223 length of tail about twice that of body and 3'/, to 4 times its depth. Nostril nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye, which is lateral and equally distant from the tip of the snout and the spiraculum; distance between the eyes about ?/, the width of the body and more than twice the distance between the nostrils, which,is a little less than the width of the mouth; spiraculum sinistral, lateral, directed upwards and backwards, nearer to the vent than to the tip of the snout; vent dextral, close to the lower border of the tail. Tail pointed; upper crest extending to the base of the tail, somewhat higher than the lower one, which is about half as deep as the muscular part of the tail at its base.
Sides and lower border of lips with papillae; jaws narrowly caged with. black; rows of teeth.1/¥1? ont? 2 /%a", outer series of lower lip short, inner one hardly interrupted. Back and tail (including the crests) metallic green, marbled with dark; belly white or yellowish, with small rusty red spots, throat dark grey; body with a few scattered silvery dots. More developed tadpoles have three white longitudinal stripes on the back. Length 58 mm.
Habitat: Simalur!; Nias!; Sumatra (Takengan, Gajo countries!; Lower Langkat; Medan!; Brastagi, Karo highland, 1400 m.!; Bandarbaru, + 900 m.!, and Tandjungberingin, +300 m.!, Batak mts.; Airbangis!; Talu!; Gunung Sahilan!; Andalas!; Agam; Matur!; Baso!; Ajer Teganang!; near Padangpandjang and Kajutanam!; Batu Sangkar, betw. 460 and goo m. ; near Solok and Singkarah!; Kalung, Tilatang!; Padang; Painan!; Indragiri; Ringat; Benakat, Palembang); Banka; Natuna islands (Laut isl.; Bunguran); Borneo (Panjut, Br. N.-Borneo; Baram; Kutjing; Bengkajang; Kapuas riv.; Bandjermasin!); Java (Lebak; Daru; Batavia!; Depok; Buitenzorg!; Tjitajam!; Sukabumi!; Tjitalahab !); Celebes (Makasser). — Bengal; Assam; Yunnan; Burma; Siam; Cochin-China; Malay Peninsula; Singapore; Philippines.
44. Rana persimilis nova spec.
Rana novae-britanniae (part.) Werner, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XIII, 1900, p. 493, pl. XXXII, fig. 3.
Rana lateralis (part.) Roux, Revue Suisse Zool., XXVI, 1918, p. 409. Vomerine teeth in two oblique series between, and close to the choanae, not extending behind the level of their poste-
224 rior borders. Head as long as broad; snout obtusely pointed, feebly projecting, as long as the upper eyelid, much deeper than long; canthus rostralis very distinct; loreal region distinctly oblique, concave; nostril a little nearer to tip of snout than to eye; interorbital space narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, */, the width of the eye. Disks of fingers and toes very small, not more than about '/, the diameter of the tympanum; first finger much longer than second, which is longer than fourth; third toe as long as fifth; toes */, webbed, two phalanges of fourth, and one phalanx of the other ones being free; subarticular tubercles very prominent; a distinct, oval inner and a very small, round outer metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the nostril; tibia about '/, the length of head and body.
Skin finely granulate above; a very narrow, but prominent glandular dorsolateral fold; some narrow oblique folds on the back; lower parts smooth; posterior surfaces of thighs granular. From snout to vent 63 mm.
Dark brown above; temporal region and cross-bands on the limbs black. Lower parts lighter, uniform. Male with internal vocal sacs and humeral glands. I examined the specimen described by Werner and Roux and now preserved in the Basle museum. The species is nearly related to &. temporalis from Malabar, but distinguished by the position of the vomerine teeth, and the shorter web between the toes. From &. nzcobarzensis it may be distinguished by the broader head and the narrower interorbital space. Habitat: Sumatra (Laut tador!).
45. Rana nicobariensis (Stol.).
?Hyla bilineata Daudin, Hist. Nat. des Rainettes..... , Paris, 1802, p. 17, pl. II. Hylorana Nicobariensis Stoliczka, Jrn. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, XXXIX, pt. 2, 1870, Dent5O,epiLxcuticws Rana macularia var, javanica Horst, Notes Leyden Mus., V, 1883, p. 243. Rana erythraca var. elongata Werner, Jahresber, Ver. Magdeburg (1892), 1893, p.253.
Rana lemniscata Boettger, Zool. Anz., XVI, 1893, p- 337. Rana tytleri (part.), Isenschmid (nec Theob.), Mitth. naturf. Ges. Bern, 1903, p. 72. Rana javanica y. Kampen, Weber’s Zool. Ergebn., Leiden, IV, 1907, p. 392. Rana javanica v. Kampen, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indié, LXIX, 1909, p. 36 (tadpole).
Rana nicobariensis Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., london, 1912, p. 240,
538 Rana javanica Annandale, Jrn. Feder. Malay States Mus., VII, 1917, p. 108. Rana nicobaricnsis Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 162. Vomerine teeth in two oblique groups or short series between the choanae or extending a little beyond their hinder borders. Head longer than broad; snout more or fess pointed, projecting, as long as to nearly twice the length of the upper eyelid; canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region nearly vertical, concave; nostril nearer to tip of snout than to eye; interorbital space as broad as to about 1'/, times the width of the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, °/, to */, the diameter of the eye. Fingers and toes slender, with small, but distinct disks, first finger extending beyond second, which is shorter than fourth; toes '/, to 7/,; webbed; first and second toe nearly free or webbed to the tip of the first phalanx; of the third and fifth toe two phalanges may be free or the web may reach to the disks; of the fourth toe 2 or 3 phalanges are free; outer metatarsals separated nearly to the base; subarticular tubercles distinct; a small, oval inner, and a round outer metatarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold; the heel reaches the nostril or the tip of the snout; tibia '/, to 3/, the length from snout to vent; when the hind limbs are folded at right angles to the body, the heels are strongly overlapping.
Smooth or finely granular above, back and sides sometimes with a few small warts; a narrow or moderately broad dorsolateral fold; another fold from the upper lip to below the tympanum, followed by a wart; posterior part of thighs granulate; smooth beneath.
Greyish or reddish brown above, uniform or with dark spots, which in the middle of the back may be united into a more or less distinct longitudinal streak, bifurcating in the sacral region ; sides of head and usually of body also dark brown or black; a white streak along the upper lip; dorsolateral folds whitish; a light vertebral line may be present; hind limbs with dark cross-bars, posterior surface of thighs spotted with dark ; whitish beneath, uniform or spotted with brown; an oblique brown streak on the shoulder. From snout to vent 55 mm. Male with internal vocal sacs and a flat, oval gland on the upper arm.
The Javanese specimens (R. javanica Horst) are generally distinguished especially by a narrow web between the toes, sreat length of the snout and broad interorbital space; after INDO-AUSTRALIAN AMPHIBIA. 15
226 Boulenger, however, the extremes are connected by intermediate forms.
At Batavia I found this species in brackish water near the sea, where it seems to depose its spawn in the small cisterns of rain water, contained in the axils of the leaves of the Nipa-palm (Wzpa fruticans).
Tadpole. — The following tadpoles of Java(Djampang tengah in the Preanger Regencies) seem to belong to this species '): Length of body once and a half its width; tail twice the length of the body, about 3'/, times as long as deep. Nostril as far from the tip of the snout as from the eye; eyes superior, nearer to the tip of the snout than to the spiraculum, the distance between them greater than that between the nostrils and than the width of the mouth; spiraculum sinistral, directed upwards and backwards, visible from above and from below, much nearer to the vent than to the tip of the snout; vent dextral, near to the lower border of the tail. Tail pointed; upper crest twice as deep as the lower one, extending to the base of the tail. Mouth ventral; lower lip and sides of upper one with papillae; along the lower lip they are arranged in three not interrupted series; jaws. narrowly edged with black; series of teeth 1/'1', the inner series of the lower lip hardly interrupted. Body and tail, including the crests, grey, darker marbled ; belly colourless.
Habitat: Simalur isl.!; Pulo Babi!; Nias!; Mentawei islands (Sipora); Engano isl.; Sumatra (Deli; Gunung Sahilan!; Fort de Kock!; Sandaran Agung, 730 m., in Kurintji valley; Sungei Kumbang, 1430 m., Kurintji peak; Tandjung Laut, Palembang!); Borneo (Bongon); Java (Batavia!; Mt. Salak; Tjibodas!; Mt. Malabar, 1500 m.!; Tjisurupan). — Nicobars; Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula.
46. Rana signata (Gthr.).
Polypedates signatus Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1872, p. 600, pl. XL, fig. C. Rana signata Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 71. Rana obsoleta Mocquard, Nouv. Arch. Mus. d’Hist. nat., (3) II, 1890, p. 147- Rana moellendorfi Boettger, Zool. Anz., XVI, 1893, p. 363. 1) Boulenger (l.c., 1920) describes tadpoles from Tenassetim, not certainly belonging to this species, which are entirely different from those described by me from Java.
227 Rana signata Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London, MOR2."ps23 Rana signata and picturata Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 177, 179. Rana moellendorfii Taylor, Philipp. Jrn. of Sc., XVI, 1920, p. 270, pl. I, fig. 4. Vomerine teeth in two short, oblique series or groups between the choanae, or just behind them. Head as long as broad or a little longer; snout rounded or rather pointed, feebly projecting, as long as or a little shorter than the upper eyelid; canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region feebly oblique, concave ; nostril nearer to tip of snout than to eye; interorbital space a little narrower to a little broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, °/, to °/, the width of the eye. Fingers and toes with small disks; first finger extending beyond second; toes ?/, or °/, webbed, the web reaching or not quite reaching the disks of third and fifth toe, two phalanges of fourth toe free; outer metatarsals separated nearly to the base; subarticular tubercles well developed; a small, oblong inner and a small, round outer metatarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold; the heel reaches the tip of the snout or between eye and tip of snout; tibia a little more than half the length from snout to vent; when the hinds limbs are folded at right angles to the body, the heels are overlapping. Skin smooth or granular above; a flat dorsolateral glandular fold, which may be little distinct or absent, or represented by a chain of large warts; smooth beneath.
Back and sides dark olive to black, sometimes with scattered sma!l light spots or large yellow or pale brown spots or marblings, or olive, largely spotted or marbled with black; a light line from the tip of the snout along the canthus rostralis and the border of the upper eyelid, usually continued, uninterrupted or as a series of oblong spots, along each side of the back; a light streak or small yellowish spots on the upper lip may be present; hind limbs with light cross-bars, or orange spotted or barred with black; brownish beneath, uniform, or spotted with white, or with dark marblings. In life the light lines and spots are emerald green and red. From snout to vent 70 mm. Male with internal vocal sacs and a more or less distinct oval humeral gland.
With R. stgnata I have united R. picturata Blgr. from Borneo: the description of Boulenger gives only very slight differences with 2. signata, the principal one being the shape of
228 the head, which in R. pictwrata is as long as broad (a little longer than broad in R. szgnata).
Habitat: Sumatra (Mt. Simbolon; Airbangis!); Borneo (Mt. Kina Balu; Lawas, Brunei; Akar riv. and Bidi caves, Serawak; Matang; Barabai). — Malay Peninsula; Philippines. 2. Ceratobatrachus Bler.
(BOULENGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1884, p. 212). Pupil horizontal. Tongue deeply notched and extensively free behind. Vomerine teeth present; lower jaw with teeth. Tympanum distinct. Fingers free, toes nearly so, the tips not dilated. Outer metatarsals united.
Omosternum and sternum with a bony style, the first bifurcated at the base. Terminal phalanges simple. Distribution: Solomon islands.
Ceratobatrachus guentheri Bler.
Ceratobatrachus Guentheri Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1884, p. 212. Ceratobatrachus Guentheri Boulenger, Transact. Zool. Soc. London, XII, pt. 2, 1886, p- 56, pls. XII and XIII.
Tongue large, free in its posterior half; vomerine teeth in two short, transverse, sometimes crescentic series behind the level of the choanae; teeth of upper jaw minute, of lower jaw larger, conical, acute, slightly directed backwards, inserted on the edge of the mandible. Head very large, strongly depressed, broader than long, its length contained 17/, to 1°/,; in the length of the body; snout not projecting, 1'/, to 1'/, the diameter of the orbit; canthus rostralis distinct, straight; loreal region very oblique, concave; nostril twice as far from eye as from tip of snout; interorbital space much broader than the upper eyelid, deeply concave; tympanum distinct, vertically elliptic, nearly as large as the eye. Tips of fingers and toes slightly swollen; first finger much longer than second, which is slightly shorter than fourth; fifth toe much shorter than third; toes with a very slight rudiment of web; subarticular tubercles very strong, of toes smaller than of fingers; an inner large, oval, a little compressed and very prominent metatarsal tubercle, and an outer small, rather indistinct one; the heel reaches the posterior border of the eye, or between the latter and the tympanum; tibia nearly as long as the head,
229 The skin may be adherent to the skull on the cheeks and the fronto-parietal region; it has some prominent ridges, and a small spine, curved forwards, at the angle of the mouth; back with more or less numerous short glandular folds and generally a pair of very prominent narrow curved ridges from the upper eyelid along the middle of the back; a triangular dermal flap on the tip of the snout, another one on the edge of the upper eyelid, and a smaller one above the vent and at the heel; a curved dermal ridge between the eyes; a fold above the tympanum; a small, frequently denticulated fringe along the outer side of tarsus and fore-arm; throat and belly granular. Colouration very variable. Upper parts yellowish, pinkish, brown, black, grey or olive, variously marked with darker and lighter; a black temporal band, two short black longitudinal bands on the middle of the back, and a black crossband between the eyes may be present ; sometimes with a broad light band along each side of the back and between the eyes, or with whitish dots; limbs with dark cross-bars; hinder side of thighs, and lower surface of foot and tarsus dark; lower surfaces brownish, dotted or clouded with dark brown; throat generally dark brown, sometimes with white dots; a pair of round white spots on the breast; axilla and groin bright yellow. From snout to vent o 75, 9 86 mm.
Male with two internal vocal sacs.
Eggs very large, development probably without tadpole. Habitat: Solomon islands.
3. Oreobatrachus Bler.
(BouLENGER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XVII, 1896, p. 4or). Pupil horizontal. Tongue small, oval, very slightly notched and free behind. Vomerine teeth none. A strong transverse dermal fold between the choanae. Tympanum hidden. Fingers free, toes webbed, the tips dilated into small disks. Outer metatarsals separated by web.
Omosternum and sternum with a bony style. No intercalary ossicle between the penultimate and distal phalanges; the latter T-shaped.
Distribution: Borneo.
Oreobatrachus baluensis Bler.
Oreobatrachus baluensis Boulenger, Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XVII, 1896, p. 401, 12)Fe.0Retcp
230 Head small; snout obtusely pointed, shorter than the orbit; no canthus rostralis; nostril equally distant from the eye and the tip of the snout; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid. Fingers short, first and second equal; hind limb stout; toes moderate, */, webbed; subarticular tubercles very feebly developed; a feebly prominent elliptical inner metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the tip of the snout. Skin smooth.
Dark brown above; limbs with darker cross-bars; a yellowish vertical streak on the tip of the snout and an oblique one from the eye to the angle of the mouth; white beneath, largely marbled with black. From snout to vent 33 mm. Habitat: Borneo (Mt. Kina Balu, 640 m.).
4. Oxyglossus Tschudi.
(Tscoup1, Mém. Soc. Sc. nat. Neuchatel, II, 1839, p. 48, 85). Pupil horizontal. Tongue narrow, entire and free behind. Vomerine teeth none. Tympanum indistinct. Fingers free, toes webbed, the tips not or feebly dilated. Outer metatarsals separated by web.
Omosternum with a bony style; sternum cartilaginous. No intercalary ossicle between the penultimate and distal phalanges; the latter simple.
Tadpoles. — Eyes superior. Spiraculum sinistral. Vent median. Lip small; papillae and teeth absent. Distribution: Bengal and southern China to the western part of the Indo-Australian Archipelago.
Sy no psijs of eo pec! e's.
Aceiipsvor toes sailated. belly smOothnns ta meee men <ilelenelrs 1. O. Jaevis p. 230. BeehoOespointedanselly,mwanLyatetaseoteneeaeemarene)aerue2.O.limap.232. Synopsis of the Tadpoles.
A. Distance between the eyes twice that between the nostrils. 1. O. daevis p. 230, B. Distance between the eyes 3 to 4 times that between Wee irene Alaa o odd onde bi dos s ‘olla Si ac 2380. Map. 232% 1. Oxyglossus laevis Gthr.
Oxyglossus laevis Giinther, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1858, p. 7, pl. I, fig. A. Microdiscopus sumatranus Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1877, p. 422, figs.4—4é, Oxyglossus laevis Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit, Mus., 1882, p. 6.