GENUS T^NIORHYNCHUS 361 bright yellow, with dark fringes to the hind borders of the segments. Halteres yellow with dusky knobs. Length. — 5 mm. Habitat. — Straits Settlements ; Perak, November and December ; Selangor, October ; Formosa, .January and June. 2. TiENIORHYNCHUS ANNETTII, Theob. (Monog. II, p. 205). Plate xiii, fig. 10, Male genitalia.
Wings unspotted, densely clothed with uniformly brownishyellow scales, which are of typical form, except on V and VI, where they are linear. Tarsal joints not obviously banded, being too pale generally to render their darker apices conspicuous. Thorax pale yellow with a brown patch on either side in front. Abdominal segments more or less distinctly basally pale banded, rich yellow, with dark hind borders. Ungues of $ equal and simple ; of the ^ unequal, the larger uniserrated, the smaller simple.
Head brown, with narrow curved pale yellow scales, almost white round the eyes, and with long thin yellowish and brown upright forked scales; antennae brown, basal joint yellowish -brown ; second joint rather swollen, verticillate hairs brown, placed close to the base of the joints ; palpi densely scaled, dark brown at the base and apex ; proboscis spatulate, yellow at the base, black at the apex. The very base is black in both sexes, especially in the (? , but the tints shade off into each other so that the band is ill-defined. Legs yellow, with darker tips to the joints. Halteres pale ferruginous, stems and knobs. The claspers of the male are of very singular form, each consistmg of a helmet-shaped apical lobe connected with a stout base by a long tbin stem. Length. — 4'8 mm.
Habitat. —Oldi Calabar, West Africa.
3. TiENIORHYNCHUS FULYUS (Wiedemann).
= Culex flavicosta, Walker.
("A. Z. I." p. 546 [1828], Wiedemann ; Ins. Saund. p. 431, Walker.) Plate xiii, fig. 9. Wing to show venation and variation of length of scales (drawn from Walker's type oiflavicosta). Veins of wings densely fringed with uniformly golden scales of typical form. Hind tarsi with yellow apical bands, not very noticeable on other legs owing to general light coloration. Thorax yellowish in front, darker behind, with yellow scales in front and dark behind ; abdomen rather hairy, with yellowish-brown scales, the hind borders of the segments lighter. Proboscis darker at apex and base, but not obviously banded. General coloration of insect fulvous.
362 GNATS OR MOSQUITOES — CHAPTER XIII 2 . — Head yellow, with narrow, hair-like, small yellow scales and small black ,and ochreous forked ones behind ; palpi clothed with yellow scales, black at the apex ; clypeus yellow ; antennae with basal joint and base of the second joint yellowish, rest dark brown. Femora and tibige darker at their apices. The scales of the anterior part of the wing are of typical form, but those on the forks of IV. and V. are almost linear. Tarsal claws small, equal and simple. Halteres ferruginous. Length. — 5 to 6 mm.
Habitat. — Amazon Region, Brazil.
4. T.ffiNIORHYNCHUS AURITES, Theob. (Monog. II, p. 209). Wings uniformly very densely clothed with honey-yellow scales of typical form. Tarsi black, with basal golden bands to the first two joints. Thorax dusky yellow, with a darker median line clothed with very long and narrow golden scales, and with marginal bristles, the latter specially dense at origin of wings. Abdomen uniformly clothed with flat golden scales. Proboscis darker at apex and tip, but not obviously banded. The whole insect of a beautiful honey-yellow tint.
? . — Head fawn coloured, with narrow curved orange-yellow scales, and deeper orange, long thin upright forked ones ; flat orange scales at the sides of the head ; palpi orange scaled, except at the tip, where there are a few brown scales ; antennae orange-yellow at the base, the basal and next five joints being yellow, brown apically, the last few joints being dark brown ; proboscis orange-brown, dark at the apex, and with a few brown scales at the base. Legs yellow, the tips of the femora and tibiae dark. Pleurae yellow, with an indistinct white longitudinal line. Halteres yellow. Length. — 5 mm.
Habitat. — Bonny, West Africa (May).
5. TiENlORHYNCHUS ACER (Walker). (" List", p. 7.) Wings uniformly very densely clothed with very long brownish yellow scales. Tarsi uniformly dark metallic purple. Thorax golden-yellow, with traces of brown markings ; abdomen orangeyellow, the first four segments apically banded with metallic purple and also traces on the other segments. In general appearance resembles a Janthinosonia.
$ . — Head brown, with testaceous scales, a pale border round the eyes above, with some black and yellowish bristles ; eyes black ; basal joint of the antennae yellowish, remamder brown ; palpi dark yellowishbrown ; proboscis covered with black scales with a very dark purplish reflection. Pleurae pale reddish, dark beneath the wings. Legs with coxae orange-yellow ; femora orange-yellow at the base, apically metallic black, rest of legs clothed with black scales showing purplish and slight golden reflections ; general appearance of legs sooty.
GENUS T^NIORHYNCHUS 363 (?. — Head with pale greyish scales, a dark line running down the middle ; palpi as long as the proboscis, dark brown at the tip, paler basally, with a small pale band about one-third of the length from the base; proboscis dark brown, slightly paler towards the tip; antennae banded brown and white, with yellowish-bi'own verticils. Length.— 5 to 5'5 mm.
Habitat. — New Zealand ; Bupengary, Queensland.
Note. — Personally I should prefer to place this species and the next in Janthinosoma, the purple legs with their yellow thighs being most characteristic of that genus, while the wing scales seem of rather intermediateformthancharacteristicofTceniorhyncJms.
6. TJENIORHYNCHUS BREYICELLULA, Theob.
(Monog. II, p. 212).
Plate xiii, fig. 12a, ^ Palpi ; 12b, End of ^ antennae ; 12c, <? Fore tarsal claws (after B. M. Monograph).
Wings uniformly but rather scantily clothed with yellowishbrown scales. Tarsi uniformly deep metallic purple. Thorax iridescent yellow and purple, two patches at its hinder part appearing of the latter tint in all lights. Abdomen deep yellowishbronze with narrow yellow basal bands to the segments. Proboscis deep purple unhanded. May be distinguished from preceding species by all, instead of only the first four, abdominal segments being banded, and the fork cells of J being very short. 5 . — Head brown, with long ochreous upright forked scales, a pale border round the eyes, numerous small pale scales over the occiput and pale flat scales at the sides ; golden-brown bristles projectmg over the eyes ; clypeus pale brown ; palpi densely clothed with bronzy scales and hirsute ; antennae deep brown, with narrow pale bands at the verticils ; proboscis deep brown. Scutellum purple in the middle and yellowlaterally ; pleura marbled with bronze and yellow with two distinct patches of whitish scales. Legs covered with deep metallic purple and bronzy scales all over, except the base and venter of the femora, which are bright ochreous. Ungues equal and simple in the ? , while the (J has those of the fore legs unequal, the larger one with a large and a small basal tooth, mid claws with one tooth, hind equal and simple. Length. — 4'8 mm.
Habitat. — Selangor, Straits Settlements ; Thayetmyo, Upper Burmah (August).
7. TiENIORHYNCHUS FASCIOLATUS, Arribalzaga.
(Rev. d. Mas. d. 1. Plata, p. 50.)
Plate xiii, fig. 11a, Venation of wmg ; lib. Form and arrangement of wing scales ; lie. Proboscis of ? .
Wings with the veins clothed with uniformly black scales of typical form. Tarsi black, with white bands on the tibio- tarsal
864 GNATS OR MOSQUITOES — CHAPTER XIII articulations, and on those between the first and second tarsal joints of the fore and hind legs. Thorax dark brown, with a broad median reddish line, forking behind and with curved lateral lines of pale scales in front. Abdomen dark steel-blue, with six lateral patches of white scales, and with golden hairs on the hind borders of the segments. Proboscis nearly black, with a broad creamy band in the middle, and the apex pale. Whole insect generally deep brown.
5 . — Head dark brown, with white curved scales dotted about and black uijright forked ones, a narrow pale border round the eyes, white curved scales at the sides of the head ; eyes black ; antennae deep brown, faintly pale banded, basal joint and base of the second joint testaceous ; palpi with black scales at the tips of the joints, brown at their bases, the apical joint white scaled, five-jointed ; proboscis dark, almost black, with a broad creamy-white band in the middle and with the apex pale. Pleurae brown with a greyish sheen and a patch of white scales. Legs with femora and tibiae black, speckled with a few white scales, the former white beneath. Venter yellowish, the segments darker behind. Halteres pallid throughout. Length. — 5 mm.
Habitat. — Jilio de Janeiro (1899) ; Navarro, in Argentina; Lower Amazon (November).
Although not of the characteristic yellow colour, this may be regarded as the type species of the genus, as it is the only one of Arribalzaga's genus included in the group as now limited. Dr. Lutz writes concerning this species as follows : "It is a real swamp mosquito, common in the littoral ; stings painfully, in preference through the stockings, principally at dusk, or in the shade during the daytime."
8. T^NIORHYNCHUS RICHARDII (Ficalbi).
= Culex Richardii, Ficalbi.
("F. R."p. 261; "V. S." p. 151.)
Veins of the wings clothed with black scales with a few wbite ones intermixed, the short rank of inner fringe scales all black. Tarsal joints deep brown with yellowish basal bands. Thorax chestnut-brown, with small golden scales, adorned with five or six pale lateral spots. Abdomen black with five or six brigbt yellowish-white trapezoidal spots along the sides. Proboscis black with a very broad band occupying more than the middle third of its length.
? . — Head brown, with narrow curved very pale creamy scales, which become almost white at the sides of the head, and with whitish eyeborders ; the nape with ochreous and black upright forked scales ; antennae brown, with narrow pale rings, basal joint bright, pale ferrugmous, also the base of the second joint ; palpi yellowish-brown, densely covered
GENUS T^NIORHYNCHUS 365 with mixed yellow and dark brownish scales ; short, with whitish tip in the 5 ; longer than the proboscis by the entire last joint in the $ ; clypeus deep ferruginous yellow ; proboscis dull yellow, with scattered black scales, which almost cover it at the apex. Orbits white. Pleurae dark brown, marbled with white. Legs ochreoias, with scattered ochreous, white and dark scales on the femora and tibiae, the latter dark towards the apices ; first tarsal joints wdth a pale band in the middle and one at the base. Halteres pale ferruginous. Length. — 7 to 10 mm. Habitat. — England (at Sutton); Italy; Toronto, Canada; Tel Zahmul, Syria.
In the specimen from Palestine, the pale lateral abdominal spots are very indistinct.
9. TiENIORHYNCHUS TENAX, Theob. (Monog. II, p. 198). Wing veins densely clothed with black scales intermixed with a few white ones on the costa, and on the long veins near the base, the short rank of inner fringe scales all dark. All but the last tarsal joints basally white banded. Thorax dark grounded, its anterior half clothed with curved golden scales, paler across the middle of the mesonotum, white on the hinder half ; the scales are black, but for a pair of whitish lateral lines. Abdominal segments deep brown with a fringe of golden scales on their posterior borders which are broad enough on the hinder segments to be called bands. Proboscis black with a broad pale band just beyond the middle.
5 . — Head brown, with yellowish-brown scales in front and at the sides and a patch of black scales on each side of the back of the crown, eyes purple to black with a border of white scales ; antennae brown, with testaceous basal joints ; palpi black, with white scales at the tip, and black hairs. Pleurae yellow, with black bristles and a few white scales and hairs. Legs densely covered with black scales with a few yellow ones intermixed ; knees j ellowish ; apices of tibiae pale, combining with the first tarsal band. Length. — 6*5 to 7 mm. iJa&i^ai.— Straits Settlements, Perak, Freetown, Sierra Leone (bred from roadside puddle).
10. T^NIORHYNCHUS AGER, Sp. n.
Entomologist, 1891, p. 196. = C. hitccniorhynchus mild., Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. xiii, p. 607.
Veins of the wings distinctly brindled with dark and light scales, the latter being almost as numerous as the former on all the long veins (a character found in no other allied species). Tarsi deep brown with ochreous bands on the articulations. Thorax unadorned, black grounded, covered with mingled black
366 GNATS OE MOSQUITOES — CHAPTER XIII and golden scales, paler at the roots of the wings. Abdominal segments black, with distal ochreous bands. Proboscis black, with two narrow ochreous bands at the tip, and in the middle of its length.
Head covered with dull, pale, creamy-white curved scales, with scattered brown, forked, upright ones behind, which are ochreous at the tips, and flat white ones at the sides, forming a pale spot ; palpi of ^ dark brown, with the apical joint yellow, and ending in a brown spine, base of the next two joints banded with yellow, the following with a broad and narrow paler yellow band, hairs almost black ; of the $ , onefifth the length of the proboscis, black with a minute yellow tip ; antennae banded brown and white, plumes brown ; pleurae brown with a patch of white scales ; legs dark-coloured, clothed with a mixture of black and golden scales, tlie former preponderating except on the under sides of the femora. Length. — 4*5 mm. ; of wing, 4 nnn. ; of ^ palpi, 3"3mm.
Habitat. — Madras, Travancore, Shahjalianpur, N.W.P., India. Note. — Mr. Theobald's description of this species for the Monograph was aheady in the press when he received the paper containing another description which I sent through him to the " Entomologist," but with characteristic courtesy, he insists on its standmg as mine under the name he liad adopted for it. It appeared in my Prodromus of Indian Culicidce under the above synonym, but I was careful to note that the names of new species should be regarded as merely provisional, as it was quite possible that, though in correspondence, the same species might be described by Mr. Theobald and myself.
11. T^NIORHYNCHUS PERTURBANS (Walker).
Insect. Saunders, p. 428.
Wing unspotted, with the veins densely clothed with uniformlydark scales of fairly typical form, but rather squarer than usual at the tip. The first tarsal joints have all barely perceptible basal, and a broad and distinct median yellowish ring. All the other tarsal joints appear to be distinctly basally banded with the same light tint (one or two of the terminal tarsals are wanting in type). Thorax with testaceous ground, clothed with narrowcurved yellow scales in front and laterally, and with a patch of silvery ones behind (probably more or less ornamented in the fresh state). Abdomen chocolate-brown, with narrow golden basal bands. Proboscis pale at tip and in the middle, forming a distinct but not sharply-limited band.
? . — Head, with cliestnut-brown ground, clothed with yellowish-brown, erect forked, and golden narrow-curved scales ; antennae never as long as proboscis, the first two joints very short, verticillate hairs, exceptionally numerous and long ; palpi yellow-brown, less than one-fourth
GENUS TRICHOPROSOPON 367 the length of the proboscis ; pleura and cox;© marbled with golden and dark brown. Legs yellowish-brown, all the femora with a sub-apical spot on their outer sides, especially prominent in the fore legs ; hind tibiaj, paler at base, dark at apex, with a distinct white ring in the middle. Wmg with "2" || "3," but angulated ; "4" placed twice the length of " 3 " internal to them. Halteres with white stem and golden knobs. Length. — x\.bout 6 mm.
Habitat. — Honduras.
Genus XI. TRICHOPROSOPON (Monog. II, p. 284).
This genus has been instituted by Mr. Theobald for the reception of a single species. Tr. nivipes sj). ct gen. nov., which presents the peculiarity of having the metanotum provided not only with a tuft of' bristles but also with patches of scales ; in addition to which each antennal joint carries two whorls of hairs, a long set near the base and a shorter, close to the apex. The form and arrangement of the wing scales much resembles Tceniorhynchus, but in other respects the species resembles more a Janthinosoma, while the proportionally long female palpi recall those of Psorophora and Mucichis.
Mr. Theobald defines the genus as follows : — " Head clothed with flat scales and having a ring of upright forked scales across the back ; antenme fourteen-jointed in $ , the joints with two distinct rows of verticillate hairs, one long and the other short, basal joint of the antennae bristly. Palpi in the ? three -jomted, densely scaled ; in the <? four-jointed, the joints nearly equal, tapering, apex spinose ; clypeus densely bearded with short bristles and long ones in front ; proboscis long, scaly, and pubescent at the rather expanded apex. Thorax covei'ed with rather flat spindle-shaped scales ; prothoracic lobes distmct, with flat scales ; scuteUum with dense flat spindle-shaped scales ; 7iietanotu7n with a tuft of chetce and with flat scales on jJnrt of its surface. Abdomen covered with flat scales, and in the ? with the apex very bristly ; in the ^ the basal lobes of the genitalia densely scaled. Tarsal claws of the J , small, equal and simple, in the ^ , those of the fore and mid legs unequal and simple, in the hind very small, equal and simple. Wings densely scaled along the veins, with rather broad flat scales, somewhat like those of Tceniorhynchus, but shorter ; fork-cells rather long, ' II.' extendmg nearly to the base of the wing, the anal cell very large, and the cross-veins arranged ' alternately.' " 1. TRICHOPROSOPON NIYIPES, Theobald. (Monog. II, p. 285). Tarsi and legs nearly black, with the last two joints of the hind, and last four of the mid legs all white. Thorax dark brown behind, yellow in front and at the sides. PleuraB with a silvery
368 GNATS OR MOSQUITOES — CHAPTER XIII spot. Abdominal segments deep metallic purple, unhanded, but with triangular, whitish apical spots. Metanotum brown, with two sub-median rows of small, flat blue scales, and a pair of tufts of bristles at the apex.
Head clothed with brilliant metallic scales, showing golden in most lights. Palpi bronzy, and unadorned in both sexes ; those of ? , about half the length of the proboscis ; those of ^ , resembling those of JantTiinosoma ; venter yellowish, Le?u/tJi. — 7 to 8 mm. Habitat. — Trinidad ; in a cocoa grove near a forest. Genus XII. STEGOMYIA, Theob. (Monocr. l,p. 283.) This is one of the most natural of the new groups of Culicidce, the members of the genus presenting an appearance that once seen is easily recognised, owing to the predominance of regularly arranged flat, imbricated scales on their costume. They have a smooth satin-like appearance, which is most characteristic, and even the wings have a smoother and more velvety look than the true Culiccs. With hardly an exception they present no other coloration than jetty-black, contrasted with the purest white, the latter being disposed in bands and stripes on the legs and ia adornments of the thorax, which are oftea most elaborate. The black, however, always greatly preponderates, and one or two are almost entirely black. The Stegomyia are essentially tropical and sub-tropical insects and are hardly found north of 40° latitude. One of them, S. fasciata (Fabr.), is the most widely-distributed Mosquito with which we are acquainted, its colonies being found all round the world. The reason of this is that the individuals of this species are good sailors, being able, as I know from personal observation, to make a voyage from Kurachi to Suez, now that steam has made communication so much more rapid alike for Mosquitoes and men. All the Indian species I have met with alive are purely wet weather insects, which disappear entirely as soon as the S.W. monsoon is over, in Northern India, though they linger longer in the damper South. Mr. Theobald's definition of the genus is as follows : — Stegomyia. — " Palpi short in the ? , long in the <? , four-jointed in $ , and five-jointed m the ^ . Head clothed completely with an armour of broad flat scales ; mesothorax covered with either narrow-curved or spindle-shaped scales ; scutellum always with broad flat scales to the middle lobe, and usually with them present on the lateral lobes ; abdomen completely covered with flat scales, banded or unhanded, but always with wliite lateral spots. The J palpi are small, never more than one-