THE ANOPHELINA SUB-FAMILY 287 Table showing the Arrangement op the Cross-Veins in Anopheles. Species. Female. Male. An. Bigotii, Theob. ,, argyrotarsis, Desv. . . ,, paludis, Theob. ,, maculipalpis. Tbeob. ,, Mauritianus de Grandpre at de Charmoy ,, fuliginosus, Giles .. „ Jamesii, Theob. ,, Theobaldi, sp. n. ,, albipes, Theob. ,, maculatus, Theob. ,, Pharcensis, Theob. ,, Lutzii, Theob. ,, punctulatus, Donitz ,, Sinensis, Wied. ,, annularis, Wulp. ,, pseudofnctus, Grassi ,, nigerrimus, Giles ,, Indiensis, Theob. ,, barbirostris, Wul'p „ costalis, Loew ,, cinereus, Theob. ,, superyictus, Grassi ,, Rossii, Giles ,, leucophyrus, Donitz ,, culicifacies, sp. n. . „ annulipes, Walker ,, Mastersi, Skuse ,, squamosus, Theob. ,, Koclii, Donitz ,, gigas, sp. n. ,, fullest us, Giles ,, Listoni, sp. n. ,, Indica, Theob. ,, Rhodesiensis, Theob. 2 II 3, but angulated, 4 much internal 2 II 3, 4 widely internal { Alternate, 4 internal. Widely seriatim . . \ Widely seriatim, 4 internal.
Rather closely seriatim. Seriatim.
Widely seriatim Widely seriatim, 4 internal Alternate, 4 internal. . 2 II 3, 4 internal 2 II 8, but angulated, 4 much internal Widely seriatim, 4 internal Closely seriatim, 4 internal Alternate,2||4 2 II 3, 4 internal Seriatim (rather widely, 4 internal) 2 II 3, 4 internal Seriatim, 4 internal . . Closely seriatim, 4 internal Seriatim, 4 internal 2 II 3, 4 internal 2 II 3 II 4 (slightly internal) Seriatim, but 2 nearly 113 Widely seriatim, 4 internal 2 II 3, 4 widely internal Alternate, 4 widely internal 2 II 3 II 4, or closely seriatim Alternate, 2 nearly || 4 Alternate, 4 much internal Seriatim 2 II 3, 4 internal Seriatim, but 2 nearly II 3, 4 much internal 2 II 3, 4 internal Seriatim, but 2 nearly 113 Seriatim, 4 internal Closely seriatim, 2 nearly||3 Widely seriatim, 4 internal.
Seriatim, 4 internal. 2 II 3, 4 internal. Rather widely seriatim, 4 internal.
Seriatim, 4 internal. Widely seriatim, 4 internal.
Seriatim, 4 internal. Closelyserm;!i7»,4internal. Seriatim, 4 internal. Seriatim, 4 widely internal.
Widely seriatim, 4 internal.
Widely seriatim, 4 internal.
Alternate, 3 slightly ternal.
Alternate, 4 internal. 2 II 3, 4 internal. 2 II 3 II 4, last slightly internal.
Rather widely seriatim. 2 II 3, but angulate, 4 slightly internal. 2 II 3, 4 internal. Alternate, 2 nearly || 3.
288 GNATS OR MOSQUITOES — CHAPTER XII Species.
An. minimus, Theob.
,, punctipennis, Say . ,, Lindesayii, Giles . ,, atratipes, Skuse ,, maculipcnnis, Meig. ,, stigmaticus, Skuse.. ,, hifurcatus, L.
,, Walkeri, Theob.
„ nigripes, Stseger Female.
Seriatim, 4 internal 2 II 3 II 4, obliquely inwards Alternate, 4 internal Alternate, 2 || 4 Alternate, 4 internal. . Seriatim, 4 much internal Alternate, 4 internal. . Closely alternate, 4 internal Alternate, 4 distinctly internal Male.
Alternate, 4 internal. Seriatim, but 3 near || 4. Alternate 2 distinctly internal.
observations on which he bases this opinion are exphcable on some such ground as that suggested. Still, it must be confessed that amongst the forms described in the following pages, especially in the genus Cnlex, several instances occur in which a difference in the formation of the tarsal claws is the only character distinguishing certain species, and the close resemblance of some of these in all other essential points make it quite possible that Coquillett may after all be right. For the purposes of identification, the points selected for reference in the succeeding table, are as follows : — (1) The presence or absence of spots on the wings. (2) Where the wing is spotted, whether the continuity of colouring of the costa is interrupted or not. Where it it is stated to be so interrupted, it should be ui:iderstood that purely apical spots, such as that on the tip of An. Lindesayii, rnihi, are not counted. Further, if the lighter coloured portions be in excess the costa is described as light-coloured, with dark interruptions, and vice versa. As a rule, in all species so decorated, the wing-field is spotted as well as the costa. (3) The presence or absence of light markings on the tarsal joints, and especially if certain joints be light-coloured throughout.
It will be noticed that there is one well-marked group in which one or more of the hind tarsi are all white ; a second, in which some or all of the tarsal joints have distinct apical light bands ; and a third, in which the tarsi are entirely dark tinted. At the same time, in endeavouring to place a specimen from drawings and
THE ANOPHELINA SUB-FAMILY 289 descriptions, it is well not to place too implicit a reliance on this character, as nearly all species show a tendency to apical banding of the tarsi, and there are few that will not be found to show some signs of it, if a long series be examined. Several have the tarsi quite distinctly so in one sex, and not in the other, so that, if a specimen agrees well with a given type in other respects, it should not be regarded as distinct on this ground alone.
The various members of these groups are distinguished by the number of the costal markings, the presence or absence of scales on the abdomen and thorax, the relative position of the transverse veins, the markings of the palpi, and other similar characters.
Table of the Species of the Genus Anopheles. I. Species having the wing spotted.
A. Wings with spots interrupting the continuity of coloration of the costa, in addition to, or without an apical spot. a. With certain joints of the fore and hind tarsi entirely light coloured.
1. An. Bigotii, Theob. Wings with 2 large, external, and a smaller internal white spot. Terminal fore tarsal joints all white. Abdomen black, with yellow scales.
2. An. albimaniis, Wied ? Wings with yellow spots. Terminal joints of all the tarsi white ? Abdomen with large triangular spots.
h. With certain joints of the hind tarsi only, all white. a. With the 3 last hind tarsal joints all white. 3. A. argyrotarsis, R. Desvoidy. Costa with four more or less pale spots ; last joint of fore and mid tarsi dark claycoloured. Transverse veins of ^ , alternate, 3 external to 2 and 4, 4. A. palucUs, Theob. Costa with two pale spots; fringe with one pale spot at end of 5th long vein.
5. An. Mauritianus, de Grandpre et de Charmoy. Closely resembles An. paludis, but only two instead of three of the last hind tarsal joints are all white, and the internal wing fringe is without well defined, paler, interruptions. 6. An. maculipalpis, Theob, Tarsi otherwise unhanded, but, together with the remaining leg joints, elaborately maculatedwith patches of dark and pale scales. 19
290 GNATS OR MOSQUITOES — CHAPTER XII 7. A. fuUginosus, Giles. Costa black with three small white spots ; wmgs very dark ; fringe at apex black.' B. An. Jamesii, Theob. Costa black, with 5 obvious white interruj)tions, besides smaller dots ; 3rd and 4th mid tarsi banded ; ant. 1st tarsal banded in middle ; fringe at apex yellow.
;8. With the last 2 hind tarsal joints aU white. 9. An. Theobaldi, sp. n. Costa black with 5 obvious small white spots and an apical spot. Long vems with less white on them than in An. Jamesii.
y. With 3 last hind tarsal joints white but for a mmute black band on the last.
10. An. ahlipes, Theob. Closely, otherwise resembles An. argyrotarsis, Desv., but has cross veins of the <? , 2 il 3, 4 internal.
5. With the terminal joint only of the hind tarsi all white. 11. An. maculatus, Theob. With 3 small white spots on the black costa, and 2 basal dots. Thorax, black with indistinct lines of white scales. Femora and tibiae banded and spotted. Abdomen with lateral tufts.
12. A71. Pharoensis, Theob. Wings with the yellow costa interrupted by 3 black spots, the middle most conspicuous. Thorax pale, with median dark Ime and yellow lateral scales. Tibiae maculated. x\bdomen yellow-scaled, with lateral dark tufts.
13. An. Pharoensis, var. albofinibriatus, var. 71. Wings with the costa and its apex straw-coloured, with 4 distinct black spots in addition to 2 basal dots, and the entire internal fringe pale.
c. Last hind tarsal joints white tipped, but dark at the base. 14. An. Lntzii, Theob. Wings with 3 small white interruptions of the black costa, 2 near the apex, the 3rd close to base. Thorax black, with white-scaled adornment. First fore tarsal joint with basal, apical, and middle white rings. Femora and tibiae unhanded.
15. An. tesselatns, ^heoh. Wing with the costa black, including the apex, but the absolute base white, with 2 obvious spots far out, and 5 white dots in two groups, more towards the base. Thorax scaly, adorned with curious, tesselated markings. Femora and tibiae banded and mottled. cL With some or all the tarsal joints apically lighter banded, but with the last joints dark at the apex.
16. An. sinensis, Wied. With 2 small ferruginous spots on the dark costa, one sub-apical, the other a little in front of the ' Includes Mr. Theobold's variety Pallidus.
THE ANOPHELINA SUB-FAMILY 291 cross-veins. Palpi of J , with apex, and 2 small rings, white.' 17. An. barbirostris, Wulp. Much resembles the above, but is blacker, and the palpi are all black in both sexes. 18. An. costalis, Loew. Three white spots on the dark costa. Tarsal bands involve both sides of the joints. 19. An. cinerem, Theob. Wnigs with three small white spots on the black costa ; fringe brown with yellow patches. Legs long and thin, black ; bases very pale.
20. An. superpictus, Grassi. Costal spots and dark internals of uniform length ; four large yellowish spots. Abdomen with dark brown hind borders to segments. Abdomen without scales.
21. An. Rossii, Giles. Costa with 4 large, and an apical yellowish spot, the large one T-shaped. Abdomen without scales. Thorax with a tun-shaped patch of whitish bloom, when fresh.
22. An. leucophyrus, Donitz. Costa black, with an apical and 4 small costal yellow spots in addition to 2 basal dots. Tarsal banding not purely apical, but on articulations. Thorax chestnut with dark median line and large reniforn dai-k lateral spots.
23. An. Ktomasii, Chalmers. Wings generally hght coloured, with 4 black spots on the yellow costa. Thorax slaty, with sub-median and oblique lateral darker lines. Abdomen black, the segments rather darker behind.
24. An. cmnulipes, Walker. Wings with 3 large white spots on black costa, and an apical spot. Basal portion white with 2 black dots; veins elaborately beaded with black. Legs elaborately ringed on all Joints. Cross vems alternate, 3 external, 2 ||, 4 ? ; or alternate, 3 external, 4 inside, 2 ^. 25. An. Mastersi, Skuse. Closely resembles above, but all dark portions of the wing larger. Cross veins alternate, but 3 barely outside, 2 and 4 widely internal ? ; or 2 || 3, 4 much internal <y .
26. An. sqtcamosus, Theob. Wing with costa black including its apex, interrupted by 3 small white spots and 2 basal white dots. Hind borders of abdominal segments with prominent lateral tufts of scales.
27. An. ocellatus, Theob. Costa white, including apex and base, with 5 uneven- sized black spots and a basal black dot. Long veins mostly white scaled, with a few (about 14) small black dots. Thorax fawn-coloured with a pair of deep brown eye-like spots and a third median one, in front of the scutellum.
' In this are included An. pseudopictus, Grassi ; An. nigerrimus, Giles An. annularis, Wulp ; and An. IncUensis, Theob.
292 GNATS OR MOSQUITOES — CHAPTER XII e. With certain of the tarsal joints ai)icall_v banded in the $ , but barely perceptibly so in the ? .
28. An. ffigas, sp. n. Wing Avith 2 wliite spots in the $ , and 3 in the S^ , as well as an apical spot, and a single basal dot ; the fringe all light in the J , black at apex and at all but the sixth junction in the ? . Us considerably the largest of Indian species.
/. Tarsi not obviously banded.
29. An. culicifacies, sp. n. Wings with 4 spots on the costa, as in An. superpictus, but both thorax and abdomen scaly, and the latter conspicuously basally banded, when fresh. 30. A71. pictus, Loew. AVith 2 prominent, and a third indistinct, yellow spots on the dark costa.
31. An. funestus, Giles. Wings with the black costa interrupted by 3 white spots, in addition to a large apical spot ; fringe interrupted at all but the 6th junction. Last ? , palp joint all white.
32. An. Lisfoni, sp. n. Wing resembles An. funestus, but with a large additional spot near the base, and the ? , palps minutely white-tipped only.
33. An. Indicus, Theob. Wings with the apically black costa interrupted by 4 small yellow spots, and a basal dot ; fringe with 3 yellow patches. Otherwise like Grassi's sup)erinctus. 33a. J. 71. sp. aut. var. n., near Indicus. Having large black costal spot sub-divided on I., and with an additional pale interruptionof the internal wing fringe.
34. An. RJiodesiensis, Theob. Wings with 3 prominent white spots on the black costa and a 3ellow apical spot ; other long veins and fringe, entirely pale -brown-scaled. 35. An. minimus, Theob. Wings with costa black, interrupted by 3 obvious creamy spots, and a fourth on the apex ; long veins, dark scaled, saving middle of III ; fringe interrupted at all longitudinal junctions, except the sixth. Thorax slaty, with deep brown lateral lines.
36. An. punctipennis, Say. Costa black, with a single large yellow spot, opposite the fork-stems, in addition to an apical spot : fringe black, except opposite ant. 5th junct. VI. pale m middle, black at apex and base : knees and apices of tibiae yellow.
37. An. p)seudopunctipennis, Theob. Closely resembles the above, but the internal wmg fringe is spotted at each longitudinal junction and VI. has basal half pale, and the apical, dark except just at junction.
B. Wings with the costa uniformly coloured, but with an apical spot. /. With the tarsi not obviously banded.
38. An. Lindesayii, Giles. Wings with a large yellowish patch, involving all long veins to III. inclusive, on its apex, and a
THE ANOPHELINA SUB-FAMILY 293 few light patches on III, IV, V and VI ; fringe dark, except at apex and at post. 5tli junct. Hind femora with bx'oad whitish band.
C. Wings with the costa uniformly dark, but with wing-field spotted by tufts of accumulated scales, combined with light patches on some of the long veins.
/. With the tarsi not obviously banded.
39. An. airatipes, Skuse. Wings with 6 dark tufts of scales, and white interruptions on all the long veins after post. II ; fringe with one yellow mterruptiou behind III. 40. An. craciiois, Wied. Wings with dusky spots and with VI. white, interrupted by 3 black dots. Palpi marked with white at bases of last 4 joints.
D. Wings with no distinct light interruptions of any vein, but with tufts of long scales, forming spots on the wing-field. d. With the tarsi obviously banded.
41. An. annulimanus, Wulp. Wings with the costa uniformly coloured but with two spots on the wing-field formed by accumulations of scales. Abdomen grey-brown, with darker hinder borders to the segments.
/. With the tarsi not obviously banded.
42. An. macidi'pcnnis, Meig. Wings with 4 tufts of scales at root of II. on trans, veins, and at forks of II. and IV. Thorax with broad stripes of golden hairs, separated by darker bare lines.
jEJ. Wings unspotted.
a. With the last tarsal joints white.
43. An. annu]}ixjalpis, Arribal. Costa and its cell densely black scaled, the remaining veins brindled black and gold. Tarsi and palpi white-ringed.
/. Witli the tarsi not obviously banded.
44. An. stigmaticus, Skuse. Wings dark, with the wing membrane yellowish, and an iU-defined patch of darker scales on the stigmatic region.
45. An. bifwrcatus (L.J. Has a creamy central patch on the head and a lighter ring on the base of 1st tarsal joint. 46. An. feyruf/i)iosus,VIied.? Ferruginous, with fuscous abdomen. Thorax with indistinct linear markings. Bases of palp joints with some white.
47. An. Walkeri, Theob. Like A71. bifurcatus, but with no central crearny scales to the head.
48. An. nigripes, Staeger. Head with some white scales on the nape, but with no trace of a band on the 1st tarsal joints. Also smaller and more densely scaled than An. bifurcatus.
294 GNATS OR MOSQUITOES — CHAPTER XII 1. ANOPHELES BIGOTII, Theob. (Monog. I, p. 185). Plate viii, fig. 5, Wing of Female (diagrammatic). ? . — Wings with the costa blaclf, including the apex and base, interrupted by two obvious white spots, one near apex, the other||, the fork-stems with a third small dot a little further in. The subapical spot extends right across the wing, involving both branches of IV, and there are lighter interruptions to the fringe at all the long junctions. Fore legs with the upper three tarsal joints apically white ringed, the fourth all black, and the fifth all white; hind, with the last three tarsals and the apices of the other two, white. Thorax dark brown with four longitudinal lines of rather flat white scales, the two median ones rather close together. I have not seen this species, as the single type specimen is in a private collection. The decoration of the thorax easily disthiguishes it from all the other species with white hind feet. Head brown with white curved scales, and flat ones at the sides ; antennae brown, with second jomt nearly as long as the next two, together ; palpi brown, with apex and four apical bands to joints white. Abdomen steely-black, rather densely clothed with flat yellow scales on terga, and with white on the venter. Length. — 6 mm.
Habitat.— Ch.i\\.
Observations.— ^ {There is a single specimen in Bigot's collection, labelled by him as " punctipennis " ; as, however, the name is already used by Say for a quite different species, it camiot stand.) 2. ANOPHELES ALBIMANUS (Wied.) (" A. Z. I.," p. 13). No speciniens exactly referable to the description of this species have reached the British Museum, but it is clear from the name and general context of the description, that the fore tarsi, and probably those of all the legs, had white end-joints. The species most nearly resembling it is An. Bigotii, and there seem no very strong reasons why that species should not be regarded as a synonym of Wiedemann's. The specimens from Jamaica, referred to this species in the first edition, were certainly wrongly identified, as in the light of the abundant material now available, there can be no doubt that they are examples of An. argyrotarsis, Desvoidy. The following is the original description :— Fuscous, the abdomen with large, triangular, grey spots ; the wings with dusky spots ; the apices of the tarsi snow-white. Length, 2§ lines (German), $ .
Apices of the joints of the palpi snow-white. Each segment of the abdomen with a grey, triangular spot, the apex of which is directed