143 7. Hylophorbus dubius (Bttgr.).
Xenorhina dubia Boettger, Zool. Anz., XVIII, 1895, p. 134. Xenorhina dubia Boettger, Abh. Senckenb. naturf. Ges., XXV, I901, p. 369, pl. XVI, fig. 10.
Gnathophryne dubia vy. Méhely, Termész. Fiizetek, XXIV, 1901, p. 231. Habit stout. Tongue large and broad. Head broader than long, its width about 3'/, times in the length of head and body; snout triangular, somewhat pointed, as long as the diameter of the eye; canthus rostralis rounded; loreal region oblique; nostril much nearer the tip of the snout than the eye; interorbital space about once and a half the width of the upper eyelid; tympanum feebly distinct, about half the diameter of the eye. Fingers and toes with very small disks; first finger shorter than second, which is as long as fourth; third toe much longer than fifth; subarticular tubercles feebly developed; a feeble, compressed inner, no outer metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches to about the middle of the eye. Skin smooth, somewhat warty on the sides of the body; a fold above the tympanum.
Greyish black above, uniform or indistinctly spotted and marbled with lighter; limbs with a few indistinct, whitish grey bars, transverse spots and rings; lower parts brownish yellow, reticulated with brown, or brown, marbied and spotted with brownish yellow. Length 24 mm.
Habitat: Halmahera (up to 670 m.).
8. Hylophorbus robustus (Blegr.).
Mantophryne robusta Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1898, p. 476, 480, pl. XXXVIII, fig. 4.
Gnathophryne robusta v. Méhely, Termész. Fiizetek, XXIV, 1901, p. 225, pl. VI, figs. 1—3 (skull); pl. IX, figs. 6-—g (eggs and embryos). Habit stout. Tongue with a median furrow, little free behind, more so on the sides. Head subtriangular, much broader than long; snout obtusely pointed, prominent, shorter than the upper eyelid, as deep as long; canthus rostralis indistinct; loreal region oblique, nearly flat; nostril lateral, nearer the tip of the snout than the eye; interorbital space as broad as to once and a half the width of the upper eyelid; tympanum rather distinct, about ?/, the diameter of the eye. Fingers and toes with small disks, which are much smaller than the tympanum; first finger a little shorter than second, which is about as long
144 as fourth; third toe longer than fifth; subarticular tubercles and the oval inner metatarsal tubercle feebly prominent; no outer metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the shoulder or the tympanum.
Skin smooth; a strong fold above the ep and somietimes a cross fold between the eyes.
Reddish or purplish brown above, uniform or with small, roundish, black spots; loin, thigh and lower side of tibia sometimes with large, circular, white spots; pale Brown or yellowish beneath. Length 100 mm.
The eggs are large (7 X 6,5 mm.) and united by a gelatinous string; they are deposited on the land and watched by the male; the embryo has no gills: respiration takes place by the tail; the development is direct (v. Méhely). Habitat: New Guinea! (Sattelberg, +800 m.; Simbang). — St. Aignan isl.
9g. Hylophorbus microtis (Wern.).
Mantophryne microtis Werner, Zool. Anz., XXIV, 1901, p. 102. Habit stout. Head triangular, broader than long, its width */, the length of head and body; occiput somewhat swollen; snout truncated, a little shorter than the eye; canthus rostralis distinct ; loreal region oblique, feebly concave; nostril much nearer the tip of the snout than the eye; interorbital space twice the width of the upper eyelid; tympanum feebly distinct, about '/, the width of the eye. Fingers with hardly distinct, toes with distinct small disks; first finger shorter than second; subarticular tubercles feeble; a small, elliptic, flat inner metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the anterior border of the tympanum.
Skin smooth, with small tubercles on the sides and on the back; a strong fold above the tympanum.
Upper parts rather dark olive green; snout and upper eyelids blackish; sides and hind limbs with scattered white dots; greenish yellow beneath. Length 56 mm.
Habitat: N.-E.-New Guinea.
10. Hylophorbus (?) neuhaussi (Vogt) ').
Manthophryne neuhaussi Vogt, Sitzungsber. Ges. naturf. Fr. Berlin, 1911, p. 425. 1) Description completed by informations from Mr. Vogt.
145 Habit stout. Both dermal ridges behind the level of the tubae. Snout short, obliquely truncate; loreal region oblique, feebly concave; interorbital space twice the width of the upper eyelid; eye small; tympanum distinct, °/, the width of the eye. Fingers and toes with smail, but distinct disks; first and second finger about equal in length. Toes distinctly webbed; the heel reaches the tympanum.
Skin rough, with several longitudinal rows of large warts; smooth beneath; a fold above the tympanum.
Back light brown, its posterior part and upper parts of the limbs blackish brown; large, light yellow spots in the lumbar region and on the posterior suriace of the thighs and the outer side of the tibiae; faded brown beneath. Length 65 mm. For this species the establishment of a new genus should perhaps be justified, the webbed toes distinguishing it from the other species of Hylophorbus.
Habitat: New Guinea (Sattelberg).
16. Aphantophryne Fry.
(Fry, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.-S.-Wales (1916), 1917, p- 770). Pupil horizontal. Tongue large, oval, entire and free behind and slightly free on the sides. Two transverse dermal ridges across the palate in front of the pharynx, the posterior one always, the anterior one usually denticulated and sometimes represented by a median dermal lobe only. Tympanum slightly visible. Fingers and toes free, the tips not dilated. Outer metatarsals united.
No clavicles; procoracoid replaced by a ligament. Omosternum and sternum absent. Terminal phalanges T-shaped. Distribution: New Guinea.
I. Aphantophryne pansa Fry.
Aphantophryne pansa Fry, Proc. Linn. Soc, N.-S.-Wales (1916), 1917, p. 772, ple aV5° DM, fig. 2).
Tongue free for about one-half its length posteriorly. Head triangular, much broader than long; snout rounded, slightly prominent, as long as or slightly shorter than the orbit ; canthus rostralis feeble, rounded; loreal region oblique, slightly concave; nostril much nearer the tip of the snout than the eye; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum INDO-AUSTRALIAN AMPHIBIA, 10
146 about '/, the width of the eye. Tips of fingers and toes not dilated; first finger a little shorter than second; no subarticular tubercles; a very feeble inner metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the axilla.
Skin smooth.
Uniform dark brown above. Beneath also uniform dark brown, or creamy-white, variously clouded and speckled with dark brown. From snout to vent 27 mm.
Habitat: New Guinea (Mt. Scratchley, Owen Stanley range, + 3700 m.).
17. Cophixalus Bttgr.
(BorTTGER, Kat. Batr.-Samml. Senckenb, naturf. Ges., Frankf. a/M., 1892, p. 24). Pupil horizontal. Tongue long, entire and free behind. Palate toothless. A denticulated dermal ridge across the palate, in front of the pharynx. Tympanum distinct. Fingers free, toes webbed at the base, with large disks.
No procoracoids or clavicles. Sternum ossified (*). Distribution: New Guinea.
1. Cophixalus geislerorum Bttgr.
Cophixalus geislerorum Boettger, Kat. Batr.-Samml. Senckenb. naturf. Ges., Frankf. a/M., 1892, p. 24.
Snout truncated, shorter than the diameter of the eye; canthus rostralis feeble; loreal region feebly concave; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid; eye strongly projecting; tympanum distinct. Disks of fingers and toes large; first finger shorter than second; toes distinctly webbed; subarticular tubercles feebly distinct; a feeble, compressed inner metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches hardly beyond the shoulder, the metatarsal tubercle hardly the anterior border of the eye. Upper surfaces smooth, belly and thighs granular. Blackish brown above, on the sides and the limbs with many smaller and some larger yellowish. dots and spots; a distinct light marking in the lumbar region; a white curved streak from the posterior border of the eye to the shoulder; beneath yellowish white, the throat and posterior surface of the thighs finely powdered with brown. Length 26 mm. Probably a renewed examination will show that this species belongs to Oreophryne or Sphenophryne and the genus Cophixalus has to be cancelled.
Habitat: N.-E.-New Guinea.
147 18. Pomatops Barb.
(Barzour, Proc, Biol. Soc. Washington, XXIII, 1910, p. 89). Pupil circular. Tongue large, entire, extensively free on the sides and behind. Palate toothless. Two feebly developed papillose ridges across the palate in front of the pharynx. Upper eyelids involved in a flap of skin, extending for some distance anterior and posterior to the position of the eye. Tympanum hidden. Fingers and toes free, the tips slightly dilated. No procoracoids, clavicles or omosternum. Terminal phalanges T-shaped.
The only known specimen of the only species of this genus was taken from the stomach of a snake. It seems possible, that the genus is identical with Hylophorbus, the curious flaps of skin above the eyes and other peculiarities then being caused by compression.
Distribution: New Guinea.
I. Pomatops valvifera Barb.
Pomatops valvifera Barbour, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXIII, 1910, p. 89, pl. I. Habit rather slender. Head short; snout not prominent; the flaps of skin above the eyes may be laid down and thus completely cover the eyes. First finger shorter than second; third toe longer than fifth; subarticular tubercles very indistinct; no metatarsal tubercles; the heel reaches the posterior border of the eye.
Skin smooth.
Slaty grey above, with lighter marblings; a semilunar white spot below each eye; lower surface ochraceous buff. Habitat: New Guinea (Fakfak).
19. Kaloula Gray.
(Gray, The zoological miscellany, N°. 1, London, 1831, p. 38). fyladactylus Tschudi, Mém. Soc. Sc. nat. Neuchatel, Il, 1839, p. 85. Callula (Gthr.) Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 167. Habit stout. Pupil circular. Tongue oblong, entire or feebly ‘nicked, free behind and on the sides. Palate toothless '). Each palatine bone forms a prominent ridge across the palate; two dermal ridges across the palate, in front of the pharynx, the 1) See however A.(?) sundana p. 151.
148 anterior one smooth, the posterior one denticulated. Tympanum hidden. Fingers free '), toes free or webbed, the tips usually more or less dilated. Outer metatarsals united. No procoracoids, clavicles or omosternum. Terminal phalanges triangular or T-shaped.
Tadpoles. — Eyes lateral. Spiraculum and vent median. Tip of tail simply pointed. Mouth terminal, the upper lip feebly developed; papillae and teeth absent. Distribution: eastern Asia, to western part of the Malay Archipelago.
Synopsis pithe Species:
A. Metatarsal tubercles present.
I. Inner metatarsal tubercle blunt-edged. Diameter of disk of third finger more than half that ofeye. 1. K. daleata p. 148. II. Inner metatarsal tubercle sharp-edged. Diameter of disk of third finger less than half that ofeye. 2. K. pulchra p. 150. #B. Metatarsal) tubercles absent Si. (yj. 0-0. - <2 <1 = 3. A. (2) sundana p. 151. 1. Kaloula baleata (S. Miill.).
Bombinator baleatus S, Miiller, Verh. Batav. Gen., XVI, 1836, p. 96. > Hylacdactylus lividus (nomen nudum) Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indié, XIV, 1857; P. 239.
Calohyla celebensis (Gthr.) Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1872, p. 585. Callula baleata Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 169 (with figs. of hand and foot).
Callula baleata v. Kampen, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indié, LXIX, 1909, p. 47 (tadpole). ‘aloula baleata Barbour, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1909, pl. XVIII, fig. 6 (terminalphalanx).
Kaloula baleata Barbour, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll., XLIV, 1, O12, py 72.
Head much broader than long; snout short, rounded, as long as or a little shorter than the upper eyelid; canthus rostralis rounded; loreal region oblique; nostril nearer the tip of the snout than the eye; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid. Tips of fingers with large, triangular disks; diameter of the disk of the third finger more than half the diameter of the eye, of second and fourth finger nearly as large, of first finger a little smaller; tips of toes feebly dilated, first finger shorter than second, which is a little shorter than fourth; third toe distinctly longer than fifth; toes webbed at the base, the web not extending beyond the first phalanx; 1) See X.(?) sundana p. 151.
149 subarticular tubercles distinct; two metatarsal tubercles, the inner one large, compressed, with blunt edge, the outer one smaller; the tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches the shoulder (in the adult) or the eye (in the young).
Upper parts smooth, or with small, flat warts; a fold from the eye to the shoulder, and sometimes another one, more or less indistinct, between the posterior borders of the eyelids; beneath smooth or wrinkled, except the throat, which may be finely granulate.
Brown, olive or blackish above, uniform or variegated with darker; a few large, whitish (in the living animal red) spots Fig. 21. Kaloula baleata G: Mill.) «x Ts > on the arm pits, on the loins, and on the limbs; beneath darker or lighter brown, variegated with whitish. Length 76 mm. Male with a subgular vocal sac.
Tadpole. — Agreeing in the position of the eyes, vent and spiracle, and in the characters of the mouth with the tadpole of K. pulchra.
In Batavia, when the weather is rainy, this toad in the evening and night makes a terrible noise in the ditches. By day it probably lives in holes. The eggs are laid in clumps, in the rainy season. The tadpole generally lives at the surface of the water.
Habitat: Nias!; Sumatra (Agam; Matur!; Batu Sangkar,
150 460—915 m.!; Kalung, Tilatang!); Borneo (Mt. Dulit; Pontianak); Java (Batavia!; Krawang; Buitenzorg; Sukabumi!; Leuwih Gadjah; Tjilatjap!; E.-Java); Sumba; Celebes (Indrulaman; near Borau, coast of Luwu; Kulawi!; Lindu lake, 1000 m.; Bwool; Gorontalo; Minahasa; Tomohon ; Kema). — Philippines; Malay Peninsula.
2. Kaloula pulchra Gray.
Kaloula pulchra Gray, The zoological miscellany, N°. 1, London, 1831, p. 38. Callula pulchra Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 170 (with figs. of hand and foot).
Callula pulchra Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1896, p. 908. Callula pulchra Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1899, p. 906. Callula pulchra Butler, Jrn. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., XV, 1904, p. 390. Kaloula pulchra Barbour, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1909, pl. XVIII, fig. 7 (terminal phalanx).
Callula pulchra Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London, 1912, p. 264,,.f2..:73- Kaloula pulchra Barbour, Mem, Mus. Comp, Zo6l. Harvard Coll., XLIV, 1, LOU2 ps 71, plas wills ne. 20) Callula pulchra Smith, Jrn. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, II, 1917, p. 40, figs. BI—B3 (tadpole).
Kaloula pulchra Annandale, Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, VI, 1917, p. 152, fig. 9, pl. VI, figs. 7—74 (tadpole).
Head much broader than long; snout short, rounded, as long as or shorter than the upper eyelid; canthus rostralis rounded; loreal region oblique; nostril a little nearer tip of snout than eye; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid. Tips of fingers with well-developed triangular disks, the diameter of which is less than half that of eye; tips of toes feebly dilated; first finger shorter than second, which is a little shorter than fourth; third toe much longer than fifth; toes slightly webbed at the base; subarticular tubercles well developed; two metatarsal tubercles, the inner one large, compressed, with rather sharp edge, the outer one smaller; the tarsometatarsal articulation reaches the axil, the shoulder, or a little beyond.
Upper parts smooth or with flat, smooth tubercles; a fold from the eye to the shoulder, and another one, more or less distinct, between the posterior borders of the eyelids; lower parts smooth. Yellow or pink above, usually with a large dark-brown spot covering nearly the whole of the back, and a dark lateral band; sometimes with irregular yellowish spots; a narrow dark