263 as long as the orbit; canthus rostralis angular; loreal region slightly concave; nostril equally distant from the orbit and the end of the snout; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, '/, or °/; the diameter of the eye. Disks of fingers nearly as large as the tympanum, of toes smaller; fingers and toes entirely webbed; subarticular and inner metatarsal tubercles very small; no tarsal fold; the heel reaches the tip of the snout.
Smooth above, belly granulate.
Pale reddish brown above, minutely speckled with brown and with six brown cross-bands, the first across the snout, the second between the eyes, the third, broadest, between the tympana; a fine yellow, brown-edged line borders the head above, from the tip of the snout along the canthus rostralis and supraciliary border to above the tympanum; limbs with dark cross-bands; lower parts and hinder side of thighs colourless. From snout to vent 54 mm.
Male with an internal vocal sac.
Habitat: Borneo (mountains of the Akar riv., Serawak). 21. Rhacophorus pardalis Gthr.
Rhacophorus Reinwardtii Eydoux et Souleyet, Voyage Bonite, Zool., I, 1841, p. 150, pl. X, figs. 1, 1 A—B.
Rhacophorus pardalis Giinther, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1858, p. 83, pl. VI, fig. D. Rhacophorus pardal’s Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 91. Rhacophorus pulchellus Werner, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XIII, 1900, p. 495, pl. MOT, fe:.7, Rhacophorus pardalis Roux, Revue Suisse Zool., XXVI, 1918, p. 415. Vomerine teeth in two slightly oblique series beginning at the inner front edges of the choanae. Head nearly as long as broad; snout rounded, as long as the upper eyelid; canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region oblique, slightly concave; nostril nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye; interorbital space as broad as, or broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, '/, to */, the width of the eye. Fingers and toes with large disks, those of outer fingers as large as or a little smaller than the tympanum, those of first finger and of toes a little smaller; first finger shorter than second, which is shorter than fourth; fingers webbed to the disks, except the first, which is free; third and fifth toe equal in length; toes webbed to the disks; subarticular tubercles
264 moderate; a small inner, no outer metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the tip of the snout; tibia about half the length of head and body.
Smooth above; a dermal fold along outer border of forearm and hand, tarsus and foot, and a cutaneous flap on the heel; a fold above the tympanum; belly and lower surface of thighs granular.
Coloration very variable. Brown, grey or purplish above, usually darker marbled or spotted; hind limbs with dark crossbars; dark spots on the sides of the body and a round white spot above the heel may be present; webs between fingers and toes without black spots. Length 55 mm.
Male with an internal vocal sac.
Habitat: Mentawei islands (Sipora); Sumatra (Djapura, Indragiri); Borneo (Pagat, S.E.-Borneo; Samarinda!; Semberrah riv.!). — Philippines; Pelawan.
22. Rhacophorus reinwardti (Boie).
Rhacophorus Reinwardti (nomen nudum), Kuhl en v. Hasselt, Alg. Konst- en Letterbode, 1822, p. 104.
Hypsiboas Reinwardtii (Boie), Wagler, Natiirl. Syst. Amph., Miinchen, 1830, p. 200. Hyla Reinwardtii (part.) Schlegel, Abbild. neuer oder unvollst. bek. Amph., Diisseldorf, 1837—44, p. 105, pl. XXX, figs. 1, 2, 4 (not 3). Rhacophorus Reinwardtii Duméril et Bibron, Erpét. gén., VIII, 1841, p. 532; IX, 1854, p. 403, pl. LXXXIX, figs. 1, 1a.
Rhacophorus reinwardtii Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 88 (excl. the tadpole).
Rhacophorus Reinwardti var. lateralis Werner, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XIII, 1900, p- 495, pl. XXXIII, fig. 6.
Polypedates reinwardtii Siedlecki, Biol. Centr., XXIX, 1909, p. 704, pls. VII—X. Rhacophorus reinwardti vy. Kampen, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indié, LXIX, 1909, p- 43 (tadpole).
Vomerine teeth in two hardly oblique series between the choanae. Head broader than long; snout rounded, as long as the upper eyelid; canthus rostralis obtuse ; loreal region oblique, slightly. concave; nostril equally distant from the eye and the tip of the snout; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, ?/, to °/, the width of the eye. Fingers and toes with large disks, those of outer fingers as large as or larger than the tympanum; first finger shorter than second, which is shorter than fourth; fingers webbed to the disks, except the first, which is nearly entirely free; third
265 and fifth toe equal in length; the web between the toes reaches all the disks; subarticular tubercles moderate; a small inner, no outer metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches between the eye and the tip of the snout; tibia half the length of head and body. :
Smooth above; belly, sides of body and lower surface of thighs coarsely granulate; a fold above the tympanum; a cutaneous fringe along the outer edge of fore-arm and fourth Fig. 28. Rhacophorus reinwardti (Boie), X I.
finger, and along that of tarsus and fifth toe; a transverse flap of skin above the vent and another on the heel. Coloration very variable, even in the same individual. Olive or lilac above (green to olive in life); a black spot on the axilla usually present; web between the two or three outer fingers and the three or four outer toes with a large black spot; sides, belly and lower surface of thighs may be reticu-
266 lated with black. In the var. /ateralis Wern. this dark colour is more extensive. From snout to vent o' 52, 9 76mm. Male with an internal vocal sac.
Tadpole.,— Length of body 17/, its width; tail more than 1'/, times as long as the body, more than 3 times as long as deep. Nostril equally distant from the eye and the end of the snout; eyes superior, hardly nearer to the spiraculum than to the tip of the snout, the distance between them greater than that between the nostrils; spiraculum sinistral, lateral, directed backwards and upwards, equally distant from tip of snout and vent; vent dextral, in the middle between the muscular portion and the lower border of the tail. Tail rounded, the upper crest a little deeper than the lower one, reaching tne base of the tail.
Sides of lips with one or two, lower border with two uninterrupted series of papillae; jaws denticulated, narrowly edged with black; series of teeth 515/3, the second and third series of upper lip narrowly interrupted, the three rows of lower lip about equal in length.
Grey above, yellowish white beneath, immaculate ; crests and tip of tail colourless. Length 26 mm.
The embracement in copulation in axillary. The eggs are rather large (+ 3mm. in diam.), unpigmented. The spawn is usually deposited between leaves of bushes in a mass of mucilage, above or not far from water, the young tadpoles being washed away by the rain (Siedlecki).
Habitat: Sumatra (Lauttador); Banka!; Borneo? (Serawak ')); Java (Batavia; Buitenzorg!; Gadok; Mt. Pangeranggo; Tjibodas!; Pasirdatar, 900 m.!; Sukabumi!; Tjiseureuh, near Sindanglaja!; Tjiandjur; Ambarawa; Wonosobo; Nongkodjadjar, Tengger mts., 1200 m.!).
23. Rhacophorus nigropalmatus Blgr.
?,,Flying frog” Wallace, The Malay Archipelago, London, 1869, I, p. 38, with fig. Rhacophorus Reinwardti Hubrecht, Midden-Sumatra, IV, 1, 1887, p. 9 2). Rhacophorus nigropalmatus Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XVI, 1895, p. 170. Rhacophorus nigropalmatus Werner, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XIII, 1900, p. 496, pl. XXXIV, fig. 8.
1) According to Peters, Ann. Mus, Genova, III, 1872, p. 44. 2) Specimen in the Leyden Museum examined by me.
267 Rhacophorus nigropalmatus Boulenger, Fasciculi Malayenses, Zool., pt. 1, 1903, peL375pl.wveleetewed Rhacophorus nigropalmatus Isenschmid, Mitth, naturf. Ges. Bern, 1903, p. 73; 85, pl. II (skeleton), VI (embryons).
Rhacophorus nigropalmatus Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London, 1912, p. 251, fig. 71.
Vomerine teeth in two long, straight or slightly curved transverse series between the front edges of the choanae. Head a little broader than long; snout rounded, as long as the upper eyelid, longer than deep; canthus rostralis obtuse, curved; loreal region oblique, concave; nostril nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, '/, to ?/, the diameter of the eye. Fingers and toes with large disks, those of the three outer fingers as large as or smaller than the tympanum, disks of toes and first finger a little smaller than those of outer fingers; first finger shorter than second, which is shorter than fourth; all the fingers webbed to the disks; third and fifth toe equal in length; toes webbed to the disks; subarticular tubercles distinct; a small, pointed inner, no outer metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the nostril, the tip of the snout, or beyond; tibia about half length of head and body. Smooth or finely granulate above; belly, sides of body and lower surface of thighs coarsely granulate; a strong dermal fold along the outer edge of the fore-arm and another at the heel; less developed folds along outer edges of fourth finger, tarsus and fifth toe; a triangular fold along the inner side of the arm and a small flap above the vent.
In life green above, usually powdered with white, or with lichen-like white markings; one or two conspicuous white spots on the upper surface of the thigh; flanks yellow or orange, veined with black; interdigital membranes black at the base, towards the border yellow or orange, veined with black; throat and chest cream-colour, belly and lower surface of limbs salmon-pink, sometimes dotted with yellow. Length 105 mm.
The spawn is deposited on the earth in masses of mucilage, each containing about 20 to 30 eggs, which are rich of yolk. Habitat: Sumatra (Laut Tador; Tandjungkasau; Muarolabu!; Benakat, Palembang!); Borneo (Akar riv.; Bidi). — Siam; Malay Peninsula.
268 10. Philautus Gistel.
(GisTEL, Naturg. Thierr., 1848, p. X; STEJNEGER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXVIII, 1905, p. 346).
ZIxalus (nom, preocc.), Duméril et Bibron, Erpét. gén., Paris, VIII, 1841, p. 523. Leptomantis Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1867, p. 32; Poche, Zool. Anz., XXVI, 1903, p. 700.
Pupil horizontal. Tongue deeply notched and free behind. Vomerine teeth none. Tympanum distinct or hidden. Fingers free or webbed, toes webbed; tips of fingers and toes with disks. Outer metatarsals separated by a groove or narrow web. Omosternum and sternum with a bony style. An intercalary ossicle between the penultimate and terminal phalanges ; the latter obtuse or bifurcate.
This genus is hardly distinguishable from Rhacophorus, as in Rk. edentulus the vomerine teeth may be absent; perhaps both genera should be united, as //ylella with Hyla. Distribution: S.E.-Asia, including the western part of the Indo-Australian Archipelago.
Synopsis of the Species.
A, Toes nearly entirely, two outer fingers half : Welle no oda dlatta Bio ole sa 6 ad ac c 1. Ph. bimaculatus p. 269. B, Toes not more than 2/3, fingers not or feebly webbed.
I. Tympanum at least 2/, the width of the eye. Fingersfree.
Bie MOSS MHA NED Dede eterna t's) et = =) nee eee 2. Ph. pictus p. 269. 2. Toes webbed at the base.
a. Skin of upper parts tubercular... ... 3. Ph. flavosignatus p. 270. BASKINMSINOOUAGeasbekssvettene’tichsencelete4.Ph.anodonp.271. II. Tympanum not more than half the width of the eye. .
1. Heel reaching beyond the tip of the snout. a. Toes half webbed. Tympanum !/3 or 2/; the width of the eye, a.Interorbitalspacebroaderthanupper eyelid. Disks of fingers smaller than MPM Svea oS og Fe 5. Ph. longicrus p. 272. @.Interorbitalspacebroaderthanupper eyelid. Disks of outer fingers larger Wei HAN VNENG Soe Gao boo ot 6. Ph. jacobsoni p. 272.
269 y. Interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid. Disks of outer fingers larger than tympanum. ....... 7. Ph. similis p. 273. b. Toes not quite half webbed. Tympanum \/; the width of the eye....-.--- 8. Ph. pallidipes p. 273. c.Toeswitharudimentofweb.Tympanum 2/, the width of the eye.......- g. Ph. cornutus p. 274. 2. Heel not reaching beyond the tip of the snout.
a. Toes 3Jz webbed. ....-.-++:s 10. Ph. vittiger p. 275. 6. Toes 1/, to 1/, webbed.
a. Nostril a little nearer to end of snout rene ee) KS Sho eo wg pet or Ofdy: 11. Ph. petersi p. 275. @. Nostril equally distant from end of snout and eye . 0. 62. 2). wb lee 12. Ph. aurifasciatus p, 276. 1. Philautus bimaculatus (Ptrs.).
Leptomantis bimaculata Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1867, p. 32. Ixalus? bimaculatus Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 106. Ixalus bimaculatus Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1898, p. 475. Snout truncate, hardly longer than the eye; canthus rostralis distinct; nostrils lateral, close to tip of snout, the distance between them equal to their distance from the eye; tympanum hidden, '/, the width of the eye. Disks of fingers larger than those of toes; fingers between second and third '/,, between third and fourth '/, webbed; toes nearly entirely webbed, the distal and part of the penultimate phalanx of fourth toe free; a small inner metatarsal tubercle.
Skin smooth; a few tubercles on the chin; belly granulate. Violet-brown above, with irregular spots and cross-bands, one of which connects the eyes; some yellowish white dots on the lips; limbs with dark cross-bars ; yellowish white beneath. Length 34 mm.
"Male with an internal vocal sac.
Habitat: Borneo. — Philippines.
2. Philautus pictus (Ptrs.).
Ixalus pictus Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1871, p. 580. Ixalus pictus Peters, Ann. Mus. Genova, III, 1872, p. 44, pl. VI, fig. 2. Ixalus pictus Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 99. Ixalus pictus Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London, 1912, p. 255.
270 Snout pointed, longer than the orbit; canthus rostralis strong ; loreal region nearly vertical, slightly concave; nostril nearer to tip of snout than to eye; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, 7/, to */, the diameter of the eye. Disks of fingers and toes large, but smaller than tympanum; fingers free, toes half webbed; subarticular tubercles moderate; a small, very feebly prominent inner metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the end of the snout or a little beyond.
Upper parts rough with small granular tubercles; throat smooth, belly coarsely granulate.
Light brown or bright reddish, orange above; head, body and limbs with cream-coloured, dark-edged spots; belly white, with or without greenish black blotches. From snout to vent 35 mm.
Habitat: Borneo (Serawak; Barabai), — Malay Peninsula (up to 1200 m.); Singapore; Philippines ').
3. Philautus flavosignatus (Bttg.).
Txalus flavosignatus Boettger, Zool. Anz., XVI, 1893, p. 339. Tongue without papilla. Head broader than long; snout pointed, a little longer than the diameter of the orbit ; canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region somewhat concave; nostril much nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye; interorbital space twice the width of the upper eyelid; tympanum */, the diameter of the eye. Disks of fingers large, of toes somewhat smaller; first finger much shorter than second; fingers free, toes webbed at the base; subarticular tubercles strong, a very feeble inner metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the tip of the snout. :
Skin of upper parts covered with granules and pointed tubercles, which are more crowded in the parotoid region ; throat finely, belly and lower side of thighs more coarsely granulate. Ashy grey above; a line along the border of the upper eyelid and along the canthus rostralis sulphur-yellow, a sulphur-yellow spot in the parotoid region and smaller spots of the same colour on the fore-arm and the hind limbs; the two inner 1) According to De Elera, Catdlogo Sist. de toda la Fauna de Filipinas, I, 1895,Pp.450.