SYNODONTIS. 431 shorter than head, striated, smooth in front, strongly serrated behind. Adipose dorsal 5 to 6 times as long as deep, 2 to 3 times as long as its distance from rayed dorsal. Anal IJI-[V 6-7, pointed in front. Pectoral spine nearly as long as head, smooth or feebly serrated on outer border, strongly on inner. Ventral not reaching anal. Caudal deeply notched. Caudal peduncle longer than deep. Pale reddish brown Fig.316, Synodontis multipunctatus.
Type (Tr. ZS. 1898). i.
above, covered with round blackish spots, which are smaller on the head than on the body; uniform white beneath ; ventrals and anal yellow ; dorsal and caudal broadly edged with yellow.
Total length 240 millim.
Lake Tanganyika.
1. Type. Samba. Prof. J. HE. 8. Moore (C.).
PE INGE Kalambo. oe 3-4, Ad. Niamkolo. Dr. W. A. Cunnington (C.).
17. SYNODONTIS VICTORIA.
Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) xvii. 1906, p. 488, and Fish. Nile, p. 363, pl. Ixvii. fig. 1 (1907).
Depth of body 4 to 43 times in total length, length of head 5} to 4 times. Head 14 times as long as broad, granulate above from between the eyes; snout rounded, as long as postocular part of head; eye supero-lateral, 53 to 6 times in length of head, 24 to 24 times in width
429, SILURID&.
of interorbital region, which is slightly convex ; occipital region convex ; lips moderately developed; pramaxillary teeth forming a short and broad band; movable mandibular teeth 4 diameter of eye, 19 to 21 in number. Maxillary barbel with a narrow marginal membrane at base, nearly as long as head, extending to base of pectoral spine ; mandibular barbels with slender simple branches, outer nearly twice as long as inner, Gill-opening not extending below base of pectoral fin. Occipitonuchal shield simply convex, rugose and pitted, 14 to 13 times as long as broad, ending in two blunt points. Humeral process covered with granular asperities, 15 times as long as broad, acutely pointed, not Vig.317.
Synodontis victoric.
Type (F.N.). 2.
extending so far back as occipito-nuchal process. Dorsal I 6-7; spine straight, # length of head, smooth in front, feebly serrated behind. Adipose dorsal 4 to 5 times as long as deep, 1% to 2 times as long as its distance from rayed dorsal. Anal LV 8. Pectoral spine a little shorter than head, not reaching ventral, feebly serrated on outer side, strongly on inner. Caudal deeply forked. upper lobe the longer. Caudal peduncle as long as deep or slightly longer. Brown above, white beneath, the brown parts with rather large round darker spots, which may be very indistinct.
Total length 250 millim.
Lake Victoria.
1. Type. Entebbe. Mr. E. Degen (C.).
2. Type. Buganga. a
SYNODONTIS. 423 18. SYNODONTIS NEBULOSUS.
Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1852, p. 682, and Reise Mossamb. iv. p. 28, pl. v. fig. 1 (1868).
Depth of body 5 times in total length, length of head 33 times. Head a little longer than broad, rugose above from between the eyes ; snout as long as postocular part of head; eye supero-lateral, 43 times in length of head, twice in interorbital width; lips moderately developed ; premaxillary teeth forming a short and broad band; movable mandibuler teeth not 4 diameter of eye, 18 in number. Maxillary Fig.318.
Synodontis nebulosus.
Type, after Peters (Reise Mossamb.). 3.
barbel not margined, a little shorter than head, reaching a little beyond base of pectoral spine ; outer mandibular barbels twice as long as inner, with short simple branches, inner with very short, bifid branches. Gill-opening not extending downwards beyond base of pectoral spine. Occipito-nuchal shield rugose like the occiput, as long as_ broad, posterior processes pointed. Humeral process not longer than broad, obtusely pointed, not extending so far back as occipito-nuchal process. Dorsal I 7; spine shorter than head, smooth in front, serrated behind. Adipose dorsal about 5 times as long as deep, as long as its distance from rayed dorsal. Anal IV 8, pointed in front. Pectoral spine shorter than head, feebly serrated on outer border, strongly on inner. Ventral nearly reaching anal. Caudal deeply notched. Caudal peduncle a little longer than deep. Yellowish green above, with ill-defined, irregular,
ADA SILURIDA.
large blackish spots, yellowish white beneath; fins yellowish green with transverse series of black spots.
Total length 150 millim.
Lower Zambesi.—Type in Berlin Museum.
19. SYNODONTIS WOOSNAMLI, sp. n.
Depth of body 33 times in total length, length of head 53 times. Head a little longer than broad, rugose above from between the eyes ; snout as long as postocular part of head; eye supero-lateral, 6 times in length of head, twice in interorbital width ; lips moderately developed ; Fig.319.
Synodoutis woosname.
3 Type. 2.
premaxillary teeth forming a short and broad band; movable mandibular teeth 3 diameter of eye, 20 in number. Maxillary barbel not margined, 4 length of head, reaching a little beyond root of pectoral spine; mandibular barbels with long slender branches, outer 15 times as long as inner. Gill-opening not extending downwards beyond base of pectoral spine. Occipito-nuchal shield rugose like the occiput, a little longer than broad, posterior processes obtusely pointed. Humeral process slightly longer than broad, obtusely pointed, not extending so far back as occipito-nuchal process. Dorsal I 7; spine 2 length of
SYNODONTIS. 425 head, slightly curved, smooth in front, feebly serrated behind. Adipose dorsal 33 times as long as deep, as long as its distance from rayed dorsal. Anal 1V 8, rounded. Pectoral spine as long as dorsal, rather feebly serrated on outer border, strongly on inner. Ventral rounded, not reaching anal. Caudal deeply notched. Cauda] peduncle a little longer than deep. Dark brown above, lighter beneath ; back, sides, and fins closely dotted with black.
Total length 150 millim.
Lake Ngami district, Bechuanaland.
1. Type. Okovango R. R. B. Woosnam, Hsq. (C.).
20. SYNODONTIS MARMORATUS.
Lonnb. Ofvers. Vet. Ak. Forh. Stockholm, 1895, p. 186. Length of head 54 times in total length. Movable mandibular teeth half diameter of eye, 14 to 18 in number. Maxillary barbel longer than head, reaching middle of humeral process, not margined; mandibular barbels with short and broad branches. Gill-opening not extending downwards beyond root of pectoral spine. Occipito-nuchal shield longer than broad. Humeral process more than twice as long as broad. Dorsal I 7; spine about half length of head, smooth in front, serrated behind. Adipose dorsal as long as or shorter than its distance from rayed dorsal. Anal 11-12. Pectoral spine shorter than head, strongly serrated on both sides. Ventral not reaching anal. Caudal deeply forked. Blackish brown, marbled with white; fins white, marbled with black.
Total length 52 millim.
Bonge, Cameroon.—Types in Stockholm Museum.
21. SYNODONTIS AFRO-FISCHERI.
Hilgend. Sitzb. Ges. naturf. Fr. Berl. 1888, p. 77; Pfeff. Thierw. O.-Afr., Fische, p. 37 (1896); Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1901, ii. p. 161, and Fish. Nile, p. 364, pl. Ixvii. fig. 2 (1907).
Depth of body 34 to 44 times in total length, length of head 3 to 4 times. Head 1+ to 14 times as long as broad, granulate above, the granulate area usually extending on the snout to halfway between eye and nostrils; snout rounded, as long as or slightly shorter than postocular part of head; eye supero-lateral, 4 to 5 times in length of head, 1} to 24 times in interorbital width; lips moderately developed ; pre-
496 SILURID&.
maxillary teeth forming a short and broad band; movable mandibular teeth not half diameter of eye, 45 to 54 in number. Maxillary barbel without or with only a trace of marginal membrane, | to 12 times length of head, reaching between anterior and posterior third of pectoral spine ; anterior barbel with slender branches, 12 to 2 times as long as inner, which bears shorter but ramified branches. Gill-opening not extending downwards beyond root of pectoral spine. Occipito-nuchal shield rugose and convex like the occiput, 1} to 1} times as long as broad, posterior processes pointed. Humeral process much longer than broad, feebly keeled, acutely pointed, extending as far back as occipitonuchal process, or not quite so far. Skin villose on sides. Dorsal I 7 ; Fig.320.
Synodontis afro-fischer.
Bunjako (F.N.). 4.
spine straight or feebly curved, # to once length of head, smooth in front, serrated behind. Adipose dorsal 33 to 4 times as long as deep, 14 to 24 times as long as its distance from rayed dorsal. Anal IV 7-8, rounded. Pectoral spine as long as ora little shorter than head, not reaching ventral, rather strongly serrated on outer edge, very strongly on inner. Ventral not reaching anal. Caudal deeply forked, upper lobe slightly the longer. Caudal peduncle a little longer than deep. Dark brown above and beneath, with some lighter, yellowish-brown marblings or wavy cross-bands and round blackish spots; fins grey, with transyerse series of black spots sometimes forming cross-bars. Total length 145 millim.
Lake Victoria.—Type in Berlin Museum.
SYNODONTIS. 427 1. Ad. L. Victoria. Mr. W. G. Doggett (C.); Sir H. H. Johnston (P.).
2-3. Ad. Buganga. Mr. E. Degen (C.).
4-13. Ad. & hgr. Bunjako. A 22. SYNODONTIS FUELLEBORNI.
Hilgend. & Pappenh. Sitzb. Ges. naturf. Fr. Berl. 1903, p. 265. Depth of body 4 times in total length, length of head 34 times. Head granulate above; snout obtusely conical, as long as postocular part of head; eye supero-lateral, 5 times in length of head, twice in interorbital width ; 51 movable mandibular teeth. Maxillary barbel with distinct marginal membrane at base, reaching extremity of humeral process; outer mandibular barbel reaching base of pectoral spine, with moderately long, simple branches, inner shorter, with short and thick, feebly ramified branches. Gill-opening not extending downwards beyond root of pectoral spine. Occipito-nuchal shield tectiform, with obtuse posterior processes. Humeral process triangular, keeled, not extending so far back as occipito-nuchal process. Dorsal I 7; spine a little shorter than head. Adipose dorsal about twice as long as its distance from rayed dorsal. Anal IV 8. Pectoral spine shorter than head, not reaching ventral, more strongly serrated on inner than on outer border. Ventral not reaching anal. Caudal deeply forked. Brownish, with irregular dark spots; fins with dark bands. Total length 115 millim.
Lake Rukwa, east of Lake Tanganyika.—Type in Berlin Museum. 23. SYNODONTIS EUPTERUS.
Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) viii. 1901, p. 11, and Fish. Nile, p. 369, pl. Ixviii. (1907).
Depth of body 3 times in total length, length of head 34 to 4 t'mes. Head a little longer than broad, rugose, granulate on vertex and occiput and in front of eyes; snout rounded, as long as postocular part of head ; eye supero-lateral, 33 to 4 times in length of head, 13 to 13 times in interorbital width; lips rather feebly developed; premaxillary teeth forming a short and broad band; movable mandibular teeth barely ¢ length of eye, 45 to 50 in number. Maxillary barbel with a
428 SILURID ©.
well-developed marginal membrane at the base, 13 to 13 times as long as head, reaching anterior third or middle of pectoral spine; outer mandibular barbel about twice as long as inner, former with long slender branches, latter with tubercular ramifications. Gill-opening not extending downwards below base of pectoral spine. Occipitonuchal shield rough like the occiput, obtusely tectiform, with obtuse posterior processes. Humeral process flat, granulate, much longer than broad, obtuse-pointed, extending as far back as occipito-nuchal process, or not quite so far. Dorsal 17; spine strong, feebly curved, longer than head, smooth in front, very feebly serrated behind, the Fig.321.
Synodontis eupterus.
Type (F. N.). 3.
soft terminal part, as well as the extremity of the anterior branched rays, prolonged into a long filament, the second soft ray being more than twice as long as head. Adipose dorsal 24 to 3 times as long as deep, narrowly separated from rayed dorsal. Anal IV 8, pointed. Pectoral spine a little longer than head, moderately serrated on outer edge, with very strong serre on inner side, not reaching ventral. Latter pointed, reaching origin of anal. Caudal deeply forked, upper lobe produced. Caudal peduncle a little deeper than long. Dark greybrown (olive in life), with a few round blackish spots on the head,