79 Greyish brown above, with brown, dark-edged spots; beneath yellow, black-spotted. Length 34 mm.
Habitat: interior of Sumatra.
7. Bufo valhallae Meade-Waldo.
Bufo valhallae Meade-Waldo, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1908, p. 786, pl. XLI. Head broader than long, without bony ridges; snout rounded, vertically truncate, shorter than the upper eyelid; canthus rostralis angular; loreal region nearly vertical; nostril nearer the tip of the snout than the eye; interorbital space as broad as, or a little narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, '/, to */, diameter of eye. Tips of fingers and toes blunt; first finger extending beyond second, which is shorter than fourth; third toe longer than fifth; toes halfwebbed; subarticular tubercles single; an elliptic inner, and a smaller, rounded, outer metatarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold; the heel reaches. the shoulder, the tarso-metatarsal articulation the: eye.
Upper surfaces with pointed tubercles of different sizes; parotoids large, prominent or flat, elliptical or oval; lower parts granular; a conspicuous gland on each calf may be present. Olive-brown above, with darker markings; sometimes a distinct black line along the inner margin of the parotoid glands. From snout to vent 82 mm.
Habitat: Pulo Weh!
8. Bufo spinulifer Mocq.
Bufo spinulifer Mocquard, Nouv. Arch. Mus, d’ Hist, nat., (3) II, 1890, p. 160, pl. XI, fig. 6, and: Le Naturaliste, (2) XII, 1890, p. 181. | Habit slender. Head small; canthus rostralis with a prominent ridge, no other ridges; snout obliquely truncate, as*long as the eye; loreal region vertical; interorbital space nearly twice as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, half the width of the eye. Tips of fingers and toes very feebly swollen; first finger a little shorter than second; toes webbed at the base; subarticular tubercles none; a large, oval, flattened inner,’ and a+small outer metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches between the eye and the tip of the snout.
Upper parts with large, unequal, for the greatest’ part warty, spinose tubercles, sometimes rather regularly placed in four
80 longitudinal series; the lateral tubercles confluent into two thick dorsolateral, warty ridges; no parotoids; lower parts granular. Almost black above; a greyish brown, irregularly oval spot, with pink tubercles, on the back; beneath lighter, with some yellowish white marblings; limbs with some light red spots or narrow bars. From snout to vent 41 mm.
Habitat: Borneo (Mt. Kina Balu).
9g. Bufo melanostictus Schneid.
Bufo melanostictus Schneider, Hist. Amph., I, Jena, 1799, p. 216. Bufo scaber (Daud.), Schlegel, Abbild. neuer oder unvollst. bek. Amph., Diisseldorf, 1837—44, p. 64, pl. XX, fig. 2.
Bufo melanostictus Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 306. Bufo melanostictus Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1896, p. 911, pl. XLIV, fig. 3 (tadpole).
Bufo melanostictus Stejneger, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., LVUI, 1907, p. 72, figs. 58—61. Bufo melanostictus Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London, 1912, p. 272, with fig.
Habit stout. Head broader than long, with a canthal, a praeorbital, a supraorbital, a postorbital, and a short and narrow supra-tympanic bony ridge; snout shorter than the upper eyelid, deeper than long; canthus rostralis angular ; loreal region little oblique, nearly flat; nostril nearer tip of snout than eye; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum close to the eye, very distinct, more than half the diameter of the eye. Tips of fingers and toes blunt; first finger usually extending beyond second, which is shorter than fourth; third toe longer than fifth; toes about half webbed, the three distal phalanges of the fourth one free; subarticular tubercles very small, single; a moderate, elliptic inner and a smaller outer metatarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold; the heel reaches the shoulder, the tarso-metatarsal articulation the tympanum or the eye. Upper parts with more or less prominent, often spiny warts of various sizes; upper surface of head nearly smooth; parotoids very large, reniform or elliptical, more or less elongate ; granular beneath.
Brown or yellowish brown above, sometimes with carminecoloured spots, the tips of the warts and the ridges of the head usually black; beneath yellowish, immaculate or more or less spotted with brown. From snout to vent 116 mm. Male with a subgular vocal sac, and in the breeding season with black nuptial excrescences on the two inner fingers.
84 In the young the bony ridges of the head are absent. Tadpole. — Length of body about once and a half its width and about */, the length of the tail; tail 3 to 4 times as long as deep, the depth of the muscular portion about half the greatest total depth. Nostril much nearer to the eye than to the end of the snout; eyes superior, the distance between them about twice that between the nostrils and about equal to the width of the mouth; spiraculum sinistral, directed backwards, visible from above and from below, nearer to the vent than to the end of the snout; vent median. Tail with broadly rounded tip, both crests nearly equal in depth, the upper slightly convex and not extending to the back. Mouth ventral; lips with papillae only at the sides; jaws white, edged with black; series of teeth 1'1/3, the second series in the upper lip nearly as long as the first one, narrowly interrupted in the middle, those of the lower lip about equal in length, the innermost being rather the longest, the outermost the shortest.
Blackish-brown above, grey beneath; muscular portion of tail blackish-brown, crests colourless or pale grey. Length 23 mm. From sea-level to high up in the mountains. Very common in cities; by day it is hiding in holes, in the evening it may often be seen in and near the houses hunting after insects. The copulation is axillary. The eggs, which are disposed in one file in each mucilaginous string, are laid in stagnant, often muddy water, in which the tadpoles may be found throughout the year (in Batavia).
Habitat: Pulo Weh!; Nias!; Sumatra (Langkat; Medan!; Belawan!; Batak mts., +300 m.!; Radja mts.; Fort de Kock!; Lembok); Riou islands (Bintang)?; Banka; Natuna islands (Bunguran); Borneo (Baram riv.; Pontianak; Bandjermasin }); Java (Serang!; Batavia!; Depok; Buitenzorg!; Sukabumi!; ’ Tjiandjur; Cheribon!; Tjilatjap!; Pekalongan!; Semarang; Ambarawa; Gunung Gamping, Djokjakarta!; Djapara!; Djuana); Rembang!; Kediri!; Pasuruan!); Madura! — From India and S.-China to the Malay Peninsula and the Philippines. 10. Bufo gymnauchen Blkr.
Bufo gymnauchen Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indié, XVI, 1859, p. 46. Docidophryne spinipes (nomen nudum), Fitzinger, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wien, XLII, 1861, p. 415.
INDO-AUSTRALIAN AMPHIBIA. 6
$2 Bufo spinipes Steindachner, Reise der Novara, Amph., Wien, 1867, p. 43, pl. Wi. 5. Os 7s Bufo melanostictus part., Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 306. Bufo longecristatus Werner, Zool. Anz., XXVI, 1903, p. 252"). Habit stout. Head broader than long, with a canthal, a praeorbital, a supraorbital, a postorbital, and a short and narrow supratympanic bony ridge; snout shorter than the upper eyelid, a little deeper than long; canthus rostralis angular, loreal region oblique, slightly concave; nostril nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum close to the eye, distinct, */; diameter of eye. Tips of fingers and toes blunt; first finger as long as, or slightly shorter than second, which is shorter than fourth ; third toe about as long as fifth, toes about ?/, webbed, the two distal phalanges of fourth one free; subarticular tubercles very small, single; a moderate inner, and a smaller outer metatarsal tubercle; a serrated tarsal fold; the heel reaches the shoulder, the tarsometatarsal articulation the eye.
Upper surface of head and body smooth or with two longitudinal series of warts on the posterior half of the back; parotoids reniform, feebly prominent; granular beneath and on the sides.
Brown or greyish, the ridges of the head sometimes black; beneath yellowish, immaculate, or belly spotted with brown. Length 68 mm.
Male with a subgular vocal sac.
I compared a specimen in the Leiden museum from the collection of Bleeker. The species can be distinguished from B. melanostictus by the nearly smooth back and by the tarsal fold. Habitat: Riou islands (Tandjongpinang!); interior of Borneo! —— Nicobars.
11. Bufo asper Gravh.
Bufo asper Gravenhorst, Deliciae Mus. Zool. Vratislav., Fasc. I, Lipsiae, 1829, p. 58. Bufo asper Schlegel, Abbild. neuer oder unvollst. bek. Amph., Diisseldorf, 1837—44, pi OS, pl kts ee.
Bufo asper Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 313. >? Nectes obscurus Barbour, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XVII, 1904, p. 51. Bufo asper vy. Kampen, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indié, LXIX, 1910, p. 26, 30, pl. II, fig. 2 (tadpole).
1) Type specimen (in the Brussels museum) examined by me; the parietal ridge, described by Werner, is a dermal ridge; the parotoid is longer than the orbit.
83 Bufo asper Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Mal. Penins., Rept. and Batr., London, 1912, p. 271, fig. 74 (vertebral column and pectoral arch), fig. 75 (open mouth), > Bufo obscurus Barbour, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll., XLIV, N°. 1, DOT 2 Ds 755) Din Vila ee 20:
Habit stout. Head broader than long, with a broad and flat supraorbital and a thick supratympanic bony ridge; snout obliquely truncate, shorter than the upper eyelid, as deep as long; canthus rostralis angular; loreal region nearly vertical, flat; nostril: nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum more or less distinct, vertically oval, its longest diameter '/, to ?/, the width of the eye. Tips of fingers and toes blunt; first and second finger equal in length; toes nearly entirely webbed, the two distal phalanges of fourth toe included only by a narrow fringe; subarticular tubercles well developed, single; a large elliptic inner and a. somewhat smaller outer metatarsal tubercle; a distinct tarsal fold; the heel reaches the eye, the tarso-metatarsal articulation the tip of the snout or beyond, Upper surfaces with very prominent, conical, spinose tubercles of various sizes; parotoids distinct, usually a little shorter than the diameter of the eye'), subtriangular or roundish; coarsely granular below.
Uniform brown or blackish above, sometimes spotted with crimson; the tubercles with a brownish or yellowish tip; yellowish beneath, uniform or spotted with black. From snout to vent 260 mm.
Male with a subgular vocal sac.
Tadpole. — Length of body about once and a half its width and about 3/, the length of the tail; tail about 3 times as long as deep, its muscular part more than half as deep as the total depth. Nostril much nearer to the eye than to the tip of the snout; eyes on the upper surface, as far from tip of snout as from spiraculum, the distance between them a little more than once and a half that between the nostrils and half the width of the mouth; spiraculum lateral, sinistral, directed backwards, in the middle between the vent and the anterior border of the eye; vent median. Tail with rounded tip; the crests low, convex, the upper one a little deeper than the lower and not reaching the base of the tail.
1) In some specimens of N.-Borneo they are large, as long or almost as long as their distance from the end of the snout.
84 Mouth ventral; it is very large (its posterior border situated almost in the middle of the body) and has the shape of a sucker; lips distinctly separated from each other, bordered with one series of short papillae, which are absent along the upper border; jaws narrowly edged with black, the border of the upper one M-shaped; series of teeth 2/3, those of the same lip equal in length; lower lip with a large, unarmed portion behind the teeth.
Brownish black, lower parts and crests of tail colourless. Length 20 mm.
This toad lives often near human dwellings, as 4. melanostictus, but is much less common in low countries. Habitat: Sumatra (Upper Langkat; Medan!; Bander Baru, Batak mts., +900 m.!; Toba lake; Airbangis!; Talu; Mt. Ophir, 1500 m.!; Sandaran Agung, 745 m., and Sinlak Deras, goo m., Kurintji valley; Sungai Kumbang, 1400 m., Kurintji peak; Gunung-Sahilan; Andalas!; Agam; Kalung, Tilatang; Pajakombo!; Ajermantjur!; Alahanpandjang; Batu Sangkar, 450— g00 m.; Solok!; Sidjundjung; Muarolabu; Kepahiang; upper current of Hari leko riv.; Palembang !); Borneo (Mt. Kina Balu, 460 m.; Baram riv.; Mt. Dulit, 1200 m.; Miri, Serawak; Ka- ' puas riv.; Sintang; Seberuang riv.; Martapura); Java (Pasaruan, Bantam!; Lebak; Batavia!; Buitenzorg!; Mt. Salak; Gadok; Tjibodas!; Sukabumi!; Tjiandjur; Djampang Tengah!; Semarang; Wonosobo!; Gunung Sewu, Djokjakarta!). — Siam; Malay Peninsula, up to 1500 m.
12. Bufo celebensis Schleg.
Bufo celebensis (Schlegel), Steindachner, Reise der Novara, Amph., Wien, 1867, p. 44. Bufo celebensis Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 313. Bufo celebensis Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1897, p. 236. Bufo celebensis Boettger, Abh. Senckenb. naturf. Ges., XXV, Ig01, p. 384. Habit stout. Head broader than long, with a broad supraorbital and a thick, elevated (in the young feebly prominent) supratympanic bony ridge; snout obliquely truncate, shorter than the upper eyelid, as deep as long; canthus rostralis angular, with a prominent ridge; loreal region nearly vertical, almost flat; nostril nearer tip of snout than eye; interorbital space in the adult broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum more or less distinct, vertically oval, its longest diameter ?/; to 3/, that of the eye. Tips of fingers and toes blunt; first finger
85 extending beyond second; toes nearly half webbed; subarticular tubercles small, single; two well-developed metatarsal tubercles, the outer one a little smaller than the inner one; no tarsal fold; the heel reaches the shoulder, or beyond (to beyond tip of snout).
Upper surfaces with more or less prominent conical warts; Fig. 8. Bufo celebensis Schlg., X 1.
parotoids very prominent, variable in shape, triangular, oval or elliptical, usually continuous with the orbitotympanic bony ridge; granular below.
Olive, greyish, blackish or crimson above, uniform or with
86 indistinct darker spots, the warts often with black tips; yellowish, greyish or pale olive beneath, uniform or marbled with dark brown. Length 107 mm.
Male with an internal subgular vocal sac and a black nuptial excrescence on the outer side of the first and second fingers. Habitat: Celebes (Makasser!; Loka!; Bonthain peak (Bawa Kraeng); Ahua riv.; Rumbia; Mengkoka; Luwu!; Kulawi!; Kantewu!; Sukon!; Bwool; Sumalata; Boliohutu mts.; Gorontalo; Gurupahi!; Bolaang Mongondou!; Tomohon; Rurukan; Menado!; Kema).
13. Bufo philippinicus Bler.
Bufo philippinicus Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5) XIX, 1887, p. 348, pl. X, fig. 5.
Bufo philippinicus Boulenger, Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XIV, 1894, p. 88. Bufo philippinicus Taylor, Philipp. Jrn. of Sc., XVI, 1920, p. 344, pl. IX, fig. 5. Cranial ridges rather similar to those of B. dzporcatus, but the supraorbital one ending ina very short branch, directed inwards and distinct from the parietal one, which is more thickened; snout truncate, short; canthus rostralis prominent; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, vertically oval, smaller than the eye. First finger extending much beyond second; toes half webbed ; subarticular tubercles simple; no tarsal fold; the tarsometatarsal articulation reaches the eye. Upper parts with small, conical, spiny tubercles; parotoids oval or elliptical, ?/, to 3/, the length of the head. Olive above, with darker, insuliform spots; cranial ridges reddish brown. From snout to vent 76 mm.
Male with an internal vocal sac.
Habitat: Philippines (Pelawan; Balabak).
14. Bufo claviger Ptrs.
Bufo claviger Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1863, p. 405. Bufo claviger Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 311 (with figure of head). Bufo clavigery vy. Kampen, in: Kleiweg de Zwaan, Die Insel Nias bei Sumatra, III, Haag, 1915, p. 278 (tadpole).
Habit rather stout. Head broader than long, with a canthal, a narrow supratympanic, a supraorbital and a parietal bony ridge, the two latter ones forming together a nearly straight line and very elevated and much thickened behind; snout as long as the upper eyelid and as long as deep; canthus rostralis