7 2. Megalophrys Kuhl & v. Hass.
(KuHL en v. HasseLT, Alg. Konst- en Letter-bode, 1822, p. 102 [, Wogophrys’’] und Isis, 1822, p. 475 [,,dZegophrys’’]).
Leptobrachium, Megalophrys and Xenophrys Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 440—442. ; Megalophrys Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1908, p. 407. | Pupil erect. Tongue circular or pyriform, entire or nicked, free behind. ‘Vomerine teeth in two small groups or absent. Tympanum more or less distinct, or hidden. Fingers free, toes free or shortly webbed, the tips without regular disks. Outer metatarsals united or partly separated by web. Omosternum cartilaginous, sometimes calcified ; sternum with a bony style. Os coccygis fused with the sacral vertebra or articulating with it by one condyle. Vertebrae opisthocoelous or procoelous.
Tadpoles. — Eyes superior. Spiraculum sinistral. Vent median or dextral. Upper crest of tail not extending on to the body. Mouth normal, with numerous series of teeth, and almost entirely surrounded with papillae, or funnel-shaped, with scattered papillae and without teeth.
Distribution: S.-E.-Asia, including western part of the Indo-Australian Archipelago.
Vi oOpsts Of fhe Spe cies:
A, Snout projecting beyond the lower jaw.
I. End of snout without or with a rudimentary dermal appendage, MeeealewithvOCAlESACSi.)aii)sfachie:leyaing)cuesicy«1.M.ligayaep.8. Za,MUENE:Syoilovoyel:SROANNSEXESgeOldoOfonoee2opoe2.M.montanap.8. II. End of snout with a distinct dermal appendage . . 3. WZ. masuta p. 10. &, Snout not projecting beyond the lower jaw. I. No vomerine teeth.
ey Licelmeachinge the shonldenr. justin) sale neh: 4. M. hasselti p. 13. Pepblecel@reachine stipmOmSuGit. wet mene Hh Son UR MIE AIS jos mials- MalaWiayaaxeraliays(Ww)atinSopdetGrosGaelWcesydeolaloones6.WM.baluensisp.16. Synopsis of the Tadpoles.
FALMmOLSeaWithOuugleetiweme/cule)lechmeeeTESeaSYaietatedoie2.M.montanap.8. &. Lips with teeth in regular series ......,++04-+4 M&, hasselti p. 13,
8 1. Megalophrys ligayae Taylor.
Megalophrys ligayae Taylor, Philipp. Jrn. of Sc., XVI, 1920, p. 350, pl. X, figs. 2,2a. © Tongue distinctly nicked behind; vomerine teeth in two rounded groups between the posterior part of the choanae. Head much broader than long; snout rather distinctly pointed, longer than the eye, projecting beyond the lower jaw; nostril in the middle between eye and tip of snout, or slightly nearer the latter; interorbital space 1'/, times the width of the upper eyelid (exclusive of spine); tympanum moderately distinct, about */, the diameter of the eye, from which it is separated by a distance nearly 1'/, times its greatest length. Tips of fingers and toes slightly swollen; first finger about as long as second, extending beyond fourth; third toe extending distinctly beyond fifth; toes free; no subarticular tubercles; inner metatarsal tubercle large, as long as first toe; the heel reaches the anterior border of the tympanum. Tibia 0,3 length from snout to vent.
Skin of head coossified with the skull. Skin with minute spicules, and with larger tubercles on back; sides and limbs; a prominent tubercle above the insertion of the arm, on the shoulder and in the middle of the back; a distinct fold from the eye to above the arm and another on each side of the back, from the occipital region to half the length of the body; upper eyelid and angle of mouth each with a short dermal spine; belly smooth, with two prominent tubercles on the breast. Above olive gray (in life), with numerous dark spots; a backward curved line across the head limits the dark occipital area, whicl) continues backwards between the dorsolateral folds to the end of the body; a narrow black line along the outer side of the dorsolateral folds; outer edge of upper eyelid and spine black; a black stripe on the loreal region and a narrow, black, yellow-edged line below the eye, ending in a black spot behind the eye; lips with elongate, yellow-edged spots; limbs with cross-bars; lower parts yellow, with black and brownish spots. From snout to vent 60 mm. .
Male with vocal sacs.
Habitat: Pelawan.
'2. Megalophrys montana Kuhl & v. Hass.
Mogophrys montana and Megophrys monticola Kuhl en v. Hasselt, Alg. Konsten Letter-bode, 1822, p. 102, 104.
9 Megophrys monticola Kuhl und y. Hasselt, Isis, 1822, ~p. 475. Ceratophrys montana Schlegel, Abbild. neuer oder unvollst. bek. Amph., Diisseldorf, 1837— 44, p. 29, pl. X, fig. 3.
Megalophrys montana Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 442. Megalophrys montana Weber, Ann. Jardin Bot. Buitenzorg, Suppl. IJ, 1898, p- 5, figs. 1—5 (tadpole).
Megalophrys montana Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London, 1912, p. 277 (with tadpole).
Megalophrys montana Barbour, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zoél. Harvard Coll., XLIV, PLO? apse aeplaV Line fie. ZO:
Megalophrys montana Annandale, Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, VI, 1917, p. 154, pl. VI, fig. ro (tadpole).
Megalophrys montana, Smith, Jrn. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, II, 1917, p. 271 (tadpole). ; Tongue entire or feebly nicked behind; vomerine teeth usually present, in two widely separated small groups just behind the level of the choanae. Head large, once and a half to once and three fourths as broad as long; snout truncate or obtusely pointed, projecting beyond the lower jaw, as long as or a little shorter than the eye; canthus rostralis angular, straight; loreal region vertical or a little oblique, concave; nostril equally distant from eye and end of snout; interorbital space in the adult once and a half to twice the width of the upper eyelid; tympanum usually feebly distinct, rarely hidden, its diameter '/, to ?/, that of eye, from which it is separated by a distance equal to the diameter of the latter. Tips of fingers and toes obtuse or feebly swollen; first finger as long as or a little longer than second, which is equal to fourth; third toe extending distinctly beyond fifth; toes at most '/, webbed; no subarticular tubercles; a flat, very indistinct inner, no outer metatarsal tubercle; heel reaching between shoulder and temple; tibia */, to 1/, length from snout to vent; foot as long as or shorter than the tibia.
Skin of upper parts smooth, or with scattered conical warts, in old specimens more or less calcified on the head and the anterior part of the back; a strong glandular fold from eye to shoulder, usually another on each side of the back; the head usually defined behind by a more or less distinct transverse fold; upper eyelid with a sharp, raised edge, which is produced into a triangular process, not measuring more than 2/, diameter of eye; an indication of a similar appendage on the tip of the snout rarely present; limbs usually with oblique transverse glandular ridges; belly with small tubercles.
fe) Olive-brown to violet above, uniform or variously marked with darker or lighter; a more or less distinct large triangular dark spot between the eyes, the base forwards, and a dark oblique bar below the eye; limbs with more or less distinct dark cross-bars; lower parts almost white to black, spotted or marbled with darker; a white tubercle on each side of the breast. Length 100 mm.
Male without vocal sac.
According to Barbour ,the specimens vary in color individually, and by frequent changing they always show tints which harmonize wonderfully with dead leaves, in which they lie hidden during the daytime.”
Tadpole. — Length of body about twice its width; tail more than twice as long as body, about 5 times as long as deep, the total depth not much greater than the depth of its muscular portion at the base. Nostril close to the eye; eye superior, much nearer tip of snout than spiraculum; spiraculum sinistral, equally distant from tip of snout and root of tail; vent median. Tail pointed; crests low, of nearly equal depth, the upper one extending as a low ridge to the root of the tail. Mouth subterminal; the lips form a funnel, which is broader than long, without papillae, but with numerous, scattered, small tubercles; jaws colourless.
Dark-brown, sometimes lighter below; sides with pale markings; tail with dark-brown spots in its posterior part. Length 54 mm.
The tadpoles live in pools or in shallow, swiftly running water. The funnel-shaped, muscular lips enable it to float on the surface.
Habitat: Sumatra (Deli!; Fort de Kock; Batang Singgalang!); Borneo (Serawak); Java (Mt. Salak; Gadok; Mt. Pangeranggo, +1400 m.; Mt. Gedeh, g00—2000 m.!; Mt. Puntjak!; Sukabumi!; Tjiandjur; Djampang!; Mt. Malabar, 1500 m.!; Mt. Papandajan, 1500 m.; Mt. Ungaran, 1600 m.!; Nongkodjadjar, 1200 m.!; Tosari, 1800 m.!). — Siam; Malay Peninsula, 300—600 m.; Philippines?
3. Megalophrys nasuta (Schlg.).
Ceratophryne nasuta Schlegel, Hand]. Dierk., Breda, 1858, II, p. 57, pl. 1V, fig. 72. Megalophrys chysii Edeling, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indié, XXVII, 1864, p. 265, withplate,
II Megalophrys nasuta Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 443. Pelobatrachus nasutus Beddard, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1907, p. 909. Megalophrys nasuta Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1908, p. 413, pl. XXII. Megalophrys nasuta Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London, 1912, p. 279, fig. 77.
Tongue entire or more or less distinctly nicked behind; vomcrine teeth in two widely separated small groups on a level with, or a little behind the posterior borders of the choanae. Head large, once and a half to twice as broad as long; snout truncate, projecting, as long as or a little shorter than the upper eyelid, and longer than deep; canthus rostralis strongly angular, curved; loreal region vertical or feebly oblique, concave; nostril about equidistant from eye and end of snout; interorbital space in the adult once and a half to twice the width of the upper eyelid; tympanum often hidden, if distinct '/, to ?/, the width of the eye, from which it is widely separated. Fingers and toes obtuse, or with feebly swollen tips; first finger as long as or longer than second, which extends as far as or a little beyond fourth; third toe distinctly longer than fifth; toes feebly, at most '/,, webbed; no subarticular tubercles; a flat, very indistinct inner, no outer metatarsal tubercle; heel reaching the shoulder or the commissure of the jaws; the tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches the eye; tibia '/, to °/, the length from snout to vent; foot a little shorter than the tibia.
Skin of upper parts smooth or with a few scattered warts; adult with calcareous deposits on the head and anterior part of the back, which may completely fuse with the skull, and form a shield on the praesacral part of the body; a narrow ridge from eye to shoulder, sometimes continued on the side of the body; usually a similar ridge along each side of the back, from behind the head to the sacral region; in young specimens two ridges, forming a V, on the head, the tips of the V being placed on the extremities of the upper eyelid; head usually defined behind by a more or less distinct transverse groove; often one to three subconical tubercles on the scapular region, one or two other ones in the middle of the sacral region, and sometimes a few ones on the head and the sides of the body; upper eyelid produced into a long triansular process, which may be as long as the eye in the adult, but is often shorter; a similar, but shorter appendage on the
end of the snout and a still smaller one at the angle of the jaws; limbs with or without oblique transverse ridges; lower parts smooth, or belly with small tubercles. Brown or bronze in various shades above, uniform or varia 4 A C7 ig Fig. 2. Megalophrys nasuta (Schlg.), X 3/4: ously marbled with darker and lighter; a more or less distinct Y-shaped dark marking between the eyes and on the occiput may be present; a dark oblique bar below the eye, continued to below the canthus rostralis; lower parts dark brown, or
13 spotted or marbled with dark brown. From snout to vent: Oo 82, 9127 mm.
Male with an internal vocal sac.
Closely related to MW. montana; distinguished by the appendage on the end of the snout an the usually greater length of the palpebral appendage.
According to Flower the colour is very variable in the same individual, but always resembling that of dead leaves. In copula the male embraces the female round the lumbar region. Habitat: Sumatra (Langkat!; Deli!; Serdang!; Karo Highland, 1400 m.!; Batak mts., 3- 300 and 800—1000 m.!; Mt. Simbolon; Mt. Ophir, 400 m.!; ; Batang Singgalang; Batu Bane: kar, Baten 450 and 900 m.; XIII-Koto; Balun! and Muarolabuh! in the Padang Highlands; Rimbo Pengadang in Lebong!; Hari leko riv.!, Penanggungan and Benakat in Palembang); Naciad islands ; Bomio (Mt. Kina Balu, 640 m.; Koung; Kiou; Serawak; Mt. Dulit; Matan; Kahajan!; Pramassan-Alai mts.). — Siam; Malay Peninsula; Singapore.
4. Megalophrys hasselti (S. Miull.).
Leptobrachium Hasseltii (Miill.) Tschudi, Mém. Soc. Sc. nat. Neuchatel, I, 1839, p. 81.
Rana Hasseltii Schlegel, Handl. Dierk., Breda, 1858, II, p. 56, pl. IV, fig. 71. Leptobrachium hasseltii Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 441. Leptobrachium montanum Fischer, Arch. f. Naturgesch., LI, I, 1885, p. 44. Leptobrachium hasseltii Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1890, p. 37 (with tadpole).
Leptobrachium hasseltii vy. Kampen, Weber’s Zool. Ergebn., Leiden, IV, 1907, p. 408 (with tadpole).
Megalophrys hasseltii Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1908, p. 425, pl. XXV, fig. 3. 2 Megalophrys Hasselti vy. Kampen, Nat. ‘Tijdschr. Ned.-Indié, LXIX, rgog, p. 27, pl. Il, fig. 1 (tadpole). \ Megalophrys hasseltii Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London, 1912, p. 282.
Megalophrys hasseltii Annandale, Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, VI, 1917, p. 153, pl. VI, fig. 9 (tadpole).
Megalophrys hasselti Taylor, Philipp. Jrn. of Sc., XVI, 1920, p. 355, pl. VIII, figs. 4, 4a.
Tongue nicked behind; no vomerine teeth. Head large, about once and a fourth as broad as long; snout rounded, not projecting, about as long as the upper eyelid, hardly longer than deep; canthus rostralis distinct, curved; loreal region very
14 oblique; nostril a little nearer the end of the snout than the eye; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum hidden or feebly distinct, '/, to %/, diameter of the eye. Fingers and toes obtuse; first and second finger equal or first the longer, second and fourth of nearly equal length; third toe slightly longer than fifth; toes webbed at the base in females, '/, to '/, webbed in males; subarticular tubercles sometimes distinct; a small, oval, feebly prominent, inner, no outer metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the shoulder, the tarso-metatarsal articulation the posterior border of the eye; tibia '/, to ?/, the length from snout to vent. Skin smooth or with small tubercles above, granular on the belly; a glandular fold above the tympanum.
Brown, grey, or pale olive above, with small or large dark brown spots or marblings, which may be irregular or form a symmetrical pattern; a more or less distinct dark canthal and temporal streak; sides of snout with dark vertical bars; limbs with dark cross-bars; throat and belly dirty white, or brown, speckled with white. From snout to vent: o' 47, 974mm. Male with an internal vocal sac.
Tadpole. — Length of body once and a half its width; tail about once and a half to once and three fourths as long as the body, somewhat more than 3 times as long as deep, and once and a half as high as its muscular part at the base. Nostril nearer the eye than the tip of the snout; eyes superior, as far from tip of snout as from spiraculum; the distance between them twice that between the nostrils; spiraculum sinistral, directed upwards and backwards, visible from above and from below, as far from the tip of the snout as from the base of the tail; anal opening very large, dextral, close to the lower margin of the crest of the tail. Tip of tail rounded; upper crest higher than the lower, with convex margin and not extending to the base of the tail.
Mouth ventral; its entire border, with the exception of a small portion in the centre of the upper margin, with papillae, which along the upper margin are arranged in one, along the sides and the lower margin in two series; jaws almost entirely black, with serrated borders; series of teeth: 515/4'4 0r 5'5/515; in the upper lip the uppermost series is very short, the second the longest, the other ones gradually becoming shorter, in the lower lip the outer series is short, the next one narrowly