad. v. p. 156. Plethodon glutinosus, Tschudi, Batr. p. 92; Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. _ 1869, p. 100; Strauch, Salam. p. 70.
Triton porphyriticus, Dekay, N.Y. Faun., Rept. p. 83, pl, 16. f. 37. Cylindrosoma glutinosum, Dum. & Bibr. p. 80.
Series of palatine teeth slightly curved, converging backwards at a very open angle, separated from each other by a wide interspace, extending outside of choane; parasphenoid teeth in two elongate patches in contact throughout, widely separated from the palatine teeth; the length of the parasphenoid patches equals the distance from their anterior bordcr to the tip of the snout, or the distance between the outer extremities of the palatine series. Tongue large, free in the posterior fourth of its extent. Head rather small, depressed, longer than broad ; greatest width at angles of jaws; snout rounded ; eyes large, prominent. Body cylindrical, elongate, thrice to thrice and two thirds the distance from stout to gular fold. Limbs moderate, not meeting when adpressed against the body ; fingers and toes short, the tips slightly swollen; no carpal or tarsal tubercles.. Tail cylindrical, about the length of head and body. Anal opening longitudinal, the borders not swollen. Skin shining, closely pitted ; parotoids indistinct; a strong gular fold; a more or less distinct rectilinear groove from eye to latter ; fourteen costal grooves. Black ; generally with small greyish blotches, larger and sometimes confluent on the flanks.
3. .
Total length .............. 129 re millim.
From snout to cloaca........ 65 73, Head acai. t Acai tetas 12 #13 ~=C&««, Width of head ............ 104 11s, Fore limb .... .......... 16 17 ,, Hind limb ................ 1 19° a, PLANE. \ saci a ackanien gdgsanciaee wey ean 64 65, United States—Hastern and Austro-riparian districts. a-b. 2. Ohio.
ad. Pennsylvania. J. Green, Esq. [P.}.
d-e. 3? S, Carolina,
15. PLETHODON. 57 F-h. 8 & her. N. America. Edw. Doubleday, Esq. [P.]. a 9. N. America.
ko. N. America. Prof. St. George Mivart [P.]. 6. Plethodon intermedius.
Plethodon intermedius (Baird), Cope, Proe, Ac. Philad. 1867, p. 209, & 1869, p. 100; Strauch, Salam. p. 72.
Palatine teeth in two oblique series converging backwards, separated from each other by a wide interspace, not extending outwards beyond choane; parasphenoid teeth in two elongate patches in contact throughout, widely separated from the palatine tecth; the length of the parasphenoid patches equals the distance from their anterior border to the tip of the snout. Tongue large, posterior border free. Head small, longer than broad; snout rounded; eyes large, prominent. Body cylindrical, elongate, about thrice and a half the distance from snout to gular fold. Limbs short ; fingers and toes short, obtuse, free, inner rudimental ; no carpal or tarsal tubercles. Tail compressed, about the length of head and body. Skin smooth ; parotoids indistinct; a distinct gular fold; thirteen costal grooves. Colour as in P. erythronotus.
Total length.............. 81 millim.
From snout to cloaca ...... 40 ,, Head ...... ST eicgnh ah ge ES 8, Width of head ............ 6, Fore limb................ + 4, Hind limb .............. ll, Tail eiscaie 20 ad paedbiag ee a8 41 ,, Vancouver’s Island; British Columbia.
a-b, 9 & yg. Fraser’s River. HLM.S. ‘ Plumper,’ 7. Plethodon erythronotus.
Ambystoma erythronotum, Gray, Cat. p. 37.
Salamandra erythronota, Green, Journ. Ac. Philad. i. p, 356; Holbr, N. Amer, Herp. v. p. 48, pl. 11; Dekay, N.Y. Faun., Rept. p. 75, pl. 16. £.88; Wied, Nova Acta Leop.- Carol. xxxii. p. 126. —— cinerea, Green, l.c.
Plethodon cinereus, Tschudi, Batr. p. 92.
—— erythronotus, Baird, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) i. p. 285; Dum. § Bibr. p. 86; Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1869, p. 100; Strauch, Salam. p.72.
Palatine teeth in two oblique series, converging backwards, separated from each other by a wide interspace, not extending outwards beyond choane ; parasphenoid teeth in two elongate patches in contact throughout, widely separated from the palatine teeth; the length of the parasphenoid patches is more than the distance from their anterior border to the tip of the snout, or equals the dis-
58 SALAMANDRID.A.
tance between the anterior corners of eyes. Tongue large, free in the posterior half of its extent. Habit very slender. Head very small, longer than broad ; snout rounded ; eyes rather large. Body cylindrical, much elongate, four to five times the distance from snout to gular fold. Limbs very weak; fingers and toes very short, latter webbed at the base, with slightly swollen tips, inner rudimental; no carpal or tarsal tubercles. Tail generally about as long as head and body, cylindrical, Anal opening longitudinal, the borders not swollen. Skin smooth; parotoids indistinct ; a distinct gular fold; sixteen to eighteen costal grooves. Greyish or brownish above, with or without a broad reddish-brown, black-edged longitudinal band ; belly greyish, speckled with brown. 3. ; Total length............ 82 ob nillim. From snout to cloaca .... 48 46, Head), asquwwe vase vere 7 2, Width of head.......... 6 6 yy Fore limb.............. 8 8 oy Hind limb ............ 10 94 MDa, pcrcvapesiueidinnse Souder 39 49, East of the United States ; Canada. a,b. 3g. New York.
e-e. dQ. Ohio.
fA 32. N. America, Edw. Doubleday, Esq. [P.]. k-l,m-p. $9. N. America. T. Bell, Esq. [P.]. q-8, t-2. 3,9, & yg. N. America. y-2. 2. N. America. — Prof. St. George Mivart [P.]. 16. BATRACHOSEPS.
Hemidactylium, Tschudi, Batr. p. 94; Gray, Cat. p. 41; Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1869, p. 99; Strauch, Salam. p. 75. Batrachoseps, Bonap. Faun, Ital.; Gray, 1, c.p.42; Cope, 1. ¢. p. 98; Strauch, 1. ¢. p. 84.
Desmodactylus, Dum. & Bibr. ix. p. 117. Tongue oval, attached along the median line, more or less free behind. Palatine teeth in a chevron-shaped series behind the choane ; parasphenoid teeth in two elongate patches. Toes four. North America.
Synopsis of the Species.
13 costal grooves; belly yellowish, black- BPOUEEM!
<, Secceld andioraun nuntastrahiaral sofeincadesons 1.
scutatus, p.
59.
18 costal grooves; belly uniform yellowish 2. pacificus, p. 59. 20 costal grooves; belly black ........ 3. nigriventris, p. 60. 20 costal grooves ; fore limb not reaching angle of mouth; belly brown........ 4. attenuatus, p. 60.