GENUS ANOPHELES 319 however, are much shorter than the length of black separating them : the two outer of these involve an equal length of I, but the innermost is nearly twice as long as the costal portion of the spot, being as long as the black interval in front of it, instead of being but half its length as in the costal portion of the spot in front of it ; there is an additional yellow dot midway between the innermost distinct spot and the base of the wing, but it does not involve the absolute margin of the costa, which is black. Saving small patches on the^ three bifurcations, the rest of the wing is mainly black, but the entire tip of the wing fringe and spots opposite all the longitudinal junctions, but that of VI, are yellow. Tarsi entirely black. Thorax and abdomen jetty black with scattered golden hairs.
Head black with distinct snowy frontal tuft, the fork- scales of vertex and occiput all white ; palpi, ? , as long as proboscis, sooty with a longish white tip, and two snowy bands, the outer of which is much the broader ; the (? has merely u-regular grey patches on the club. Antennae, ? , black, with silvery verticils and some white scales on some of the basal joints. In certain lights there are some indications of four bare lines on the curious powdery bloom so common on the thorax of Mosquitoes of this genus. Halteres with yellow stems and black tips. The male has the apices of the abdominal segments darker, owing to much powdery bloom on their basal portions. Length. — 2*5 to 3 mm.
iTaSi^^a^. — Sierra Leone, Mashonaland, British Central Africa up to 5,600 ft. above the sea, Lake Chilwa, B.C.A., Zomba. " Observations. — This is a small, rather dark species, clearly related to A. Bhodesiensis and A. sujierpictus, but it can readily be told by the position of the cross-veins ; the fringe is also spotted, and thus can at once be told from A. Bhodesiensis.
"Major Giles, who describes this species from Sierra Leona, says he tarsi are not banded; but, even in those that look unhanded to the naked eye, traces of banding may be found on the apices of the tarsi, whilst the Mashonaland specimens show the apical banding much more distinctly.
" Dr. Daniels says (Mai. Eep. E. S. E., 2nd Se. p. 34) that A. fanestus is the most numerous, the most widely distributed and the most persistent frequenter of houses. In one district, and that the most malarious, it is the only Anopheles found, and is more numerous than any of the Cidices there present." (Monog. p. 180.) This species has been proved to be a vehicle of human malaria.
32. ANOPHELES LISTONI, sp. n.
Plate X, fig. 4a, Wmg of ? ; 4b, head and appendages of ? ; 4c, Wing of $ ; 4d, head and appendages of 3' • Wing with the costa black including the actual base, with four yellow spots, distinct but much smaller than the intervening
320 GNATS OR MOSQUITOES — CHAPTER XII black portions, the largest light area being that quite at the base ; there is also an apical spot ; the remaining long veins are mainly black, but all of them show short lengths of white scales, and a line of these, over the cross veins, combined with one of the costal spots, forms a distinct light stripe across the wing ; the fringe is dark, except at the apex, and indistinct paler patches opposite one or two of the longitudinal junctions. Tarsi dark, unhanded. Thorax and abdomen much as in An. fimestus, mihi. Head black, with a robust frontal tuft, forked scales mostly dark in the $ , but with many white ones behind in the <? . Palpi of ? black, with two narrow rings, and a minute tip of white, slightly shorter than the proboscis ; those of the ^ as long as the proboscis, black tipped, but with two whitish bands.
This species a good deal resembles An. fimestus, but has an additional white spot close to the base of the costa, and there are no sharply defined interruptions of the internal wing-fringe, as in that species. Length. — 3"5 to 4 mm.
Habitat. — Sent me from EUichpur in the Berars (India) by Lieut. Glen Liston, I. M.S., who has evidently a keen " eye for species," as he in his accompanying letter pointed out tlie distinctness of this form, and of An. Tlieohalcli from other known Indian members of the genus. It was still active in EUichpur in January.
33. ANOPHELES INDICUS, Theob. (Monog. I, p. 183).
? . — Wings almost exactly as in An. sujjerjnctus, Grassi, but the internal fringe has three pale patches. Tarsi unhanded. Thorax pale ochreous with pale golden linear scales and black bristles. Abdominal segments dark lustrous brown, some of them with yellowish reflections in the middle.
Head black, with creamy and black-forked scales, the pale ones in the middle ; palpi dark brown with the apex and two apical rings on the next joints yellowish. Legs dark brown to black, a small yellow spot on the apices of the femora and tibiie ; coxae ochreous. Halteres with almost white stems and fuscous knobs.
I have not seen this species, the type being in a private collection, but it appears to be very near Grassi's superpicttts as to the differences from which Mr. Theobald writes.
" Observations. — The above is the description of a $ from Madras, and is seemingly related to Grassi's A. siiperpictiis, the wings, &c., being almost identical. The chief difference I can detect is, that in the Indian specimen tlie legs have no traces of tarsal banding, and the fringe has three yellow patches, which- are absent in the type of Grassi's swperpictus. The specimen was taken in a house near Madras, by Captaui Cornwall. From A. funestus it differs in the position of the crossvein." Length. — 3 to 3"5 mm.
Time of capture. — December in Madras.
GENUS ANOPHELES 321 33a. ANOPHELES, Sp., near Indicus.
A new form, possibly a variety of the above, has been recently sent by Dr. Christophers from the Darwars in Central India. It differs, however, in having the third large black costal spot subdivided on I. by a yellow spot near its inner end ; in III. being entirely clothed with pale scales and in having an extra pale spot on the internal fringe.
4. ANOPHELES RHODESIENSIS, Theob. (Monog. I, p. 184). Plate X, fig. 5a, Wing of $ ; 5b, to show adornment of Thorax. Costa dark, with three small creamy and a yellow apical spot ; fringe apically yellow, but not elsewhere interrupted, being formed of lighter scales than the wingfield, but not obviously spotted. Tarsi dark brown, unhanded. Thorax testaceous, nude. Abdomen brownish.
This species closely resembles An. funestus, mihi, but differs in the position of the yellow wing-spots, which are all three placed relatively further out and are smaller, as well as in the correspondingly small size of the apical spot, and in the position of the transverse veins, for which see figures ; the wing fringe, too, is uninterrupted. The lighter portions of the 2 palpi also are much narrower. From An. Listoni, mihi, it is distinguishedby the absence of the large yellow spot near the base of the wing and from Aii. Costalis, Loew, by the smaller size and number of its lighter spots. The S" palpi are black throughout save for a small yeUow tip, and want the greyish indeterminate brindling of the clubs of the neighbouring species. The abdomen is scaly and has distinct basal bands, and the thorax shows a distinct median line forking widely behind, and two lateral lines where the dark gromid colour shows through the general velvety greyish bloom of the mesonotum. Length. —2-5 to 3 mm. <? ; 2-8 to 3-5 mm. ? .
Habitat. — Mashonaland; British Central Africa. Time of appearance. — April, in Mashonaland. This new species has been sent in numbers from Central Africa. It does not appear to occur on the coast.
35. ANOPHELES MINIMUS, Theob. (Monog. I, p. 186). Plate X, fig. 7a, Wing of 5 (diagrammatic) ; 7b, to show Decoration of Thorax ; 7c, scale from anterior border of thorax. $ . — Wings with three, nearly equal, creamy spots on the black costa and an apical spot ; fringe with a yellowish spot at the end of each vein except the sixth. Tarsi unhanded, redbrown, without trace of banding. Thorax slaty-grey in the 21
322 GNATS OR MOSQUITOES — CHAPTER XII middle with a deep brown line on each side. Abdomen shiny black with yellowish hairs.
I have not seen this species, the type of which has been already returned to Dr. Rees' collection, and the following notes are extracted from Mr. Theobald's original description.
" J . — Head black, clothed with black upright forked scales behind, and on the sides and over most of the occiput; a few grey and white and creamy ones in front, also some curved white scales and a few white hairs projecting forwards ; proboscis deep brown ; palpi deep testaceous clothed with black scales, a white rmg towards the base (apical portion denuded), longer than the proboscis ; antennae deep brown, testaceous at the base, with dark hairs and grey pubescence. " HaJteres with grey stem and large cup-shaped black knob. Length. — 3 mm.
'■* Habitat.' Pokfulam, Hong Kong (Rees).
" Time of capture. — October.
" Observations. — Described from a single 5 in Dr. Rees' collection. Very like A. funestus, RJiodesiensis and superpictus, but from funestus it can be at once told by the disposition of the cross-veins and the darker scaled wings, from Rhodesiensis by the ornamented wing fringe and cross-veins, from superpictus by its darker hue and ornamented fringe. *' The fork-cells also differ from all three, the stalk of the second posterior cell being relatively much longer. The mesothorax has also numerous spots of a dusky hue. The straightness of the mid ungues is very marked and strongly contrasted with the curved fore ungues. It most nearly approaches A. funestus from Africa, but is, I feel sure, a distinct species."
36. ANOPHELES PUNCTIPENNIS, Say.
C. hyemalis. Fitch (Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, iii, (1823); Ins. N. Amer. ii, p. 39 (1859), Say; Giro. 40, 2nd. se. p. 4, Dep. Agri. U.S.A. 1899), Coquillett).
Plate X, fig. 6, Wing of Female.
Wings with the costa black, interrupted by a single large ferruginous spot a little outside the transverse veins, and involving I. q,nd II. There is also a smaller apical spot, and some yellow spots near the tips of the long veins, but otherwise the wing is very dark, and has no interruptions of the fringe. Legs and tarsi uniformly nearly black. Thorax and abdomen deep brown, nude, but for some yellowish-brown hairs. Wings much longer than abdomen.
Head black, with a scanty whitish frontal tuft. Palpi and proboscis dark yellowish-brown, unhanded but rather lighter at the tips. Halteres brown. This is not likely to be confused with any other species than my An. gigas, but may be distinguished by the base of the wing internal to
GENUS ANOPHELES 323 the large spot being uniformly black instead of spotted with yellow, as in gigas, as well as by its being altogether a darker species. There appears to be a triangular swelling at the base of the abdominal segments. It may be distinguished from An. crucians by the costa of the latter being uniformly dark, and by its having two instead of three dark spots on VI. The middle spot extends much further across the wing than in the Sinensis group, and the tarsi are unhanded. Length. — 5 to 7mm.
Habitat. — -Widely diffused over the North American continent from Ontario to Kansas. Has been recorded from Jamaica. Is known as the " winter mosquito," havmg been taken when the temperature was but 6°F.
37. ANOPHELES PSEUDOPUNCTIPENNIS, Theobald (Monog. II., Append. I.).
Closely resembles An. punctipennis , Say, but differs in the internal wing fringe being ornamented with yellow interruptions at each longitudinal junction, and in VI. having the basal half pale, and the .apical dark, except for a small yellow spot at its junction.
The thorax and abdomen appears brown and hairy, but destitute of scales, and the palpi appear to be banded and yellow at the apex in both sexes. Leiigtli. — 5 mm.
Habitat. — Grenada. Described from specimens in Balsam, in which all but the more strongly-marked characters as to colour and scaly structure are necessarily lost.
38. ANOPHELES LINDESAII, Giles (First Edition, p. 166). Plate X, fig. 8, Wing of ? .
"Wing with the costa and all the external long veins dark scaled, and the prevailing tint of the entire wing dark except at the tip, where there is a large apical spot involving all the veins outside the tip of ant. br. of IV, behind which all the long veins show short lengths of lighter scales ; the internal fringe is dark except round the apical spot, and a patch of pale scales opposite the junction of post. br. of IV. Tarsi without bands. Thorax black, with a large well-defined patch forming the greater part of the dorsum, grey, saving a very fine black median line. Abdomen nearly black, the hinder border of the segments darkest. Head black, with a patch of whitish tomentum on the vertex, which extends forwards between the bases of the antennae so as to give the appearance of a rostrum ; eyes black ; proboscis, palpi, and antennae uniformly dark brown. Thorax with a large quadrangular patch covered with whitish scales, covering the greater part of the dorsum, on which is
324 GNATS OR MOSQUITOES — CHAPTER XII a very fine median black line, in front the patch has a rather ferruginous tint; pleurae black with a few white scaled spots in front. Legs generally brown, darker on the tarsi, which are not banded ; the hind femur whitish, with a broad black band at its apex, and a smaller one about its mid length, the other femora black and white scaled, the former preponderatingat their tips, the anterior femora slightly thickened near the base. This species can hardly be confused with any other as it is the only one which has a pale apical wing spot combined with an unspotted costa. Length of the body 4'50 mm. ; of the wing 3'30 mm. Habitat. — Sent me by Captam Victor Lindesay, I. M.S., from Bakloh, in the Punjab. I also took a single specimen last July in Naini Tal, both places being situated at over 6,000 feet elevation in the Hhnalayas, but it appears to be a rare species, as I came across no other example, and could nowhere find the larvae, in spite of a most careful search. 39. ANOPHELES ATRATIPES, Skuse (" S. A. C." p. 1,755). Plate X, fig. 9, Wmg of $ .
Wing spotted on the v\ring jBeld, but with the costa uniformly black ; the internal fringe is deep ferruginous at the apex, but elsewhere black, as also are all the long veins with the exception of a few white spots on some of the inner ones. There are, however, six distinct spots on the wing field produced by dense tufts of long scales. Legs and tarsi uniformly intense sooty black. Thorax of a red-brown ground colour with a nude, black median line and lateral lines where the brown ground colour is free from the yellowish-white scales and bloom that cover the rest of the mesonotum.
Head black, with white forked scales and a scanty frontal tuft. The clypeus is three-lobed and in front of it the proboscis springs from an exceptionally distinct basal dilatation which is longitudinally striped, alternately intense black and snowy. The palpi and proboscis are absolutely sooty, just a little paler at their tips. There can be no difficulty in recognising this species by the six peculiar wing tufts. The two additional ones to those of the maculipennis bemg in this species placed on the stem of V. and its bifurcation, the rest of the stem of this vein being white. ?. — Length of antennae 1"77 mm.; expanse of wings 4-18 X 0-84 mm. ; size of body 4-18 x 0-76 mm.
Habitat. — Berowra, N.S.W. January, and since sent in considerable numbers from Queensland hy Dr. Bancroft.
40. ANOPHELES CRUCIANS, Wied.
Wings with white spots here and there on the brown veins, uniform along the costa ; tarsi unhanded, dusky brown ; abdomen uniformly brown, with grey hairs. Thorax red-brown with linear markings.
GENUS ANOPHELES 325 Description from "Wied., "A. Z. I.," p. 12. — Tawny; the thorax with three deeper tinted lines ; the abdomen covered with grey hairs ; the wings with dusky spots and costa. Length 2^ lines (German). Coquillett, in his recent synoptic table of North American Culicidce, states that " the scales of the last vein are white, marked with three black spots ; palpi marked with white at the bases of the last four joints," and without any spot on the costa, as seen in A. piinctipennis. Professor Nuttall sent Mr. Theobald two 2 's from America m spirit, which, although much damaged, show the two features mentioned by Coquillett very clearly, readily distinguishing the species from the C. punctipennis of Say.
Habitat. — United States, at the following places : District of Columbia ; Georgia ; New Orleans ; Richmond, Va. Wiedemann says it is very common on the Mississippi, where it is very troublesome to travellers, and also gives Pennsylvania as a habitat. Time of capture. — April in Columbia ; June and November at New Orleans.
41. ANOPHELES ANNULIMANUS, Van der Wulp.
(Tijdschr. voor Ent. p. 127 (1867), Van der Wulp ; Circ. 40, 2ad se. U.S.A. Depfc. Agri. p. 4 (1889), Coquillet).
Wings with the costa uniformly coloured, but with two spots on the wing field formed by accumulations of scales. Tarsi banded on the fore legs. Thorax dark brown with grey lines near the roots of the wings and golden hairs on the shoulders. Abdomen short, grey-brown, the hind borders of the segments darker, but lighter on the venter.
Extracts from original description.
<y . — Head dark brown ; occiput with dense black hairs. Antennae whitish, with brown rings, the verticils light brown with yellow reflections ; proboscis dark brown, one and a half times as long as the head and thorax, with lighter brown reflections above and at the tip ; palpi brown, the two first joints deeper coloured, the second joint a little longer than the first, together as long as the antennae ; the two last joints each as long as the second, brownish-yellow, together forming a flattened ellipse, sparingly beset with long hairs. Pleurae mostly clothed with light grey tomentum. Claspers shorter than the last abdominal segment, with long curved points ; abdominal tomentum moderately dense, blonde-coloured. Legs dark brown, the coxae and roots of the femora brownish -yellow, apex of the latter rather dark, so that the pale yellow or whitish knee spots show out the more distinctly. Close to the base of the mid-femora is a whitish ring, bounded on both sides by a deeper brown than that of the ground colour ; the fore tibiae, except the basal third, whitish, with three darker brown rings, the last just before the tip, which is pale ; the white colour appears also at the tips of the other tibiae ; the hind legs are long and slender, especially the tarsi, the
326 GNATS OR MOSQUITOES — CHAPTER XII first joint of which is a fourth longer than the tibia; halteres dark brown, the stem and base lighter than the knob. Wings longer than the abdomen, with a slightly greyish tmt ; veins and scales brown ; in the middle of the fore part of the wing, under the costa, on the second longitudinal vein, is a spot, and a little further out, above the small transverse vein, a second spot, both formed by accumulations of scales ; the upper basal cell is always longer than the lower. Habitat. — North America.
Coquillet thinks this description applies to C. consobrinus, Desv., but Van der Wulp is surely a most unlikely man to be mistaken in a well established dipterous genus.
42. ANOPHELES MACULIPENNIS, Meigen [1818].
Plate X, fig. 10a, Wing of $ ; 10b, Palpi of <? ; 10c, the Tarsal claws, <? and 5 .
An. quadrimaculatus. Say.
An. claviger, Fabr., of which no type appears to have existed. C. bifurcatus, Meig. (1804) ?
(Syst. Besch. Europ. Zwei. lus. i, 11, 2 (1818), Meigeu ; Ins. Lapp, i, 808, Zetterstedt; Hist. Nat. Dipt, i, 32, 2, Macquart ; Brit. Eiit. 210, 2, Curtis; Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. iii, 291, 2 (1845), Gimmenthal ; Dipt. Scand. ix, 3468, 3, Zetterstedt; Euto. Mag. i, 148, Haliday ; Dipt. Beitr. i, 4, 2, Low ; Fauna Austr. ii, 265, Schiner ; Dipt. Neer. p. 330, Van der Wulp ; Ins. Brit, iii, p. 249, Walker ; Bull. d. Soc. Ent. Italiana, 1896, p. 228, et 1899, p. 90, Picalbi ; Reale Accad. d. Lincei, S. d. u. Zool. sulla Malaria, p. 77, Grassi.)
Wings with four tufted spots on the wing-field, the costa being uniformly dark, except at the apex, where its colour fades to form a fairly distinct spot ; tarsi unhanded, but with an apical yellowish spot to the first joints. Thorax with four broad ferruginous stripes formed of golden hairs, between which the darker ground colour is left bare ; with a tuft of large golden scales on the anterior border. Abdominal segments brown with yellowish basal markings ; anterior femora not thickened at the base. " 5 . — Head with two patches of creamy scales divided by a central line, the rest of the head with black scales, a small tuft of white hairs in front, borders of the eyes white ; eyes deep purplish-black ; antennae dark brown with pale bands and with ferruginous basal joint, pale pubescence and brown hairs ; proboscis brown ; palpi yeUowisli-brown, with dense dark scales at the base, which is swollen, shorter than the proboscis. Legs with pale coxse ; femora and tibiae yellowish-brown below, covered with dark brown scales above ; knee spot yellow, apex of the tibiae paler ; tarsi slightly darker than the rest of the leg. ^ . — Antennge banded, plume hairs brown, last joint darker ; proboscis black to dark brown ; palpi dark brown ; the last two joints, which