CATALOGUE OF BATRACHIA CAUDATA ann APODA.
BATRACHIA.
Order II. CAUDATA.
In the perfect state, four (or two) limbs and a tail. Synopsis of the Families and Subfamilies. Fam. 1. Salamandridw (p. 2). No gills in the perfect state; maxillaries present; both jaws toothed; eyelids developed. Subfam. A. SatamanpRinz (p. 2). Palatine teeth in two longitudinal series, diverging behind, inserted on the inner margin of two palatine processes, which are much prolonged posteriorly ; parasphenoid toothless ; vertebree opisthoccelian. Subfam. B. Ampiystomatinz (p. 31). Series of palatine teeth transverse or posteriorly converging, inserted on the hinder margin or posterior portion of the vomers; parasphenoid toothless; vertebree amphiccelian.
Subfam. C. Prurnopontiw# (p. 51). Series of palatine teeth transverse, on posterior portion of vomers; dentigerous plates on parasphenoid ; vertebrae amphiccelian. Subfam. D. DzsmoanarHina (p. 76). Series of palatine teeth transverse, on posterior portion of vomers; dentigerous plates on parasphenoid; vertebra opisthoccelian. B 7 me
2 SALAMANDRIDZE.
Fam. 2. Amphiumide (p. 80). No gills in the perfect state; maxillaries present; both jaws toothed; vertebrae amphiceelian ; no eyelids.
Fam. 3. Proteide (p. 83). External gills persistent throughout life; maxillaries absent; intermaxillaries and mandible toothed ; vertebre amphiccelian ; no eyelids. Fam. 4. Sirenide (p. 86). External gills persistent throughout life; maxillaries absent; intermaxillaries and mandible toothless ; vertebrae amphiccelian ; no eyelids. Fam. 1. SALAMANDRIDZ.
Salamandride, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825.
Salamandrina, J'schudi, Classif. d. Batr. Atrétodéres, part., Dum. § Bibr. Erp. Gén. ix. Salamandrida, Strauch, Rev. d. Salam., in Mém. Ac. St. Pétersd. (7) xvi. no. 4.
Subfam. A. SALAMANDRINAL.
Salamandride, Gray, Cat. Batr. Grad.
Salamandride, Seiranotidee, Pleurodelide, Tritonide, Hallow. Journ. Ac, Philad. (2) iii. 1858.
Seiranotide, Pleurodelide, Salamandride, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1858.
Salamandrinz, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859. Salamandridx, Pleurodelide, Cope, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) vi. 1866. Salamandrida mecodonta, Strauch, J. c.
eae of the Genera.
I. Maxillary and pt rygoid separate; latter not reaching quadrate.
No fronto-squamosal oe tongue adherent or slightly free behind ; tail rounded ; toes five ............ 1. Salamandra, p. 3. No fronto-squamosal arch; tongue, posterior half free; toes five. 2. Chioglossa, p. 5.
Fronto-squamosal arch present*, ligamentous or bony; tail compressed; toes five ........00.2 000 3. Molge, p. 6. Fronto-squamosal arch bony; toes four.. 4. Salamandrina, p. 28. II. Maxillary reaching quadrate ; pterygoid applied to maxillary. Fronto-squamosal arch bony .......... 5. Tylototriton, p. 29. III. Pterygoid united broadly with maxillary. Fronto-squamosal arch ligamentous posteriorly; tongue, anterior border free 6... ke eee ee eee eens 6. Pachytriton, p. 30. * Except in Molge cristata.
1. SALAMANDRA. 3 1. SALAMANDRA.
Salamandra, Laur. Syn, Rept. p. 41; Tschudi, Batr. p. 91; Gray Cat. p.16; Dum. & Bibr. ix. p. 49; Strauch, Salam. p. 28. Exaeretus, Waga, Rev, Mag. Zool. (8) iv. 1876, p. 826. Tongue rather large, suboval, free on the sides and slightly behind. Palatine teeth in two curved series. No fronto-squamosal arch. Toes five. Tail subcylindrical.
Europo-Asiatic Region, Western Subregion.
Synopsis of the Species.
Tail not quite as long as head and body; black and yellow 2... .... ee cece eens ashes 1. maculosa, p. 3. Tail not quite as long as head and body; uni- uy form DlAGk? | 2 si s.osainsans cies vnduesrea eats 2. atra, p. 4. - Tail longer than head and body ............ 3. caucasica, p. 5. 1. Salamandra maculosa.
Salamandra maculosa, Gray, Cat. p. 16.
Lacerta salamandra, Linn. S. N. 1. p. 871; Sturm, Deutschl. Fawn. Salamandra maculosa, Laur. Syn. Rept. pp. 42,151; Gravenh. Delic. i 75; Bonap, Faun. Ital.; Duges, Ann. Sc. Nat. (8) xvii. p. 259; um. & Bibr. p.52; De Betta, Mem. Ist. Venet. xi. p. 515; Tile. Arch. f. Nat. 1867, p. 239; Strauch, Salam. p. 30; Fatio, Vert. Suisse, iii. p.491; De Betta, Faun. Ital., Rett. Anf. p. 78; Schretb. Herp. Eur, p.75; Lataste, Herp. Gir. p. 322.
—— maculata, Merr, Tent. p. 185; Tschudi, Batr. p. 91. —— terrestris, Latr. Hist. Salam. p. 32, pl. 1; Dinu. Rept. viii. p. 221, pl. 97. f. 1.
—— corsica, Savi, Nuov. Giorn. Tosc. xxxvii. 1838, p. 208; Bonap. Faun. Ttal.; Duges, t. c. p. 258; Dum. & Bibr. p.61; De Betta, Mem. Ist. Venet. xi. p. 520.
Palatine series forming two elongate S-shaped figures, the branches of which do not meet in front, and extend generally a good deal beyond the line of the choane; the shape of these series subject to considerable individual variation. Head rather depressed, about as broad as long, the greatest width at angles of jaws; snout rounded ; nostril equally distant from the orbit and the tip of the snout; eye large, prominent; no labial lobes. Body stout, rather depressed, thrice and a third to four times the length of the head; no crest. Limbs stout; fingers and toes short, depressed, free; carpal and tarsal tubercles indistinct. Tail generally equal to the distance from its base to the angle of the mouth. Vent a longitudinal slit, the borders of which are never much swollen, but more so in the male than in the female. Skin smooth, shining, porous above; a strong gular fold; distinct parotoids pierced with large pores; a series of large pores along each side of the vertebral line ; a lateral series of large warts, and more or less distinct vertical costal grooves ; tail with more or less distinct circular grooves. Black, with pe ens B
Q:
229 millim.
127 ” 25 oy 25 4 39s 4345 102, P. B. Webb, Esq. [P.]. E, Allen, Esq. [P.]. Lord Lilford [P.]. Prof. Bonelli [P.]. J.J. Bianconi [P.]. O. G. Danford, Esq. [P.}.
F. Bond, Esq. [P.]. 4 SALAMANDRIDE. é.
Total length .........- 185 From snout to cloaca .... 102 Head, tigi gamyeere een 9 23 Width of head.......... 21 Fore limb .......+-065 35 Hind limb .........4-. 39 DAU sie: aneupceane a RGSS 83 Central and South Europe; Algiers; Syria*. a. France.
b-«. go. Portugal. d-e. Agr. Oporto. f. Y¥g. Sierra de Legura, Spain. gd. Algiers.
ho. Sardinia.
u fo. Viterbo.
ko. Hungary.
4 9. Zebil Bulgar Dagh, Cilician Taurus (4000 feet). m. Many larve. Bred in Cambridge. n. Many larve. Bred in the Zoological Gardens, London. o. Skeleton. Pyrenees. pz. Skeleton. Europe. Rept. viii. p. 225; Merr. Tent. 2. Salamandra atyra. Salamandra nigra, Gray, Cat. p. 16. Salamandra atra, Laur. Syn. Rept. pp. 42, 149, pl. 1. f.2; Daud. p. 184; Gravenh, Delic. p. 73; Bonap. Faun. Ital.; Duges, Ann. Se. Nat. (8) xvii. p. 260; Dum. & Bibr. p. 63; De Betta, Mem. Ist. Venet. xi. p.524; Leydig, Arch. JS: Naturg. 1867, p. 271; Fatio, Vert, Suisse, iii. p. 499} Schreid. Hei'p, Eur. p. 72. Lacerta atra, Sturm, .42, eutschl.Faun.
‘fusca, Laur. 1. e. 5 Much like S. maculosa; the habit not quite so stout; palatine series less strongly curved; parotoids and lateral glands more prominent. Size smaller.. Uniform black. do.
Total length .......... 110 From snout to cloaca .... 59 Head, aici catia werees 12 Width of head.......... 11 Fore limb .........06. 19 Hind limb ............ 24 Parloaeiernicoahnanceaieadept51 Alps (2500 to 10,000 feet). ao. rol, bg. sis.
ec 9. P o.
113 millim.
62 13 13 21 23 51 a” Milan Museum [E.}. —-?P * Dr. Bottger informs me that he has recently received specimens from the Lebanon.
1, SALAMANDRA.—2, CHIOGLOSSA. 5 3. Salamandra caucasica *, Exaeretus caucasicus, Waga, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1876, p. 326. Palatine series forming two §-shaped figures, the branches of which do not meet in front, and extend a good deal beyond the line of the choane. Head depressed, slightly ionger than broad, the greatest width at angles of jaws; snout rounded; nostrils equally distant from the orbit and the tip of the snout; eye large, prominent; no labial lobes. Body much elongate, four and a half times the length of the head. Limbs weak; fingers and toes moderate, depressed, free; the adpressed fore limb not quite reaching the adpressed hind limb; carpal and tarsal tubercles indistinct. Tail much longer than head and body. Vent asin S. maculosa. Skin smooth, minutely tuberculated on the back; gular fold distinct (?) ; parotoids distinct, elliptical ; no lateral warts ; thirteen costal grooves. Black; upper surfaces with round yellow spots arranged rather regularly in two longitudinal series on the back; beneath with a few greyish dots.
oe Total length ..............005. 154 millim.
From snout to cloaca............ 61, Head. secu ences 4 eos 6 een te es lls, Width of head ................ 10. a, Fore limb eaves eee raseanad es 20 5 Hindlimb ssisuwrnndcweue 4 oven 22 5 atl vcs uch icine teu dens wardeud ets Sigs 93 OC, Caucasus.
2. CHIOGLOSSA Tf.
Chioglossa, Bocage, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 264, and Rev. Mag. Zool, (2) xvi. p. 249; Strauch, Salam. p. 52.
Tongue large, oval, supported by a protractile median pedicle, free everywhere except on the anterior half of the median line. Palatine teeth in two curved series. No. fronto-squamosal arch. Toes five. Tail cylindrical at the base, compressed at the end. Spain, Portugal.
1. Chioglossa lusitanica.
Chioglossa lusitanica, Bocage, ll. ce., Proc. pl. xxi.; Bonnaret, Arch. Cosmol. 1867, 'p. 99, pl. 9; Strauch, l.c.; Schreib. Herp. Eur. p. 64. * Described from one specimen sent to the Paris Museum by Dr. Waga. t Mr. Cope (Proce. Ac. Philad. 1865, p. 196) has identified this genus with Newrergus, Cope (ibid. 1862, p. 343); but nothing in the description of the unique species WV. crocatus, Cope (the habitat of which is not stated), justifies this identification. I rather feel inclined to consider N. crocatus closely related to Molge montana, with which it agrees in the structure of the skull (said to resemble that of M. marmorata), in the shape and attachment of the tongue, the arrangement of the palatine teeth, the proportions of the limbs, and the “very broad tarsus.”
8 SALAMANDRIDE.
No cutaneous lateral fold ; lower surfaces orange, black-spotted ............ 9. bosce, p. 18. Parotoids generally very prominent; blackish above; carmine beneath, black-spotted ........ 0.0 e ee arene 10. pyrrhogastra, p. 19. Loreal region nearly vertical; brown above; bluish black beneath, with yellow (red) spots ...........2 ese eee 11. sinensis, p. 20. Head with three longitudinal grooves ; three large pores on each side of the head, behind the eyes ....... ..... 13. viridescens, p. 21. 2. Head much depressed.
a. Palatine teeth commencing on a line with the choane. Vent-opening longitudinal; tongue attached behind..............0e eee 12. torosa, p. 20. Cloaca conical, with circular opening; male with a fibular spur .......... 15. rusconi, p. 24. Cloaca conical in the female, globular in the male, with circular opening; no fibularspur asvssewecy- om eisa wears en 16. aspera, p. 24. Vent-opening longitudinal; tongue free behind; palatine teeth forming a f); contour of lower law semicircular .. 17. poireti, p. 25. Vent-opening longitudinal; tongue free behind ; palatine teeth forming a A; contour of lower jaw semielliptical .. 18. hagenmuellert, p. 26. b. Palatine teeth commencing in front of the line of thechoanes.
Ribs very long, ending in a sharp point, which frequently perforates the skin.. 19. walthi, p. 27. 1. Molge cristata.
Triton cristatus, Gray, Cat. p. 19. Lacerta palustris, part., Linn, Faun. Suec. p. 281, and S. N. i. p. 370. Triton cristatus, Laur. Syn. Rept. pp. 89, 146; Tschudi, Batr. p. 95; Bonap. Faun. Ital.; Bell, Brit. ‘Rope. p. 119; Dum. § Bibr. p. 181; De U'Isle, Ann. Sc. Nat. (4) xvii. p. 866; Leydig, Arch. f. Naturg. 1867, p. 176; Strauch, Salam. p.42; Fatio, Vert, Suisse, iii. p. 520; Schreib. Herp, Eur. p. 48.
—— carnifex, Laur. 1c. pp. 88, 145, pl. 2. f. 38; Bonap. 1. c. Lacerta porosa, Retz. Fawn. Suec. i. p. 288. Salamandra cristata, Houttwyn, Verhand. Genootsch. Viissing. ix. p-333, pl. —. f.4; Schneid. Hist. Amph. p. 57; Latr. Hist, Salam. p. 48, pl. 8. £. 3; Daud. Rept. viii. p. 283. —— pruinata, Schnerd. 1. c. p. 69. carnifex, Schneid. l.c. p. 71.
Lacerta palustris, Sturm, Deutschl. Faun. Triton palustris, Flem, Brit. An. p. 157 ; Jenyns, Brit. Vert, p. 803. Molge palustris, Merr. Tent. p. 187; Gravenh. Delic. p. 86.
3. MOLGE. 9 Triton marmoratus, Bonap. 1. c.
— bibronii, Bell, 1. c. p. 129.
Hemisalamandra cristata, Dugés, Ann. Sc. Nat. (3) xvii. Ms 262. Triton cristatus, var. icterica, Reichenb, Nov. Acta Ac, Leop.-Carol. xxxii, 1865, pl. 1.
No fronto-squamosal arch; frontals without or with very indistinct orbital processes. Palatine teeth in two nearly straight parallel series, commencing on a line with the choane, or a little in front of these; the series generally approximating in front, but very seldom uniting. Tongue small, elliptic, the lateral borders free. Head as long as broad, or a little longer; its length contained about four times in the female, thrice and a fourth to thrice and a half in the male, in the length of the body; the greatest width of head at angles of jaws; snout rounded, very convex ; labial lobes much developed during the breeding-season. Body rounded; a very high deeply-toothed dorsal crest in the breeding male, commencing between the eyes, abruptly sinking on pelvic region; a longitudinal groove in the female. Limbs moderate; fingers and toes free, depressed, rather slender in the male, shorter in the female ; two small carpal and tarsal tubercles, the inner frequently indistinct. Tail as long as, or a little shorter than, head and body, ending in a point, strongly compressed during the breeding-season, and with an upper and lower crest, the former being very high, and generally denticulated in the male. Skin more or less strongly tuberculate above and beneath; head and parotoid region with distinct pores; a series of pores between axilla and groin; a strong gular fold. Brown, blackish, or olive above, with more or less distinct black spots; sides with white punctulation; the breeding male’s head elegantly marbled with black and white; female sometimes with a yellow vertebral line; orange beneath, spotted or marbled with black; fingers and toes yellow, with black annuli; breeding male with a silvery-white band along the side of the tail; female with the lower edge of the tail orange, immaculate.
é. 2.
Total length............ 130 145 millim.
From snout to cloaca .... 65 80. ,, Head: ae idciiciedatenn autos 14 15, Width of head ........ 12 14 ~—C«&«, Fore limb ............ 25 242 ,, Hind limb ............ 27 26 C« Tar) eos ss saparegundina Soars 65 65 Great Britain, North and Central France, Belgium, Holland, Switzerland, Sweden, ‘Denmark, Germany, Austria, Greece, Turkey, * Russia eastwards to Transcaucasia.
a. G, with gills. Suffolk. Dr. Woodward [P.].
‘b-ca S. Near London. Dr. J. E. Gray [P.].
d-e. 9 & yg. Bayswater. R, Latham, Esq. ey frg-i, k-m. Larve & yg. Cobham. Dr. W. E. Leach [P.].
10 SALAMANDRIDA.
Wandsworth. Dr. W. E, Leach [P.]. nd.
0 9. Near Oldham. D. Dyson, Esq. [P.]. pg. Exeter. Dr. W. E. Leac fe Ae gs. 5,9,& ye. Sweden. C. J. A. Thuden, Esq. [P.]. tw, Larve. Hamburg.
Bi. O's Russia P y. Skeleton. Scotland. Dr. Johnson. z, Skeleton. —?P ; Var. karelinii.
Salamandra platycauda, Rusconi, Amours des Salam. p. 29, pls. 1, 2. ? Triton nycthemerus, Michah. Isis, 1830, p. 806. Petraponia nigra, Massalongo, Ann. Sc. Nat. Bologna, vii. 1853, Bs 5. Triton cristatus, De Betta, Mem. Ist. Venet. xi. p. 534, and Faun. Ital., Rett. Anf. p. 85.
karelinii, Strauch, Salam. p. 42, pl. 1. f. 1. ——- cristatus, var. platycephalus, Fatio, Vert. Suisse, iii. p. 527. Palatine series meeting in front, sometimes forming a A. Head larger ; snout broader, more depressed. Body shorter (generally 15 presacral vertebre against 16 or 17 in VW. cristata typus). Upper surfaces lighter, generally greenish ; a yellowish vertebral line constant in the female.
3. 9.
Total length .......... 112 136 millim. From snout to cloaca .... 63 75 4 HEV QA! © cio ldevepsrrane ass ev ghare 15 15, Width of head.......... 132 14 =, Fore limb ...........- 26 26 =, Hind limb ............ 29 23 4; MB AIM cross geste cadecanaverdy atace see 59 61 ,, It is not possible, as yet, to trace the geographical distribution of this form. It is known from Italy, Dalmatia, and N.E. Persia; and. I have recently examined a specimen from Koutais, Caucasus, in the Senckenberg Museum.
u, 8-8. dQ. Italy. J. J. Bianconi EE e-0. SQ. Turin, Prof. Bonelli [ a « @ Lombardy. Milan Museum F af e 3. (Agreeing perfectly with the figure given by Strauch). ———}? As another variety of M. cristata must probably be considered :— Triron Lonaipzs, Strauch, l.c. p. 44, pl. 1. f. 2. Proportions and shape of head as in the preceding variety, but the fingers and toes much elongate. Astrabad, in the province Mazanderan, Persia. 2. Molge blasii.
Triton blasii, De I’ Isle, dun. Sc. Nat. (4) xvii. p. 864; Schreib. Herp. Eur. p. 46.
—— marmoratus, var. blasii, Strauch, Salam. p. 47.