20 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.
Tegmina with basal half opaque, greenish-ochraceous ; two fuscous spots on costal membrane, two in radial area enclosing a semihyaline spot, a spot of the same colour beneath apes of radial area enclosing two very small semihyaline spots and a large irregular transverse fuscous fascia crossing tegmina beyond radial area, enclosing two semihyaline spots situate in the third and fourth ulnar areas, and another similar spot situate in the lower apical area; remaining area of tegmina hyaline, with the venation greenish-ochraceous, and a large fuscous subapical fasciate spot extending across the apices of the first, second and third ulnar areas, stretching outwardly across the third and fourth apical areas and then continued to apex, and a double series of small fuscous irregular-shaped spots on and near the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas. Wings opaque, ochraceous, the apical area and apex of anal area dark castaneous, outer margin pale hyaline.
The rostrum just passes the inner angles of the opercula, which slightly overlap and are outwardly convex.* Long. excl. tegm. 21 to 23 millim. Exp. tegm. 68 to 78 millim. Hab.— Continental India : Kashmeer Valley (Leech— coll. Dist.) ; North Bengal (Campbell— Brit. Mus.) ; Sikkim (Calc. Mus. and coll. Dist.) ; Darjeeling (Calc. Mus. ; Stock. Mus. ; coll. Dist.) ; Himalaya (sic) (Dohrn— Leyden Mus.) ; Assam (Warwick— Brit. Mus.) ; Sylhet (Stainsforth— Brit. Mus.) ; Seebsagar (Calc. Mus.). Burma: Kakhien Hills (Fea — Genoa Mus.). Var. a. (Tab. I., fig. 11, a, h.)
Platypleura rissamensis, AtkinsoD, J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 212, n. 4 (1884). Body less robust and smaller in size than is usual in typical specimens, markings of the tegmina much paler in hue.
Hab.— Continental India : Darjeeling (Stock. Mus.). Assam : Seebsager and Naga Hills (Calc. Mus.) ; Khasi Hills (Chennell — coll. Dist.;.
This species has ahvays been found in every collection of Gicadidce examined by the writer that has been derived from the North-Eastern Provinces of Continental India, to which and Burma, its head-quarters at least appear to be confined. The variety, t—«ssflmcns«s, Atkins., — has also been found in most of the cohections where the species was represented by a fair number of specimens.
2. Platypleura kaempferi.+ (Tab. I., fig. 14, a, h.) Tettiionia hampfeii, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iv. p. 23, n. 25 (1794) ; Syst. Kbyng. p. 41, n. 40 (1803). Cicadakccmpj'eri.Walk.ListHorn.i.p.117,n.84(1850). Platypleura kampfen, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 189, n. 27 (1874). Platypleura hyaUno-Umhata, Sign. Bull. See. Eut. Fr. (6), t. 1, p. xlii (1881) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. Iv. p.150,n.13(1886).
Platypleura jmcawjulis, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 189, a. 29 (1874). Head, pronotum, and mesonotum dull ochraceous; head with the following black markings :—a narrow transverse fascia on front, a transverse fascia between eyes, forming a spot at area of ocelli, continued on inner margin of eyes, two small discal spots, and a fasciate spot at anterior lateral angles of vertex; pronotum with a central longitudinal fascia widened anteriorly and posteriorly, the oblique furrows and the lateral dilated margins black ; mesonotum with four obconical spots on anterior margin (the central ones =:=Ihave^feltitsuperfluoustodescribeveryfullyinwordsthestructuraldifferentialcharactersoftheface,rostnim,and opercula, havuig given diagrams of the same, which are more useful and explanatory.
+Intreatingotherentomologists'"species"as"varieties,"Iam,ofcourse,—intheabsenceofbreedingexperiments,— expressmgmyownviewsalone,outhebasisofreasonsalreadygiven(antca,p.3).Thevalueofthesespecificdiscussions has long smce been exposed by Darwin.
INamedafterE.Ksmpfer,physician,naturalist,andzoologicaltraveller.HetravelledinPersiaandvariouspartsof India;butisbestknownbyhis'HistoryofJapan,'whichwastranslatedfromtheoriginalHighDutchbyScheuchzer,and publishedmtwofohovolumesin1728.KsempferwasborninIGolanddiedin1713.
ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 21 shortest), a lanceolate diseal spot much widened posteriorly and a spot in front of each anterior an^Ie of the basal cruciform elevation, black. Abdomen black, the tympanal coverings and posterior segmental margins dull ochraceous. Head beneath, sternum, and legs dull ochraceous; central sulcation and posterior mai'gins to face ; a fascia between eyes and face, some obscure sternal spots, and a spot at base of opercula, lilack ; alKlomen beneath blackish, with the posterior segmental margins ochraceous. Tegmina with about the basal half opaque and creamy ochraceous, costal membrane with two fuscous spots, and the following fuscous fascije :—one basal, one oblique, passing through centre of radial area and terminating at apex of lower ulnar area, and a broad, waved, and irregular fascia commencing at apex of radial area and united with the preceding fascia at apes of lower ulnar area ; between the second and third fasciaj are some small fuscous spots and a semiiiyaline spot near end of radial area, and a similar spot in lower apical area, remainder of tegmina hyaline, with a broad subapical fuscous fascia extending to apex of third ulnar area, an apical fuscous spot and some irregular small fuscous spots on the apices of longitudinal veins to apical areas. Wings dark fuscous, with the outer margins pale hyaline. The opercula are pale fuscous, with their outer margins ochraceous, overlapping at centre, outwardly convex, but somewhat oblique at their lateral margins ; the face is considerably compressed, with the centralsulcationbroadandsomewhatdeep.
Long. excl. tegm. 21 to 22 millim. Exp. tegm. Go to 73 miUim.
Hab. — China (coll. Sign.) ; Shantung (coll. Dist.) ; Shanghai (Fortune — Brit. Mus.) ; Chusan (Calc. Mus.). Jap.\n (Bligh — Brit. Mus. ; Lewis — coll. Dist.) ; Yokohama (Genoa Mus.). This species appears to be quite confined to China and Japan, Mr. Butler has described, under the name of P. fuscangulis, a specimen which seems to be but a slight variety of r. hicmpfcri, and he has given it the habitat of " Sarawak (Wallace)." I think it more than probable that a mistake has been made with this habitat, and I have refi-ained from adding it to the localities given above.
&' B. Wings partly hyaline.
3. Platypleura nobilis. (Tab. I., fig. 13, a, b.)
Cicada iwbilis, Germar, Thoii. Arch. ii. 2, p. 9 (1830) ; Silberm, Eev. Eut. ii. pt. 11, p. 82, n. 60 (1884). Cicadahemiptera,Guer.Voy.Belang.Ind.p.500(1834).
Platypleura semilucida, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 20, n. 27 (1850).
Platypleura gemina, Walk. List Hom. i. p. 21, n. 28 '1850); Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 191, n. 31 (1874). Platypleura nobilis, Still, Ofv. Vet. Ak. Fr.rh. 18G2, p. 479; Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 191, u. 80 (1874); Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 215, n. 11 11885).
Head, pronotum, and mesonotum brownish, or greenish-ochraceous ; head with the area of the ocelli, the inner margin of the eyes, and a short fascia between the ocelli and the eyes, black; pronotum with a rounded black linear fascia behind the eyes and a somewhat triangular spot on inner edge of posterior margin black, the lateral dilated angles infuscated ; mesonotum with four obconical spots on anterior margin, the central ones shortest, a lanceolate central spot and a small spot in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation, black ; abdomen greenish- or brownish-ochraceous, the two basal segments, an obscure central longitudinal fascia, the basal segmental margins, and in the female generally the anal segment, black. Body beneath ochraceous ; central sulcation to face, inner margin of eyes, some small and obscure sternal spots, metasternum at base of opercula, lateral margins of abdomen and apex of rostrum,black.
Tegmina with about basal half opaque and very pale creamy-ochraceous, two spots on costal membrane,the basal cell, three spots in radial area—the smallest at base and apex, the largest a little before centre — a large spot on claval area, and a broad oblique fascia commencing at end of radial area and widened inwardly between third and fourth ulnar areas—where it encloses a pale spot—fuscous; remaining a
^22 ORIENTAL CICADID.E.
area of tegmina pale hyaline, with an oblique fuscous fascia much waved and angulated near apex and a series of small fuscous spots on and near apices of longitudinal veins to apical areas ; wrings dark fuscous, with the outer margins, or nearly the apical third, pale hyaline ; abdominal area pale hyaline, slightly infuscated.
The rostrum is long, reaching considerably beyond the posterior coxte and to near the posterior margin of the overlapping interior angles of the opercula.
Var. a. Wings with the fuscous area containing a distinct oblique ochraceous ray. Long. excl. tegm. 15 to 17 millim. Exp. tegm. 50 to 60 millim.
Hab. — Continental India: Garo Hills (Chennell — coll. Dist.) ; Samagooting (Calc. Mus.) ; Munjpoor (Calc. Mus.). Sumatra (V. Langsberg — Bruss. Mus ; Hageu — Leyden Mus.). Java (V. Lansberg — Bruss. Mus.; Hagen — Leyden Mus.).
The var. a described above appears to be a purely continental race, and I have been unable to trace an example in the large collections from Java and Sumatra which have passed through my hands. P. nobllis varies in size, and in the intensity of markings to the tegmina ; in some specimens also the basal opaque coloration to the tegmina is of a pale brownish-green hue. Walker gave as locality for the example he described under the name of P. (jemina (supra), "Cape Good Hope," which has been copied by Butler, but is clearly erroneous. 4. Platypleura insignis. (Tab. I., fig. 15.)
Platijpleiira insignis. Distant, J. A. S. Beng. vol. xlviii. p. 39, t. 2, f. 2 (1879) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 216, n. 12 (1885).
Body testaceous, thickly covered with griseous pubescence. Prouotum and mesouotum not differing in structure and markings from P. nohilis, Germ., but more pubescent ; sternum and abdomen above and beneath also resembling that species; rostrum with the apex pitchy and extending to a little beyond posterior coxse ; legs pale ochraceous, anterior and intermediate tarsi with the base, apex and claws pitchy. Tegmina pale hyaline, with the venation, costal membrane, costal area, radial area (excepting almost apical half ) and a large basal patch transversely terminating from near the apex of the radial vein to the apex of the lower ulnar area, fulvous covered with griseous pubescence ; the radial area is hyaline from about its centre (where it is darkest in colour) to near the apex, which is narrowly fulvous and has a subconical fuscous spot on its outer border. A double series of small spots situate on and near the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas, and an irregular series of spots situate at the apices of the ulnar areas, black. Wings pale hyaline, with the venation fulvous and with a large black basal patch. Allied to P. nobllis, Germ., but the tegmina and wings are very distinct, the dark opaque portions being much less in each than in that species ; the rostrum is also shorter in length, and the opercula do not so much overlap as in P. nohilis.
Long. excl. tegm. 15 millim. Exp. tegm. 45 millim.
Hab. — Upper Tenasseeiji* (Limborg — Calc. Mus.).
The typical specimen described ten years ago, and now contained in the Calcutta Museum, is the only example of this species I have yet seen.
■■■WepossesslittleiuformatioaastotheCicadidaofTenasserim.AVliatwehavecomesfromthepenofthelate Kev.F.Mason,whowrote:—"OneofthefirstobjectsthatattractstheattentionofanobserverinsomelocalitiesoftheKaren jungles,isaclaytubeseveralincheshigh,raisedoverashaftsunktvifoorthreefeetintheground,overwhichmaybeoften seenaKai-en,bendingandinsertingtheextremitiesofalongbranchofathornyrattan,whichafterafewtwistsiswithdrawn, bringingwithitagrubthatisdeemedagreatluxury."
'•Thenativeshaveadistinctnameforthegrub,andseemtobeignorantthatitisthelarvaoftheCicada.ThisIwas enabledtoverifyononeoccasionbyobservingtheexuviaeofmanyoftheirpupsadheringbyclawstotheserratedbarkof trees,withrentsintheirbacks,outofwhichtheperfectinsecthadescaped.TheKarens,itmaybeobserved,arenomore barbarousin'theirtastethanthecivilizedGreeks,'forAristotletestifiesthattheywereanarticleofdiet,bothintheirlarva andperfectstate,andonespeciesisstilleatenbyAmericanIndians.Tliemostcommonspeciesissmall,andoftenfliesinto dwelling-houses."—'Tenasserim;or,NotesontheFauna,Flora,&o.,-ofBritishBurmaandPegu,'p..985(1852).
ORIENTAL CICADIDJE. 23 5. Platypleura badia. (Tab. VII., fig. 15, a, h.)
PUitijiilcura hadiii, Distant, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2a, vol. \-i. p. 153, t. iv. f. G, (i, h (1888). $ . Allied to P. insiipiis, Dist., but difYering by the opaque markings to the tegmina being fulvougbrown ; the wings have the opaque coloration extending further from the base, where it is sunplj' pale fulvous, and the body is fulvous-brown.
The species, however, is structurally separated by the length of the rostrum, which reaches the base oftheanalsegment.
Long. excl. tegm. 16 millim. Exp. tegm. 48 millim.
Hab. — Tenasseeim: Houngdarau Valley (Pea — Genoa Mus.).
Genus POLYNEUEA.
Pohjneiira, Westwood, Arcan. Ent. vol. i. p. 92 (1842); Amyot & Serville, Hist, des Hem. p. 460, 856 (1848); Still, Hem. Afr. vol. iv. p. 3 (1S6G).
Body robust and moderately elongate. Head including eyes about equal in width to the mesonotum at base ; ocelli farther apart from ej-es than from each other ; face moderately convex, slightly prominent above. Pronotum with the lateral margins moderately ampliated and somewhat laminately expanded, obscurely and obtusely toothed near centre. Anterior femora distinctly and robustly spined. Meso- and metastcrnums sulcatod. Tympana covered; opercula short, and broad. Tegmina with the venation dense and furcate, reticulate towards apex, ulnar and apical areas numerous and ill defined. This geuus is still represented by a solitary species, and its area of distribution is confined to Continental India and Burma.
1. Polyneura ducalis. (Tab. II., fig. 7, a, b.)
Volyniura ducalis, Westwood, Arcan. Eut. vol. i. p. 92, t. 24, f . 2 (1842); Amy. A Serv. Hist, des Hem. p. 4G0, n. 1 (1843) ; Walk. List Horn. i. p. 2 (1850) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 211, n. 1 (1S85). Body above and beneatli black ; eyes, the anterior lateral margins of vertex, and the anterior and posterior margins of pronotum, ochraceous ; femora reddish, their bases and apices and the tibiae and tarsi black (coxa3 in some specimens also reddish).
Tegmina brownish-ochraccous, the venation, costal membrane, and claval margin ochraceous ; the tegmina are also darker in hue for a little more than basal third. Wings ochraceous, in some specimens (as in the one here figured) irrorated with paler ochraceous, and the tegmina, as in the same figure, sometimes with a short transverse discal ochraceous fascia.
The rostrum about reaches the posterior coxa;; the opercula are short, not extending beyond the basal segment of the abdomen, their lateral margins oblique, their posterior margins convex and their inneranglesoverlapping.
Long. excl. tegm. 35 to 37 millim. Exp. tegm. 100 to 110 millim.
Hab. — Continental India ; Nepal (Hardwicke — Hope Mus. Oxford and Brit. Mus. ; North-Western Province, Piauikhet (Calc. Mus. and coll. Dist.) ; Sikkim and Assam (Calc. Mus.) ; Darjecling (Stock. iCus. and coll. Dist.). Burma: Eangoon (coll. Dist.).
The specimen here figured is a female, which has proved to be the dominant sex in all the examples of the species which have passed through my hands; the females are also, from my measurements, larger than the males.
84 ORIENTAL CICAD1D.E.
Genus TACUA.
Tacua, Amyot & Serville, Hist, des Hem. p. 461, 359 (1843); Still, Hem. Afr. vol. iv. p. 3 (1866); Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. Iv. p. 150 (1886).
Body very robust and somewhat long. Head broad, truncate anteriorly, including eyes as broad as anterior lateral margins of pronotum ; ocelli a little farther apart from eyes than from each other ; face broad and convex, but somewhat compressed. Pronotum with the lateral margins convex, but not prominentlyampliated or laminately expanded. Anterior femora distinctly and robustly spined. Metasternum centrally and longitudinally sulcated. Tympana covered; opercula long, extending a little beyond the middle of abdomen, their margins subparallel and slightly overlapping at centre. Tegmina opaque; apical areas eight, interior ulnar area somewhat widened at apex ; wings excluding margins opaque. This genus is only represented by one large and very handsome species, and its distribution is focussed in the islands of Sumatra, Java, and Borneo, and excepting a specimen received from the island of Penang, I have no knowledge of it from any other habitat. It certainly appears to be an insular and not a continental* genus. As in the genus Toscna, its species varies in an albinic manner.
1. Tacua speciosa. (Tab. II., fig. 9, a, b, and fig. 10, a, h, var.) Tettujonia speciosa, lUiger, Wied. Zool. Arch. ii. p. 145, n. 88, t. 2 (1800); Fabr. Syst. Khyng. p. 33, n. 1 (1803). Cicada indica, Donov. Ins. lud. Hem. t. 2, f. 3 (1800—3).
Cicada speciosa, Blanch. Hist. Nat. Ins. iii. p. 165, n. 1 ; Hem. t. 9 (1840). Tacua speciosa. Amy. & Serv. Hist, des Hem. p. 462, n. 1 (1843) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 217, n. 17 (1885); ibid. Iv. p. 151, n. 15 (1886).
Body above black ; eyes, anterior pronotal margin (narrowly), posterior margin of pronotum, posterior margin of the third, and the whole of the fourth, fifth and sixth abdominal segments, ochraceous ; basal cruciform elevation red, with its anterior angles black ; body beneath black ; lateral areas and margins to prosternum, a spot at lateral margins of third abdominal segment, and the lateral margins of the fourth, fifth and sixth abdominal segments, ochraceous.
Tegmina black, costal membrane and venation dull reddish, outer margin narrowly creamy-white ; wings black, the outer margin (excluding anal area) creamy-white. Var. a. Tegmina and wings greyish-brown, the black coloration only observable at margins of the veins.
Long. excl. tegm. 47 to 57 millim. Exp. tegm. 150 to 180 millim.
Hab. — Penang (coll. Dist.). Sumatra (coll. Dist. ; V. Langsberg — Bruss. Mus., Leyden Mus.). Java (Amy. & Serv.). Bokneo : Sarawak (Beccari — Genoa Mus,) ; Kina Balu Mt. (Whitehead — coll. Dist.). According to Donovan, a single specimen of this species vsras found in Bengal by Mr. Fichtel, and deposited in the Imperial Cabinet at Vienna, but that habitat I consider liable to the greatest doubt. It may possibly be found in the Malay Peninsula, as a specimen has been received from the adjoining island of Penang, but I have hitherto seen no examples from the mainland, nor did I meet with the species myself when residing in that country. The pale-coloured variety is found with the normal form of the species, and I have quite recently received both, collected at the same time, from Kina Balu Mountain in Borneo. ='■Thewords"insular"and"continental,"ashereused,representstrictlysubdivisionsonlyofthe"continental" area,boundedbythethousand-fathomlineasgenerallyunderstoodinzoo-geographicaldistribution.Sumatra,Java,and Borneothusformpartofthat"continentalarea,"butiuthisworktheareashavetobemorefinelydrawn,andthecioadan fauna of these islands are compared with those of the sivrrounding continental lands.
ORItilNTAl. ClCAniD;^. TABI
iKNTAl, CICADID/ts TA HovAC* Kn-« J
ORIENTAL CICADID.K. 25 Genus GRAPTOPSALTRIA.
Graptopsaltria, Stal, Ilem. Afr. vol. iv. p. 8 (1866).
Body robust, attenuated posteriorly. Head, including eyes, narrower than the anterior lateral margins of the pronotum ; ocelli wider apart from eyes than from each other ; rostrum extending to about posterior coxfe. Pronotum with the lateral margins irregularly convex, not prominently ampliated or laminately expanded. Anterior femora robustly spined. Tympana practically covered; opercula short, broad, not extending beyond basal segment of abdomen. Tcgmina opaque. Apical areas eight ; transverse vein at the base of the second apical area much curved ; interior ulnar area not distinctly widened at apex. Wings opaque ; apical areas six.
This genus, represented according to present knowledge by one species, is known only from Japan, which thus contains an example of the opaquely coloured species having the tympana covered, and found in other portions of our fauna, in the genera Tacua and Tosena. 1. Graptopsaltria colorata. (Tab. II., fig. 8, a, h.)
GroiitoiisaHria colorata, Stiil, Berl. Ent. Zeit. x. p. 169 (1866).
Head black ; apex and base of front, anterior lateral margins, a small spot behind eyes, and two large discal spots to vertex castaneous ; ocelli and eyes ochraceous. Pronotum castaneous, the anterior and posterior margins, and two narrow central longitudinal fascise, blackish ; extreme lateral margins castaneous.Mesonotumblack,withtwofaintobconicalspotsatcentreofanteriormargin;insomespecimens there are a few small castaneous spots ; cruciform elevation castaneous, with its centre and apical angles black. Abdomen above black. Body beneath ochraceous, mottled with dark castaneous and blackish ; opercula dull ochraceous ; inner margin of eyes and margin of face blackish. Tegmina dark ochraceous, mottled with castaneous ; a narrow angulated linear fascia, commencing at apex of radial area and terminating at apex of inner ulnar area, and the apical area (irregularly) fuscous, a series of small pale submarginal spots near apices of apical areas. Wings dark, warm ochraceous, the outer margin and a subapical fascia castaneous, a small pale spot near apes of lower apicalarea.
Long. excl. tegm. 30 to 37 millim. Exp. tegm. 92 to 118 millim.
Hab. — Japan (Stockh. Mus. — Brit. Mus. ; Lewis — coll. Dist.).
The females of this species — in all the specimens I have examined— have been invariably larger than the males. It does not appear to vary in markings or coloration, as a fine series passed through my hands, collected by Mr. George Lewis, in his Japanese entomological expeditions.
Genus TOSENA.
Tosena, Amyot & Serville, Hist, des H<5m. p. 462, 860 (1843) ; Stal, Hem. Afr. iv. p. 8 (1866) ; Atkins. J.A. S. Bang, vol.lv. p. 151 (1886).
Body robust and long. Head broad, including ej'es, about equal in width to that of mesonotum at base ; ocelli twice the distance from eyes as from each other ; face convex, shghtly prominent above. Pronotum with the lateral margins more or less ampliated, or laminatelj' expanded, and more or less distinctly toothed. Anterior femora distinctly spined. Metasternum elevated. Tympana covered ; opercula sliort and broad. Tegmina usually altogether opaque ; apical areas eight ; interior ulnar area somewhat widened at apex; wings opaijue.
H