■26 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.
Toscna is one of the most conspicuous genera of the Cicadidce, and its species are all included in this fauna. The north-eastern districts of Continental India are its head-quarters, for here are focussed some of the largest and handsomest of its species ; it is also well represented in Burma, and from thence its distribution is extended throughout the Malay Peninsula to the south, and apparently northward as far as some portions of China. In the Malayan Archipelago it is not uncommon in Sumatra, Java, and Borneo, and as I have seen representatives from Amboyna, it probably exists in other intervening islands, of which, however, we have at present no precise information.
As in Taciia, albinic variation is not unfrequent.
a. Tcgmina uniformly black; wings reddish ochraceous.
1. Tosena mearesiana.* (Tab. II., fig. 3, a, b.)
Cicada Mearesiana, Westwood, Arc. Ent. vol. i. p. 98, n. xv. t. 25, f. 1 (1842). Tosena Mearesiana, Amy. & Serv. Hist, des Hem. p. 463 (1843); Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 217, n. 19 (1885); ibid. Iv. p. 151, n. 17 (1886).
Body aud legs black or dark fuscous ; ocelli and eyes pale castaneous ; posterior margin of pronotum, posterior margin of mesonotum (excluding cruciform elevation), posterior lateral margins of metanotum, a small spot on each side of face, and a large spot on posterior lateral margins of prosternum, ochraceous.
Tegmina black, opaque. Wings reddish-ochraceous ; the venation, posterior margin, and anal area dark fuscous.
The rostrum extends to between the inner angles of the opercula, which are short, broad, and well separated.
Long. excl. tegm. S , 53 to 58 millim. ; 2 , 40 to 43 millim. Exp. tegm. ^ , 132 to 142 millim. ; ? 130 to 133 millim.
Hab. — Continental India: Himalaya {sic. — Westw.) ; Sikkim (Calc. Mus. — coll. Dist.). According to present knowledge, this species appears to be confined to the neighbourhood of Sikkim. The females are much smaller than the males, and have their tegmina rather paler in hue.
b. Tegmina hlack or dark fuscous, crossed by an oblique whitish fascia. c. Wings more or less black.
2. Tosena fasciata. (Tab. II., figs. 1 & 2, a, h.)
Tettigoniafasciata, Fabricius, Mant. Lis. ii. p. 265, n. 2 (1787); Ent. Syst. iv. p. 17, n. 2 (1794); Syst. Ehyng. p. 34, n. 3 (1803).
Cicada fasciata, Oliv. Enc. Meth. v. p. 747, n. 2, t. 109, f. 1 (1790); Germ, in Thou. Arcli. ii. p. 2, u. 11 (1830); Snb. Rev. Ent. ii. p. 75, n. 49 (1834) ; Blanch. Hist. Nat. Ins. iii. p. 165, n. 2 (1840). Tosena fasciata. Amy. & Serv. Hist, des Hem. p. 462, n. 1 (1843).
Stoll,Cig.fig.16.
Head and thorax above black ; an oblique spot near each anterior lateral angle of vertex of head, ocelli, eyes, two small spots on anterior margin of pronotum, posterior margin of pronotum, posterior margin of mesonotum, a spot on each side of cruciform elevation, and the posterior margins of metanotum, ochraceous. Abdomen ochraceous, the basal segment, tympanal coverings, and a central discal spot on the second and third segments, black. Head beneath, rostrum, sternum, legs, opercula, and basal segment "■■NamedafterMr.Meares,bywhomitwasfirstsentborne.
OIUKSTAL CICAIiID.E. 27 of abdomen black ; apices of coxa?, apices of femora, extreme bases of tibice, rostrum near base, central portions of sternum, and the abdomen, ochraccous.
Tegmina and wings blackish, the venation brownish-ochraceous ; tegmina with the base narrowly brownish-ochraceous and crossed by a narrow creamy fascia, commencing beneath and near the apex of radial area and terminating on posterior margin beneath the lower apical area. Var. a. — AVings with some obscure pale submarginal rays as in the specimen figured (Tab. II., fig. 1). Var. h.—Wings with the venation black and concolorous.
Var. c. — Tegmina with the transverse creamy fascia much widened.
Var. d. — Mesonotum with two central ochraccous spots (Tab. II., fig. 2). Long. excl. tegm. <? , 53 to 58 millim. ; ?, 41 to 44 millim. Exp. tegm. <? , 125 to 140 millim. ; $ , 128 to 132 millim.
Hab. — Sumatra (Bruss. Mus. ; coll. Dist.). Java (V. Lansberg — Bruss. Mus. ; Forbes — coll. Dist.), Borneo : Kina Balu Mt. (Whiteliead — coll. Dist.) ; South-East District (Doherty — coll. Dist.). Amboyna (Bruss.Mus.).
I possess a specimen labelled " China," but do not care to attach much importance to that habitat without further corroboration. T. fasciata, according to present knowledge, is a purely insular form, and is replaced on the mainland by the following race ? or species ? T.mclanoptcra.
In some specimens the posterior margin of the pronotum is green, and not ochraceous, but this colour difference does not constitute a distinct variety, as it is observed co-existent with the other aberrations already described under vars. a, b, c.
8. Tosena melanoptera. (Tab. II., fig. 5, a, b.)
Ciciida (T.) )iifliiiuijjtcni, White, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. xvii. p. 331 (1846). Tosena melanoptera, Atkins. J. A. S. Bang. vol. liii. p. 217, n. 18 (1885); ibid. vol. Iv. p. lol, u. 16 (1886); Dist. Aun. Mus. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2rt, vol. vi. p. 454, n. 3 (1888).
Allied to T. fasciata, but tegmina and wings darker in hue, the transverse creamy fascia to tegmina much less oblique ; pronotum without the small ochraceous spots at anterior margin, and the abdomen beneath more or less blackened, but prominently so near base and apex. Var. a.—Legs black, with the apices of the femora ochraceous.
Var. b.—Legs uniformly black.
Var. c. — Tosena albata. (Tab. II., fig. 4, a, b.)
Tosena albata. Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1878, p. 175; Waterh. Aid Idcnt. Ins. t. 147, f. 2 (1884); Atkins. J.A. S. Bang. vol. liii. p. 217, n. 20 (1885); ibid. vol. Iv. p. 152, u. 18 (1886). Tegmina with five longitudinal greyish fasciae, one occupying radial area, and the others divided by ulnar veins, two of which amalgamate with the transverse fascia, and five irregular greyish fasciae situate in the apical areas. Wings with nine greyish ray-like fasciae situate on outer margin, the one at anal area largest; two-thirds of the outer margin narrowly edged with greyish. Apices of the femora not ochraceous. Long. excl. tegm. 3' , 58 to 62 millim. ; 2 , 48 millim. Exp. tegm. <? , 140 to 155 millim. ; ? , 180 millim.
Hab. — Continental India : N.W.Himalaya (coll. Dist.); Sikkim ;Calc.Mus.); Darjeeling (Stockh. Mus. ; Elwes — coll. Dist.) ; N. Khasi Hills (Cheunell — coll. Dist.) ; Sylhet (Stainforth — Brit. Mus.) ; Seebsagar (Calc. Mus.). Burma: Bhamo (Fca — Genoa Mus.).
This species ? or race ? seems to be only separable from T. fasciata by colour differences, the usual structural characters used in differentiation, such as the shape of the opercula, &c., being apparently identical in both T. fasciata and T. vtclatwptcra. The internal structure of the
28 ORIENTAL CICADID.^.
aual organs might prove of diagnostic value, but too much value may be placed on the constancy of such characters.* T. melanoptera, however, is only found on the mainland, whilst T. fasciata is as rigidly confined to the Malayan Islands — the distribution and close affinity of the two species ? being exactly parallelled in Ehopalocera by Papilios agenor and memnon, of which the first (as I have previously pointed outf) is the continental and the second the insular species. 4. Tosena montivaga, n. sp. (Tab. XIII., fig. 6, a, h.)
<? . Head and thorax above black ; head with the eyes and the lateral margins and anterior angles of vertex, and two small spots on anterior margin of pronotum ochraceous ; lateral and posterior margins of pronotum, lateral margins and a large basal patch to mesonotum pale greenish inclining to ochraceous, the basal patch contains two small black spots ; abdomen above black, its apical area covered with greyish pile. Body beneath and legs black; face, eyes, a spot connecting face and eyes, lateral margins of prosternum, apices of femora, and a spot on coxre, ochraceous.
Tegmina black, the costal membrane and venation pale greenish, and with a narrow oblique whitish fascia crossing tegmina beyond radial area. Wings black.
2 . Differing from the male in having the transverse fascia to tegmina broader, the basal patch to mesonotum ochraceous (this is probably only varietal, or the result of discoloration), and the abdomen uniformly black, not greyish, at apex.
In this species the lateral margins of the pronotum are not distinctly toothed, the rostrum passes the inner angles of the opercula, which are short and transverse, with their posterior margins oblique. Long. excl. tegm. <y , 51 milhm. ; 2,41 millim. Exp. tegm. <? , 130 millim. ; ? , 128 millim. Hab.— Continental India: Naga Hills (coll. Dist.).
This handsome and distinct species is allied to T. fasciata and T. melanoptera, from both of which it differs by the black abdomen, the pale basal patch to the mesonotum, the green costal membrane to the tegmina, and the narrow oblique pale fascia to same. The opercula are also different in shape, being shorter, broader, more nearly meeting at inner angles, and with their posterior margins obliquely straight.
5. Tosena depicta. (Tab. III., fig. 11, a, h.)
Tosma dcpkta, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. ii. p. 323 (1888). Head and thorax above black ; head with a spot at apex of front and a spot at each anterior angle of vertex, two central spots on anterior margin of pronotum, the posterior margin of pronotum, four spots in transverse series on mesonotum, and the posterior margin of mesonotum ochraceous; the centre of basal cruciform elevation black. Abdomen above reddish ochraceous, with a central, longitudinal, narrow, dorsal, fuscous fascia. Head beneath, sternum, a lateral fascia to opercula, and legs black ; a spot at base and one on each side of base of face ; coxas, apices of femora and tibia, tarsi (excluding base) and rostrum (excluding apex) ochraceous. Body beneath ochraceous, the basal segment blackish. Tegmma dark olivaceous, the costal membrane and the venation reddish ochraceous, and with a transverseandslightlyobliquegreyish-whitefascianearcentre,notextendingabovethebaseofthesecondulnar area ; posterior basal margin narrowly reddish ochraceous. Wings black, the basal area reddish ochraceous, with its posterior margin black.
*SeeMr.Beddard'saccountofsomeremaikablevariationsintheinternalorgansofaspeciesofearthwormiPeriomix excavatus), as quoted in Wallace's ' Darwinism,' ji. 60. •- ^ j i'Khop.Malayana,'p.342,note.
ORIENTAL CICADIDJE. 29 The rostrum reaches the apex of the basal abdominal segment, and the tegmina have their apices considerably attenuated.
Long. excl. tegm. 36 millim. Exp. tegm. 90 millim.
Hab. — Borneo:* South-East District (Doherty — coll. Dist.).
This species has probably a wider distribution, as Prof. Westwood informs me he has apparently the same insect from Sumatra and Malacca.
cc. Winr/s red, with the apex Hack.
C. Tosena dives. (Tab. III., fig. 10, a, h.)
Cicada dives, Wostwood, Arc. Eut. vol. i. p. 98, t. 25, f. 2 (1842).
Tunena dires, Amy. & Serv. Hist, des Hem. p. 4G4 (1843).
Huechjs transcersa, Walk. List Horn. Suppl. p. 40 (1858); Stul, Ofv. Vet. Ak. Forb. 1863, p. 483; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 219, n. 26 (1885).
Gccaiia dives, Atkins. J.A. S.Beiig. vol. liii. p. 221, n. 34 (1885).
Body and legs black ; eyes ochraceous, apex of face castaneous. Tegmina blackish ; the venation, costal membrane, and a transverse fascia,—commencing at apex of radial area and terminating on posterior margin at lower apical area, — reddish ochraceous. "Wings pale reddish, with about the apical third black. The face is very globose, and the rostrum extends to between the inner angles of the opercula. Long. excl. tegm. <? , 24 to 25 millim. Exp. tegm. 66 to 73 millim.
Hab.— Continental India (Stevens— Brit. Mus.) : Sikkim (Calc. Mus. and coll. Dist.) ; Darjeeling (Stockh. Mus.); Sylhet (Stainforth— Hope. Coll., Oxford).
This species, according to present knowledge, has a very limited distribution. d. Basal areas of both tegmina and ivings more or less ochraceous.
7. Tosena sibylla. (Tab. IX., fig. 9, a, h.)
Gmma sibylla, Stul, Trans. Ent. See. ser. 3, vol. i. p. 576 (1863) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. Iv. p. 156, n.26(1886).
=•ThebestandfullestinformationweLaveconcerningtheCicadldaofBorneoisfromthepenofMr.Cathbert Colling-n-ood,whoinformsus:—"ThereareseveralspeciesinLabuanandPuloDaat,whichmakethewoodsresoimd.One ofthemostextraordinaryofthesesinginginsectsuttersasoxmdbynomeansimmusical.Justasthesungoesdown,aloud, ringingwhistlestrikesupamongthefern,orinsomespotnearthehouse,sometimesapparentlyalmostintheverandah, whichIcanbestcomparetoonesmartlyrubbingonverysoundingmusicalglass,andkeepingupforalongtimeaverj-loud anduninteiTuptedmusicalnote.Youmaysearchinvainfortheoriginoftheringingsound,thoughitappearstospringfrom theveryspotonwhichyoumaybestanding,foraquietapproachwillnotdisturbtheinsect,which,sittinginthemouthof itsholeintheground,whistlesitsmonotonousandloudsong,whichisprobablyintensifiedbyreverberationintheca\-ity. Thisinsectseemstoaffecttheneighbourhoodofhouses,andcanonlybeseenbyapatientand,withal,fortunatewatcher. "ButtherearetwoorthreespeciesofCicadaswhicharenowhitinferiorinnoisypowerstotheinsectjustmentioned (whichIhavebeenassiu-edwasalocust),thoughtheirnoteshaveadifferentcharacter.Oneofthesemakesasimplechirp, allnightlong,likeourcrickets.ButtherearetwootherswhichIwilldesignaterespectivelythescissor-grinderandthe saw-whettcr"Ishallneverforgetthefirsttimeofhearingthescissor-grinderinthejungleatPappanwhenapproachingthe islandinaboat,thenoisebeingdistinctlyaudibleforatleastaquarterofanhorn-beforewereachedtheshore,andwhenthere theresoundingwhiv-r-r—whir-v-r—wh'ir-r-roftheinsectawakeningtheechoesoftheforestwastrulyastonishing..\fl«r continuingtliisdeafeningsoundforsometime,itwindsupwithaprotractedxvhis-z-z-zwhichdiesawayjusthkethe.<;cissorgrinder'swheelwhenthetreddlcstops.AnotherwhichIheardatCoal-pointcloselyresembledthewhettingofasaw,but wasnotsocommonasthelast;andathirdalwaysbeganwithasortofwarblingnote,likeapersonblowinginwaterwith abird-whistle,veryloudandsomewhatmelodiouswithal.
ThesesingaUday,ovenduringthehottestliours.
"TheCicadasare,however,verydithculttodetectbythesight.Theyoftensinghighupinthetrees,andIshotild stillbedoubtfuloftherealnatureofthesongstershadInotonceortwice,whenpeeringcuriouslyupintothetree,seen aCicadaquititsretreatandflyfromamongtheleavessimultaneouslywitlithediscontinuanceofthesomul.Butwhenin abushnearathand,theringingsoundisofapeculiarlydeceptiveandventriloquousnature.Thenoisetheymakeissoloud thatitthrillsthroughtheearsinamannerperfectlydeafening.Youapproachthebushfromwhichitappearstoissue,and youevenappeartohavereachedtheveryspotinwhichtheanimalisconcealed,butnothingdaunted,thein«octcontinuesits screeching,andyoumaypeeraboutandlookforaglimpseofitiuvain.Y'ourproximitydoesnotdisturbit.foritseemsto thinkthatitisquitesafeinitsconcealment,andeventhrustingastickintothebushwillnotdislodgeit,noriuallcaseseven stopthenoise.Atthesametimeonecannotbeabsolutelycertainthatitisreallyintliatparticularbush,forthemere intensityofthesoundisnotsufficienttofixitsexactlocality,thoughthetlirillitsendsthroughtheearsprovesitmustbovery near."—'RamblesofaNaturalistontheShoresandWatersoftlieChinaSeas,"pp.175—7.
80 ORIENTAL CICADID.E.
This species being only known to the writer by the type in the British Museum (of which a figure is here given), the original description is also copied : — " Nigra; tegminibus a basi vix ad medium subolivaceo-flavis ; alis ultra medium lutescentibus 3' . " Statura G. maculata. Frons valde tumida. Thorax antice capita nonnihil angustior, lateribus ab apice ad medium parallelis, deiii subito ampliatis. Tegmina costa et vena subcostali per totam loiigitudinem sat distantibus, venis ulnaribus basi sat distantibus, areis apicalibus longissimis, prima, quarta et sexta jequilougis. Opercula subtriangularia, apice rotundata. "Long. 42, exp. tegm., 112 mill."
Hab.— Malay Peninsula : Tringanu (Brit. Mus.) ; Jelebu (Eaffles Mus. Singapore). Stal described this species from an unset specimen. I have to thank the authorities of the Zoological Department of the British Museum for having the tegmina and wings expanded, thus exhibiting the tympanal coverings, which show it to belong to the genus Tosena, and not toGceana.
e. Tegmina and wings partly hyaline, wings broadly greenish at base, 8. Tosena splendida. (Tab. II., fig. 6, a, b, var.)
Tosena spJemlhht, Distant, Ent. Month. Mag. voh sv. p. 76 (1878); Waterh. Aid Ident. Ins. 1.147, f. 1 (1884); Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. voL hii. p. 217, n. 21 (1885); ibid. voL Iv. p. 152, n. 19 (1886). Body above black ; front with a reddish spot at each basal angle ; eyes, two small spots on vertex, four large spots to pronotum (two on disk and one at each posterior lateral angle) and two spots on disk of mesouotum,* luteous. Body beneath and legs black; lateral margins of the face, a wide central anuulation to femora, and a central discal series of subtriangular spots, sanguineous. Tegmina and wings— where not obscured by darker markings— pale hyaline, exhibiting varied opaline lustre, which in some lights is found to be ornamented with close and regular series of transverse darker strife ; tegmina at base (narrowly) and costal membrane shining blackish ; venation bright luteous and for two-thirds from base broadly margined with shining blackish, and a series of shining blackish margmal spots on the apices of longitudinal veins to apical areas largest and somewhat fused at apex ; claval area pale greenish. Wings pale greenish for nearly two-thirds their area fi-om base ; remaining apical area shining blackish, enclosing a submarginal series of pale opaline spots, of which the largest are subapical.
Var. a. — Typical, as described above (Waterh. Aid Ident. Ins. t. 147, f. 1). Var. b. Supra (Tab. II., fig. 6).
In this variety all the markings are paler and more sombre in hue, the mesonotal spots practically absent, and the dark fuscous markings to tegmina and wings, not shining blackish. Long. excl. tegm. 3^ , 45 to 47 millim. ; ? , 44 millim. Exp. tegm. <? & S , 122 to 127 millim. Hab.— Continental India : Naga Hills, 2000 to 6000 ft. (Chennell— coll. Dist.) ; Khasi Hills, 4500 to 6000 ft. (Chennell— coll. Dist.) ; Lushai Country (Calc. Mus.). Burma : Akyab (coll. Dist.). When first diagnosing this species, with only one of each sex before me, I was disposed to consider that the sexes usually differed in the manner there described. I have, however, since received other specimens, which prove the dark coloration to be the normal form of the species.
=•= The specimen figured was somewhat faded, but the colorist has altogether ignored these spots.
ORIENTAL CICADID/E. 81 Genus LEPTOPSALTPJA.
Leptopsaltria, StfJ, Hem. Afr. iv. p. 5 (186G) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 227 (1885) ; ibid. vol. Iv. p.157(1886).
Body moderately long and robust. Head somewhat narrowed anteriorly, including eyes about equal in breadth to the anterior margin of the mesonotum ; ocelli not quite twice the distance from eyes as from each other; front somewhat conical and subprominent. Pronotum with the lateral margms moderately ampHated and more or less distinctly toothed. Gente* internally near the apex at the base of the lores,* furnished with a tubercle or tumescence. Anterior femora distinctly and robustly spmed. Kostrum extendmg beyond the posterior coxfe. Tympana covered ; opercula short. Second and thh-d abdominal segments in the male furnished with a well-developed tubercle near each lateral margin. Tegmiua witli the mterior ulnar area not, or shghtly, narrowed at apes.
• This genus of Cicadidce, with covered tympana and clear tegmina, is easily recognised in the male sex, by the character of the lateral tubercles to the second and third abdommal segments. In the Tihiccmncc we have a simHar genus, separated by the tympana bemg practically uncovered, for which I propose the generic name Cakagninus. \ The distribution of the genus is conterminate with the faunistic area embraced by this monograph, and every known species is thus included.
a. Opercula tcith the postcriormargins obliquely straight, the lateral margins usually oblique, sometimes slightly convex.
1. Leptopsaltria quadrituberculata. (Tab. VIII., fig. 6, a, b.)
Cicada qiuidritaberculata, Signoret, Ann. Soc. Eut. de Fr. ser. 2, vol. v. p. 297 (1847). Dundtcbia qnudniuherculata. Walk., List Horn. i. p. 78, n. 40 (1850); Stul, Ann. Soc. Eut. de Fr. ser. 4, vol. iv. p. 60 (1864).
Leptopsaltria qmdrituheradata, Stil, Berl. Ent. Zeit. x. p. 170 (18GC); Ofv. Yet. Ak. Forb. 1870, p. 710, n. 1. S Body above ochraceous. Head with the lateral striations to front, a series of huear marks on vertex and the area of the ocelli black; eyes castaueous ; ocelH red. Pronotum with two central black lines the posterior and inner lateral margms also black, and an irregular black spot on posterior mai-gin near' each lateral angle. Mesonotum with five black linear spots, the central one straight and crossmg disk the others situate two on each side, shorter and oblique, and with four small rounded black spots near base' Abdomen pale castaneous, sparingly clothed with greyish pile, the segmental margms pale blackish ; lateral margins of the tympanal coverings also blackish. Body beneath, rostrum and legs ochraceous; apices of face and genaj, a fascia between eyes and face, a broad annulation at apices of anterior femora, anterior tibiffi excluding apices, anterior halves-excludmg apices-of intermediate tibi.-e, anterior tarsi excluding base, apex of rostrum, margins of opercula, abdominal tubercles, and apex of abdomen, black. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline ; the first with the costal membrane and venation ochraceous with blackish"shadings, the transverse veins at the bases of the second and third apical areas infuscated ; wings ■with the venation ochraceous, more or less infuscated.
*Theterms"senio"and"lores"maybedescribedinthewordsofBmmeister:-"Thesidesoftheheadfromthe .ve,dowmvardlTothemouth,arecalledclaeeks(geiuc).Weagaindistinguishmthemtheautenorportion,extenchi.gasfar afthearUculutionotthemandiblesandmaxillle,orthecon^encemeutofthemouth,bythenameofreinsorlora.- "(• Manual Knlomologv,' Shuckard's translation, p. 51). _ tTheauthorquotedbyBurton,inhis'AnatomyofMelancholy,'asanauthorityforthepowerofmusiconthemsect world,—"beesthoughtheybeflyingaway,whentheyhearanytinglingsoundwilltarrybeUiua.
82 ORIENTAL CICADID^.
The rostrum reaches the inner angles of the opercula, -which are widely separated, their apical margins oblique, their lateral margins slightly convex.
Long. excl. tegm. 41 millim. Exp. tegm. 110 millim.
Hab. — Java (coll. Sign., coll. Dist.). Philippine Isles (Stockh. Mus. — Bruss. Mus.). China (Bowring — Brit. Mus.).
This is the largest species of the genus at present known to science 2. Leptopsaltria mascula. (Tab. X., fig. 1, a, b.)
Leptopsaltria mascula, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. iii. p. 420 (1889). ^ . Head, pronotum, and mesonotum greenish ochraceous ; head with the margins of front, anterior margins of vertex, inner margins of eyes, and the area of the ocelli black ; pronotum and mesonotum with the following black markings : — pronotum with two central longitudinal fascia, widened anteriorly and rounded and united posteriorly, the incisures, a large spot on lateral margins and three spots on posterior margin, the central one smallest and linear ; mesonotum with five fascise, one central, widened and somewhat cordate posteriorly, an abbreviated one on each side, followed by another completely crossing disk, and two small spots in front of the cruciform elevation. Abdomen castaneous, the segmental margins pitchy and a spot of the same colour at base. Head and thorax beneath, legs and opercula greenish ochraceous, face with black strife, head spotted with black, apices of the tibire and tarsi blackish. Abdomen beneath castaneous, with the tubercles and apex black.
Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous ; tegmina with the apex slightly infuscated, a small black and ochraceous spot at base of upper ulnar area and the transverse veins at bases of second and third apical areas darkly infuscated.
The rostrum reaches the posterior coxse ; the opercula are angulated, the outer and posterior margins nearlystraight.
Long. excl. tegm. <y , 28 millim. Exp. tegm. 78 millim.
Hab. — Borneo : Kina Balu Mtn. (Whitehead — coll. Dist.)- 3. Leptopsaltria samia. (Tab. VIII., fig. 11, a, h.)
Dundubia samia, Walker. List Hom. i. p. 77, n. 39 (1850); Atldns. J. A. S. Beug. vol. liii. p. 225, u. 47 (1888). The following is Walker's original description : — "Body green, tinged here and there with tawny : head much narrower than the fore-chest, pitchy about the eyelets, and with a pitchy streak on each side along the eye ; mouth tawny, with a black tip reaching beyond the hind-hips ; eyes prominent ; feelers tawny ; scutcheon of the fore-chest adorned with a pale streak which is slightly widened in front and behind ; a pitchy spot on each side ; hind-scutcheon narrow in the middle, slightly angular and much widened at the base of each fore-wing, slightly excavated on each side; scutcheon of the middle-chest ferruginous, adorned with some green marks, of these there is a large angular spot in the middle, on each side a forked mark, behind which there is a curved mark, and nearer each side a slight streak ; hind border slightly excavated ; abdomen obconical, tawny, darker at the tip, longer than the chest, paler beneath ; opercula tawny, small ; drums pale green, small, far apart : legs tawny ; tips of the claws black ; fore-thighs armed with three teeth, two of moderate size, one very small ; wings colourless ; fore border green, tawny beyond the brand ; veins green, adorned with a few black bands, tawny towards the tips ; cross-veins clouded with pale brown ; a row of pale brown spots near the tips of the longitudinal veins of the marginal areolets ; fore-flaps brown ; hind-flaps brown between the middle veins and the fore border." Long. excl. tegm. 26 millim. Exp. tegm. 76 millim.
Hab.— Continental India: North India (sic) (Warwick— Brit. Mus.) ; Sikkim (coll. Dist.).
ORIENTAL CICADIDJE. 33 I have thought it best to reproduce the original description of this species, as the Sikkini specimen in my collection, and which is here figured, has the markings of the mesonotum faint and somewhat obliterated.
It is closely allied to the preceding species, L. mascula, from which it structurally differs by the opercula, which are wider apart and have their posterior margins more oblicpie, the face is also less strongly striated. The abdomen beneath has the apex more broadly black, and the tegmina have a complete series of small fuscous marginal spots at the apices of the longitudmal veins to apical areas.
4. Leptopsaltria albistigma. (Tab. X., fig. 15, a, h.)
Diindubia albistigma, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 58, n. 18, (1850).
This species is only known to the writer by the specimens in the British Museum, one of which is here figured, and therefore the original description— as far as necessary— is reproduced : — " Body tawny, somewhat ferruginous, covered with white down ; head a little narrower than the fore-chest ; some black marks on each side of the crown ; space about the eyelets also black ; face very convex, adorned in front with a broad black stripe, on each side of which there are black bands ; mouth tawny with a black tip, reaching the hiud-hips ; eyes prominent ; feelers black ; scutcheon of the fore-chest adorned in front with two triangular black spots ; hind scutcheon angular and slightly notched and armed with a very short tooth on each side ; scutcheon of the middle-chest adorned with five black stripes, the inner pair short, but succeeded by two black dots, the outer pair broad ; hind border very slightly excavated ; abdomen slightly obconical, larger than the chest, adorned on the hind border of each segment with a pitchy band which is widened on each side into a triangular spot ; four tubercles on the under side ; opercula dull tawny ; drums small, tinged with green, a Uttle apart, not more than one-third of the length of the abdomen ; legs tawny ; claws black, tawny at the base ; fore-thighs armed with three black teeth, one very short, two very long ; wings colourless, greyish at the base ; cross-veins from the first to the fourth clouded with brown ; brands whitish ; veuas tawny ; cross-vems and a few parts of the longitudmal veins black; flaps greyish at the base."
Long. excl. tegm. 30 millim. Exp. tegm. 86 millim.
Hab.— China (G. T. Lay— Brit. Mus.).
5. Leptopsaltria nebulinea. (Tab. VIIL, fig. 17,a, fc.)
Dundubia nebulinea. Walker, Journ. Liun. Soc, Zool. vol. x, p. 8-4, u. 10 (18G7). Walker describes the female sex only as follows :— " Testaceous, partly greenish about the sides of the thorax. Head with a transverse black mark on each side of the front ; orbits of the ocelli black ; face with transverse piceous streaks along each side. Prothorax with a black hne along the fore border ; the two usual black lines very mcomplete ; fore border and hind border of the postscuteUum black. Mesothorax with two slightly curved piceous Ihies, which are united behind, where they form a deep curve. Abdomen with a piceous line along the fore border of each segment ; tomentum shining, cinereous. Fore tibiae and anterior tarsi piceous. Wings pellucid ; veins ochraceous, partly black; stigma bright yellow; first, second, and thhd transverse veins clouded with dark brown ; a pale brown fusiform dot on each of the seven marginal veins ; a still paler diffuse brown streak in each of the marginal areolcts."
In the male the opercula are situate wide apart, theh lateral margins slightly convex, their posterior marginsobliquelystraight.
Long. excl. tegm. 22 to 25 miUim. Exp. tegm. 60 to 74 millim.