GENUS ANOPHELES 303 is the internal fringe. The last hind tarsal joints are entirely white, and the remaining joints are white for almost their apical halves ; in the fore and mid legs the upper three joints have Fig. 4:2.— Wmgoi All. Pharcensis J, Theob. var. Albofimhriatus, Giles. broad apical bands, and the last two are all black ; all the femora have broad sub-apical garters, and in addition are, together with the tibias and first tarsals, marbled with black and white. Ground colour of thorax sooty, clothed with white and yellow scales, the latter preponderating behind.
Although I believe this is merely a variety of An. Pharoensis, it is exceptionally well defined as such, and could not be recognised unless given a separate place in the tabulation of the genus. Ground colour of head sooty, with a double median stripe of white scales, ending in a strong frontal tuft, and with two large white lateral patches ; antennae scaly on all but the two end joints, banded black and white, with scanty verticils ; palpi clothed with intermixed black, white, and yellow scales, the proportions varying, so as to form indistinct apical bands to the joints and a tip, paler than the rest of the appendage ; proboscis, dark brown. Abdomen, sooty, clothed with golden-bi'own scales, arranged so as to form broad apical bands, and a median line on the three or four anterior segments, and to almost entirely cover the rest ; especially dense at the under corners, so as to form fairly distinct tufts ; venter with numerous white scales. Length. — About 4 nun.
Habitat. — Tel Zahmul, Palestine. Described from a single J specimen sent me by Dr. J. Cropper. Mr. Theobald, however, tells me that in a considerable series of An. Pharoensis sent him from the same collection, all had the wing fringe striped in the usual way, and in view of the correspondence of the very peculiar arrangement of the scales of the abdomen, I conclude that this is no more than a variety. 14. ANOPHELES LUTZII, Theobald (Monog. I, p. 177).
Plate ix, fig. 8.
Wings mainly black ; with three minute yellowish spots on the costa ; one sub-apical, the second just internal to the base of anterior fork, and the third near the base ; there is also a dot on II, midway between the two inner spots, a few white scales about the transverse veins, on the fork of V, and for the middle third of III, and the fringe shows indistinct yellowish
304 (tNats or mosquitoes— chapter xii Fig. 43. — Anopheles Lutzii, ?.
interruptions at the longitudinal junctions. Hind tarsi white tipped, and broadly apically white banded on all joints ; the first having an additional apical and middle band. Thorax with marked adornment.
$ . — This is the smallest species I have handled, being barely 4 inm. long, and the wmg less than 3 mm. The thorax is strikingly adorned, in a way very unusual in the genus, by means of white scaled lines on the fuscous ground colour ; of these there is a pair of sub-median and of lateral longitudinal lines and an external lateral pair curved much as are those of Steg. fasciata. The proboscis and palps are of equal length and entirely black, save for a few white scales on the tips of the joints of the latter. The eyes have a minute white border and there is a distinct white, bifid frontal tuft. Besides the dorsal thoracic adornment, there are white tufts on the pleurae and coxae. The tibiae have a sub-apical whitish patch. The anterior tarsal joints are broadly apically white banded, saving the last, and the first has in addition two black, alternated with two other white lengths, maldng five in all. The mid tarsi are dusky throughout, the banding of the joints being obscure or absent. The abdomen is hirsute and fuscous througliout, with the hind borders of the segments somewhat paler.
Habitat. — Received from Dr. Lutz, who writes that it is the wood Anopheles of BrazU, breeding in ponds, the adults frequenting woods in mountainous regions, serving as the transmitter of malaria in places where there are no swamps.
GENUS ANOPHELES 305 15. ANOPHELES TESSELATUS, Theobald (Monog. I, p. 175). Plate ix, fig. 7a, Wing of ? ; 7b, Dorsum of thorax ; 7c, Hind tarsus. 5 . — Wing with the black costa white at the apex and at absolute base, with three yellow interruptions large enough to catch the eye, the innermost of which ^ subdivided by a minute black dot, in addition to which, the generally pale basal fifth of the costa shows three more black dots. Aux. and I. participate in the formation of these spots, but their light portions are further subdivided by additional black dots. The remaining long veins are yellow, minutely beaded with fairly regularly placed black dots. The internal fringe has fairly distinct yellowish interruptions at all but the last longitudinal junction. All the tarsal joints are apically banded, very indistinctly on the hind legs, but quite prominently so on the two anterior pairs, in addition to which the femora and tibiae are elaborately yellowspeckled. Thorax with two short sub-median brown lines, which with two deep lateral dots and certain other patches give the mesonotum a quaint resemblance to an owl's face. Head black, with mixed white and black forked scales and a fairly robust frontal tuft. Antennae clothed with white scales up to the last two joints. Palpi with their apical third white, tinged yellow at the tip, interrupted by two small black bands ; the generally black basal twothirds with three small white rings. Thoracic decoration due to patches of black and white scales. Halteres entirely white. Abdomen sooty, nude, except for some brown hairs. First hind tarsal joint with three pale patches on its distal haK. Length. — 3"5 to 4 mm. Habitat. — Taiphing, Straits Settlements (May). 16. ANOPHELES SINENSIS, Wied. (" A. Z. I.," p. 547). Plate viii, fig. 9a, Wing of 5 ; 9b, Scale of wmg-vein ; 9c, Scales of wingfringe with tip of one of long scales more enlarged. Plate xi, fig. 5a, Arrangement of scales on wing-vein. Synonyms or Sub-species ?
An. annularis, Van der Wulp = An. vamis, Walker. (Notes, Leyden Museum, vi, p. 249, V. d. Wulp ; Journ. Proc. Linn. Soo. Lend, iv, p. 91 (1860), Walker = vanus.)
Plate viii, fig. 10, Wing of ? .
An. pseudojpictus, Grassi.
(Venti Specie di Zanzare Ital. (1899), Ficalbi ; Reale Accad. dei Lincei. Stud. d. u. Zool. suUa Malaria, p. 78 (1900), Grassi.) 20
306 GNATS OK MOSQUITOES — CHAPTER XII Plate viii, fig. 11a, Wing of 5 ; lib, Venation of wing of S \ He, Venation of wing of another ? (drawn from specimens in Pi-ofessor Grassi's laboratory).
An. " sp. b., from Calcutta," provisionally named nigerrimus, Giles (first edition of present handbook, p. 161. [1900] ). Plate viii, fig, 12a, Wing of ? : 12b, Head and palpi of $ . An. Indiensis, Theobald (Monog. I, p. 145).
= An. plumiger, Donitz, Insect. Borse, January, 1901. (Specimens of this supposed new species proved to be partly examples of A71. sinensis and partly An. barbirostris. Wing with two small ferruginous spots on the black costa, one sub-apical, the other a little in front of the cross-veins ; the rest of the wing rather dark, especially towards the tip, tbe fringe of which is, however, more or less yellow, though it is elsewhere entirely black, or with some more or less pale patches at the longitudinal junctions. There are never any white basal dots on the costa. Tarsi with pale apical bands throughout, though often barely perceptible on fore and middle legs ; the last joints generally rather paler at tip. Thorax with a grey bloom, laterally red-brown with scattered golden scales. Abdomen black, nude, with scanty brownish-yellow hairs, a denser fringe of these on the hinder borders of the segments giving an indistinct appearance of banding.
Head black with tlie exception of a wliite frontal tuft projectmg between the roots of the antennae, which are black, with pale, downy tomentum between the scanty black verticils, a few of the fork-ceUs of nape are whitish. Palpi very shaggy, equalling the proboscis in length, with the tips yellowish and the articulations between the next two joints minutely banded whitish. Halteres fuscous. Legs long and slender, yeUowish-browaa, deepening on the tarsi, the three or four upper jomts of which have conspicuous distal ochreous bands, the last joints being all yellow.
In view of the incompleteness of Wiedemann's description and the absence of actual specimens from China, it is by no means surprising that this species should have been repeatedly redescribed. It is impossible to identify the anindaris form by its original description, as no mention is made of the number of costal spots, and the figures and descriptions of the Italian form leave one in entire doubt as to the position of the transverse veins. I have not seen the Indiensis form, as the single specimen from which it is described by Mr. Theobald was a loan from a private collection, but it does not appear to differ much from the
GENUS ANOPHELES 307 rest, and the only one of the group that is at all readily recognisable is Van der Wulp's annularis, which has a distinctly lighter wing than the rest and often shows fairly distinct banding of the wing-fringe. In the Museum Monograph, all five forms are separately described as sub-species, and figures of all but Indiensis will be found on plate viii ; but personally I should prefer to regard them as one moderately variable species. The only species with which it can be confounded is Van der Wulp's An. barbirostris, which, however, is easily distinguished by the palpi being uniformly sooty black in both sexes, instead of banded. Mr. Theobald gives the following table of the differences between these six forms, as follows : — Length 4 to 5 mm.
sub-sp. Indiensis.
1. 1st sub -marginal cell with base near 2nd costal spot at the junction of the sub-costal and costal veins.
2. Scales as in annularis. 3. Cross-veins separate. 4. Border scales yellow. sub-sp. pseudopictus.
1. 1st sub-marginal cell with base near 2nd costal spot at the junction of the sub -costal and costal veins.
2. Cross-veins close.
3. Scales as above.
Length 5 to 6 mm. (often much smaller).
sub-sp. Nigerrimus.
1. Base of the sub -marginal cell just in front of the costal spot. 2. Apical fringe black. Length 4-5 to 5 mm.
A. harhirostris.
1. Bases of the two fork-cells nearly level.
2. Base of 1st sub-marginal cell not near jimction of sub-costal and costal.
3. Scales broader.
4. No white spot on lower fringe. b. Black apical patch to fringe. 6. Palpi unhanded.
7. Border scales black. Length 5 mm.
308 GNATS OR MOSQUITOES — CHAPTER XII Habitat. — Sinensis : China, Tamusi, Formosa, Foo Chow, Tai Po, Pokfulam, Lamina (June to October). Annularis : Straits Settlements, Taipang, Perak, Madras, Central Provinces, India, Syria. Nigerrirnus : Calcutta, North-west Provinces, Travancore. Pseudopictus : Italy, Egypt, Syria.
17. ANOPHELES BARBIROSTRIS, Van der Wulp.
(Leyden Museum Notes, vi, p. 48.)
= A71. 'plumiger, Donitz. Insect. Borse, Jan. 1901. Specimens of this supposed new species proved to be partly examples of An. barbiroxtris and partly of An. sinensis.
Plate viii, fig. 13a, Wing of $ ; 13b, Venation of <? wing. Wing intensely black, with a small apical spot, a single tiny interruption of the costa, opposite the middle of the fork stems, and two basal dots of a much clearer w^hite than in the allied species ; the fringe is black at the apex and elsewhere, except opposite the junctions of III, and post. V, and over a rather long space about that of ant. V ; there are only two or three white spaces on the long veins. Legs sooty, with small, but obvious apical white rings to the tibiae and tarsi. Thorax black, with a dorsal patch of grey bloom, and some appearance of linear marking, imparted by irregular lines of scattered, golden linear scales. Abdomen black, nude, with brown hairs. Head and appendages entirely black except for a white frontal tuft, and greyish tips to the otherwise black fork-scales of the nape. There is no need to give any further description of this very distinct species, the differences from the Sinensis group having been already sufficiently indicated.
In the North-west Provinces of India it is one of the coimuonest species of the genus, and may be seen about much later m the year than An. Bossii. It is noticeable that males are to be met with in considerable numbers, long after the females have hidden themselves for the winter, and I took one of these on November 20th, in Shahjahanpur, last year. Length. — 5 to 6 mm.
Habitat. — Straits Settlements, Upper Burmah, Calcutta, North-west Provmces, and Punjab, India.
18. ANOPHELES COSTALIS, Loew.
(Ent. Zeit. Berlin, p. 55 [1866].)
Plate ix, fig. 9a, Wing of ? ; 9b, Palpi of ? ; 9c, Palpi of c? ; 9d, Tarsal claws, /, m, h, of fore, mid and hind legs of $ . Wings with the black costa white at the apex, and at all but the very base, with two large spots on the outer half, extending
GENUS ANOPHELES 309 to II, but subdivided in each case on the latter by a black dot ; there are also three prominent interruptions on the basal half, but only the outermost of these involves II, the two basal ones, though large, usually affecting the cosfca only ; the remaining long veins are about equally divided into black and white portions, and the dark fringe is white at the tip of the wing and at all the longitudinal junctions. Tarsi with minute but distinct yellowish rings on the articulations. Thorax slaty-brown, with a dusky median line. Abdomen black, nude, and with long golden hairs. Femora and tibiae curiously mottled.
? . — Head brown, clothed with upright, rather broad, white scales m front and on the occiput, similarly formed black ones at the sides, and a tuft of white hairs projecting forwards ; antennae pale brown, with pale pubescence, basal jomt bright brown, with white scales, which also extend on to the next few joints ; palpi black- scaled, apical joint yellowish-white, and the apices of the two preceding also banded white, the bands being narrow ; clypeus pale brown ; proboscis black, thin, pale at the tip, as long as the palpi. The details of the wing-decoration vary somewhat.
$ . — With the wmg much lighter, the white-scaled portions preponderating ; antennae yellowish-brown with darker verticils ; palpi dusky, with numerous pale scales, swollen at the last two joints, apical joint chiefly white, the next with a narrow pale apical band ; the hair tufts brown, a little longer than the proboscis ; proboscis thin, dark brown, yellow at the apex. Abdomen narrower than in the J , dark and pale yellowish-brown and silvery-grey, a median brown dorsal line, a paler lateral line on each side, more or less pale basally and with very long hairs ; genitalia with yellowish scales. Ungues of fore legs unequal, the larger one twice-toothed. Length, — 2'5 to 3'5 min. $ ; ^ io 4*6 mm. ? .
Habitat. — Freetown, Sierra Leone, Bonny, Lagos, Salisbury Mashonaland, Central Africa, Mauritius, Cafraria.
Appears to be the commonest and most widely distributed of African species, though not so common as An. fanestus in Central Africa. It has been proved to be capable of transmitting human malaria. 19. ANOPHELES CINEREUS, Theob. (Monog. I, p. 161). Plate X, fig. la. Wing of $ ; lb, Scutellum ; Ic, Basal portion of ? antennae.
Wing with the costa black, with an apical pale spot, but having no basal dots, the intervening portion interrupted by three prominent white spots ; the long veins white at the base, but elsewhere made up of alternating black and white lengths, the former preponderating ; fringe uniformly brown, except at the tip, where there are two lighter patches. Tarsal joints apically
310 GNATS OR MOSQUITOES — CHAPTER XII banded with yellow, the end ones paler than the rest. Thorax dorsally grey, with median and lateral reddish-brown lines, and deep brown laterally. Abdominal segments dark brown, darkest on their hind borders, nude, with golden hairs. Second joint of ? antennae longer than the two following it. Scutellum with three exceptionally dense tufts of long golden hairs. 2 . — Head black, except for a scanty yellowish frontal tuft and a pair of lateral patches on the vertex, where the elsewhere black forked scales are white ; palpi deep red-brown, with the apex and three rings on the articulations white. Halteres yellowish, with dark knobs. Legs very thm, sooty, but for snowy spots on the apices of the femora and tibiae, contrasting markedly with the pallid coxse. Lengtli. — 5 to 5"2 mm. Habitat. — Salisbury, Mashonaland ; Zomba.
Time of capture. — June, Mashonaland ; January, Zomba. Observatio7is.— Described from three ? 's. At first sight the^' look Uke large A. funestus, but the clear pale bases to the legs separate it at once, as well as the large wings and the marked characters of the jetblack legs, with white spots at the knees and apices of the tibiae. 20. ANOPHELES SUPERPICTUS, Grassi.
(Venti Specie di ZaDzare Italianne, p. 87 (1899), Ficalbi ; Eeale Accad. d. Lincei Stud. d. uno Zool. sulla Malaria, p. 78 (1900), Grassi.) Plate ix, fig. 10a, Wing of J ; 10b, Venation of J wing. "Wing with the costa black at the apex and at the base, where there is a single basal dot, the remainder of the costa sub-divided into nearly equal lengths of yellowish and black, so that counting the basal and apical black portions, there are five black and four yellow spots, the remaining long veins show long white and black portions, the former but little preponderating ; fringe entirely dark, except at the apex. Legs banded on the tibiotarsal and tarsal articulations. Thorax with the dorsum browner at the sides. Abdominal segments brownish-yellow, with darker hind borders ; veiy hairy, but absolutely devoid of scales on either the dorsum or venter.
" Proboscis nearly black, but whitish at the tip. Palpi of the J , nearly as long as the proboscis, almost black, with white rings at the jimction of the second and third, and fourth and fifth, as well as the entire terminal joint white. Nape black, with a median white tuft. Legs with the femora brownish, those of the first pair not proximally dilated. The remainder of the joints brownish -black, with white rings at the tibio-tarsal and tarsal articulations affecting luainly the apices of the proximal joints." — (Extracts from original description.) Length. — 5 to