95 Firmisternia.
Epicoracoid cartilages firmly united in the median line. 5. Fam. BREVICIPITIDAE.
(Engystomatidae ).
Diapophyses of the sacral vertebra distinctly dilated. Terminal phalanges of fingers and toes simple or T-shaped. Omosternum rudimentary or none; sternum cartilaginous !); procoracoids and clavicles usually reduced or absent. Vertebrae procoelous. No ribs. Os coccygis usually articulating by two condyles.
Distribution: America; Africa; S.- and E.-Asia, including the entire Indo-Australian Archipelago; N.-Queensland. I. Dyscophinae.
Upper jaw toothed, lower one toothless.
Distribution: Madagascar; India; Sumatra; Borneo. Sywopsis of the Gemera, 44Glavicles present. Pupil horizontal. = ». Siey.cwa o 1. Dyscophina p. 95. &. Clavicles absent.
I. Pupil vertical. Tongue forming a plicate pouch behind. 2. Co/poglossus p. 97. II. Pupil round (or horizontal?). Tongue not forming SPAPOCREtsl as # ara h elapse aC ee ans 3S COMETS Oks 3. Calliglutus p. 98. I. Dyscophina v. Kamp.
(v. KAMPEN, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XXII, 1905, p. 708). Pupil horizontally elliptic, almost circular. Tongue entire and free behind, not forming a pocket. Palatine teeth in two long, somewhat oblique series behind the choanae, close to each other. Two smooth transverse dermal ridges across the palate, in front of the pharynx. Tympanum hidden. Fingers free, toes webbed; tips of fingers and toes slightly dilated. Outer metatarsals united.
No procoracoids; clavicles feeble. Omosternum rudimentary; sternum large, cartilaginous, partly calcified. Terminal phalanges club-shaped.
Distribution: Sumatra.
1) After Boettger there should be an osseous sternum in Cophixalus geislerorum.
96 1. Dyscophina volzi v. Kamp.
Dyscophina volzi vy. Kampen, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XXII, 1905, p. 708, pl. XXVI. Habit ‘stout. Tongue oval; posterior dermal ridge of the palate strong, straight, the anterior one less developed, curved. Head much broader than long; snout as long as the upper eyelid or a little shorter, nearly as deep as long; canthus rostralis obtuse, curved; loreal region very oblique, feebly concave; nostril in the middle between tne tip of the snout and the upper eyelid; interorbital space about once and a half the width of the upper eyelid; tympanum invisible. Tips of fingers feebly swollen, of toes distinctly dilated; first finger scarcely shorter than second, which is as long as fourth; third toe much longer than fifth; toes half webbed, the web reaching nearly the tip of the fifth one, and that of the first and second ones at their outer side, the second subarticular tubercle in the third and fourth toe, the first tubercle at the inner side of the second toe; a dermal ridge reaches to. ‘the swollen tips of all toes and extends along the Fig. 11. Dyscophina volzi vy. Kamp., X 1!/4. outer side of the fifth one; subarticular tubercles flat; a strong, compressed inner and a feeble outer metatarsal tubercle; the heel ') reaches the eye.
Upper parts smooth or very feebly granular, with a few small warts, some of them more or less perfectly confluent on each side of the back into a low and narrow longitudinal ridge from the posterior border of the eye backwards; another, feeble ridge from the eye to the shoulder; a feeble cross fold between the posterior borders of the eyes; smooth below. Reddish brown, lighter below, with more or less confluent dark spots, which are most numerous on the sides of the 1) Not the tarso-metatarsal articulation, as is erroneously stated in the original description.
07 body, the lower surface of the hind limbs, the throat and the posterior part of the belly; on the back they form a sometimes indistinct X-shaped figure; posterior surface of thighs of uniform dark colour. Length 34 mm.
Male with a subgular vocal sac.
Type specimen examined.
Habitat: Sumatra (Tandjong Laut, Palembang}). 2. Colpoglossus Blgr.
(BouLENGER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) XIII, 1904, p. 42). Pupil vertically elliptic. Tongue entire and free behind, forming a plicate pouch at the point of its posterior attachment. Palatine teeth in two transverse series, very close to ‘each other. Two denticulate transverse dermal ridges in front of the pharynx. Tympanum hidden. Fingers free, toes webbed, the tips not dilated. Outer metatarsals united. Procoracoids and clavicles absent, substituted by a ligament. No omosternum; sternum large, cartilaginous.
Distribution: Borneo. .
1, Colpoglossus brooksi Blgr.
Colpoglossus Brooksii Boulenger, Ann. Mag, Nat. Hist., (7) XIII, 1904, p. 43, pl. II. Habit stout. Tongue large, oval. Head strongly depressed, once and two thirds as broad as long; interorbital space three times as broad as the upper eyelid ; tympanum hidden. Fingers obtusely pointed, toes blunt; first finger shorter than second; toes with a very short web at the base; subarticular tubercles indistinct; a rather large and very prominent inner metatarsal tubercle; the tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches the eye. Skin of head and body granulate, of belly and limbs smooth. Yellowish above, marbled with dark brown lines, which form a network on the sides and limbs; a )—(-shaped dark brown, light-edged marking on the head and nape, each of the longitudinal branches bifurcating in front and behind; two chains of small black spots, some with light centra, along the middle of the back; lower parts white, throat with wrinkle- like transverse brown lines. From snout to vent 50 mm.
Habitat: Borneo (Bidi, Serawak).
INDO-AUSTRALIAN AMPHIBIA. 7
98 3. Calliglutus Barb. & Noble.
(BarBour and Nosie, Proc. New England Zoél. Club, Cambridge, Mass., VI, 1916, p. 20).
Pupil round (or horizontally elliptic’). Tongue entire and free behind, not forming a pocket. Palatine teeth in two transverse series, very close to each other. Tympanum hidden. Fingers free, toes webbed; tips of toes slightly dilated. Procoracoids, clavicles and omosternum absent; sternum bilobate.
Distribution: Borneo.
I. Calliglutus smithi Barb. & Noble.
Calliglutus smithi Barbour and Noble, Proc. New England Zo6l. Club, Cambridge, Mass., VI, 1916, p. 20, pl. II and figs. I1—2. Habit stout. Tongue large, oval, slightly recurved in its posterior margin. Snout rounded, depressed; canthus rostralis indistinct; nostril close to the tip of the snout; interorbital space about thrice the width of the upper eyelid; tympanum hidden. Fingers not, toes slightly dilated; first finger shorter than second; toes with a very short basal web; subarticular tubercles feeble; a large inner, no outer metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the anterior border of the eye. Skin smooth.
Dark brownish grey above, with symmetrical black blotches, edged with pinkish, on the sides and a red X-shaped spot above the vent; sides and throat washed with light brown and stippled with white; belly white.
Habitat: Borneo (Limbang river district, Serawak). 2. Brevicipitinae').
Both jaws toothless.
Distribution: the same as the family.
Synopsis of the Genera”).
A, Procoracoids or clavicles or both of them present. Pupilhorizontal.
1) To this subfamily probably belongs ,2ufo” minimus Lesson, Voyage Coquille, Zool., Il, 1, 1830, p. 62, pl. VII, fig. 4 (Ambon). 2) v. Méhely (Termész. Fiizetek, XXIV, 1901, p. 219) divides the Exgys/omatidae (= Brevicipitinae of this book) in two subfamilies: 1. Symphygnathinae:
‘99 I. Vomerine teeth present. Two transverse dermal ridges in front of the pharynx. Toes free... 1, Liophryne p. 100. II. Vomerine teeth none.: | 3 1. A dermal ridge behind the choanae and two other ones in front of the pharynx. MROESWebbedaremnsecresndcSioinagtuSueeeys2.Calophrynusp.102. 2. No dermal ridge behind the choanae, one or two in front of the pharynx.
a. Tips of fingers and toes dilated. Toes free or webbed.
a. The clavicle reaches the scapula. .. 3. Sphenophryne p. 104. @. The clavicle does not reach thescapula, 4. Oreophryne p. 10. 6. Tips of fingers not, of toes slightly dilated. HRGeSESLeeswINONClaviClesrpts)cus)0)ante§.Microbatrachusp.121. c. Tips of fingers and toes not dilated. Toes frees Clavicles presemtia 2 suas sit @ ae 6. Oxydactyla p: 122. &. Procoracoids and clavicles absent. I, Pupil vertical.
1. Each palatine bone with a series of teeth. 7. Cal/ulops p. 123. 2 Palate toothless: fire ps. mete 2 Vick eeetie * s 8. Gastrophryne p. 124, II. Pupil circular or horizontal.
1. No dermal ridges across the palate. Toes WEDDCO Mien dela sis 6 0 sale plots folduy wc 9. Phrynella p. 124. 2. One or two transverse dermal ridges across the palate, in front of the pharynx. a. Each palatine bone with one or two large COOUR-KEMPROCESSEStayesshenoatoileree10.Xenobatrachusp,.126. 6, Palate unarmed. Tympanum more or less distinct.
a. Toes free. One dermal ridge across the palate.
+. Tongue large, circular, perfectly attached) behind.» owes) of 0ia,) « 11. Xenorhina p. 131. tft. Tongue large, circular, slightly free heliin@s 03) 5. Was. se nceys 12, Asterophrys p. 133: ttt. Tongue small, oval, extensively free"behind >. .°. ot ne see tS. Copia pe B34. maxillary bones united with each other in front of the prae-maxillaries; 2. Zleuthe= rognathinae: maxillary bones not united. As, however, this character is only known for a small part of the genera, it cannot yet be used for a division of the Lrevicipitinae. To the Symphygnathinae belong after v. Méhely : Hylophorébus part. (Mantophryne, Gnathophryne) and Xenorhina, to the Eleutherognathinae: Hylophorbus part. (Metopostira, Phrynixalus), Copiula, Sphenophryne and Oreophryne.
| tere) f. Toes free !). Two dermal ridges across the palate.
+. Tips of fingers and toes dilated. Tongue marrow. . 5.6 «.+'.. 14. Choerophryne p. 136. tt. Tips of fingers and toes dilated. Mongue Warge <yes ci» « 15. Hylophorbus p. 137. ttt. Tips of fingers and toes not dilated. Tongue large... ........ + 16. Aphantophryne p. 145. y. Toes webbed at the base. One dermal Mids euacross, thespalatesm-ue mem emememene 17.
Cophixalus p.
146.
c. Palate unarmed. Tympanum hidden. a. Upper eyelids involved ina flap of skin. 18. Pomatops p. 147. @. Upper eyelid normal.
+. Each palatine bone forming a prominent ridge across the palate, JEROME SHOMNE Gioia 8 oo OOo 6 oe 19. Aulowla p. 147. tt. No such ridges. Habit slender . . 20. Microhyla p. 152. 1. Liophryne Blgr.
(BouLENGER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XIX, 1897, p. 11). Pupil horizontal. Tongue nicked and extensively free behind. Two oblique series of vomerine teeth behind the level of the choanae. Two transverse dermal ridges across the palate, in front of the pharynx, the posterior one strongly denticulate. Tympanum distinct. Fingers and toes free, the tips slightly swollen or with small disks. Outer metatarsals united. Clavicles present 7), very slender; no omosternum; sternum small.
Distribution: New Guinea.
Synopsis of the Species.
PAs»ELGG)ROACMINTMEMENEVE.wilesfisteveraisleniuettn|Valls1.L.rhododactylap.100. B, Heel reaching the shoulder. I, Tympanum 2/, or 3/, diameter of eye..... 2. L. brevipes p. 101. II. Tympanum about !/, diameter of eye...... 3. L. kampeni p. 101. I. Liophryne rhododactyla Blgr. Liophryne rhododactyla Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XIX, 1897, p. 11, pl IL, fg. 12.
1) Webbed in AHylophorbus (?) neuhaussi, 2) yPraecoracoid present, ossified” (Boulenger).
IOI Tongue large, oblong. Head much broader than long; snout rounded, shorter than the upper eyelid; canthus rostralis obtuse; loreal region concave; nostril a little nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye; interorbital space a little broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum ?/, or */, the diameter of the eye. Fingers and toes rather elongate, depressed, the tips slightly swollen; first finger shorter than second; subarticular tubercles feebly prominent; a very indistinct inner metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the eye.
Skin smooth.
Dark purplish brown, finely powdered with crimson above, spotted with yellowish beneath; a very indistinct, fine, light vertebral line; a crimson spot above the vent; fingers and toes crimson above. From snout to vent 60 mm. Habitat: New Guinea (Mt. Victoria, Owen Stanley range). 2. Liophryne brevipes Blgr.
Liophryne brevipes Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XIX, 1897, p. Il. Closely allied to L. rhododactyla, but differing in the much shorter limbs with shorter digits, the heel reaching only the shoulder.
A pair of curved dermal folds from the posterior border of the head to between the shoulders.
Grey-brown above, pinkish on the sides of the back; sides of head dark brown; belly greyish, marbled with brown, with a fine light median line; throat vinaceous red. From snout to vent 22 mm.
Habitat: New Guinea (Mt. Victoria, Owen Stanley range). 3. Liophryne kampeni Bler.
Liophryne kampeni Boulenger, Transact. Zool. Soc. London, XX, 1914, p. 252, pl. XXVI, fig. 4.
Tongue large, covering the whole floor of the mouth, grooved; two long oblique series of vomero-palatine teeth behind the choanae. Head much broader than long; snout rounded, shorter than the upper eyelid; canthus rostralis obtuse; loreal region oblique, concave; nostril a little nearer the tip of the snout than the eye; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum about half the diameter of the eye. Fingers and toes moderately elongate, with small disks; first finger shorter
102 than second; subarticular and metatarsal tubercles feebly prominent; the heel reaches the shoulder.
Uniform dark brown above, pale brown beneath. From snout to vent 58 mm.
Habitat: New Guinea (Mimika riv.).
2. Calophrynus Tschudi.
(TscHupI, Mém. Soc. Sc. nat. Neuchatel, II, 1839, p. 48, 86). Pupil horizontal. Tongue entire and free behind. Palate toothless. A more or less distinct dermal ridge across the palate behind the choanae, and two other ones in front of the pharynx, the posterior one always, the other ones sometimes denticulate. Tympanum usually distinct. Fingers free, toes webbed, the tips without regular disks. Outer metatarsals united.
Clavicles present; omosternum present; terminal phalanges club-shaped.
Distribution: from S.-China through Cochinchina, Burma, Siam to the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and the Philippines; Madagascar.
Synopsis of the Species.
A. Third toe longer than fifth; second finger longer than fourth.
J. Fourth finger normally developed........ 1. C. pleurostigma p. 102. II. Fourth finger almost reduced to a knob... . 2. C. heterochirus p. 104. B. Third toe not extending beyond fifth; second Hanger <as WGng as fOUrtHG, wn te =o) ow a eee 2 elo) 3. C. punctatus p. 104. 1. Calophrynus pleurostigma S. Miill.
Kalophrynus pleurostigma (S. Miiller), Tschudi, Mém. Soc. Sc. nat. Neuchatel, II, 1839, p. 86.
Calophrynus pleurostigma Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 158. Calophrynus pleurostigma Boulenger, Fauna Brit. India, Rept. and Batr., London, 1890, p. 490, with fig. of palate.
Bufo studeri \senschmid, Mitth. naturf. Ges. Bern., 1903, p. 14, pl. V, fig. 2. Calophrynus pleurostigma v. Kampen, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XXII, 1905, p. 706. Calophrynus pleurostigma Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London, 1912, p. 258.
Tongue elliptic. Head broader than long; snout feebly projecting, as long or nearly as long as the upper eyelid,