FAN two distinct metatarsal tubercles; a tarsal fold; the heel reaches beyond the tip of the snout; tibia ?/, length of head and body. Upper parts with warts and tubercles; parotoid narrow, oblong, sometimes divided into two or three parts and often followed by a series of large tubercles; granular or smooth beneath. Blackish or yellowish brown, often variegated with dark, above; usually a few large dark brown, light-edged spots present on the back; often a dark cross-bar between the eyes; Fig. 7. Mectophryne borbonica (Boie), dX I.
yellowish, sometimes variegated with dark brown, below, lower surface of thighs light red; limbs with dark cross-bars. From snout to vent 42 mm.
Male with a subgular vocal sac.
Habitat: Sumatra‘) (Batak mts., + 900 m.!; Mt.: Ophir, 1200—1300 m.!; Ajer Njuruk, Dempu, 1400 m.!; Pasemah, Palembang !); Java *) (Nusa Kambangan, + 10 to 30m.!; Tengger mts., 1200 m.).
8. Nectophryne maculata Mocq.
Nectophryne maculata Mocquard, Nouv. Arch. Mus. d’Hist. nat., (3) IH, 1890 p- 162, pl. XI, fig. 8, and: Le Naturaliste, (2) XII, 1890, p. 182. 7 1) The specimens mentioned by De Lange (in: Maass, Durch Zentral-Sumatra, 1912) from Sumatra do not belong to this species. 2) Barbour (Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll., XLIV, 1912, p. 74) mentions a.specimen from Buitenzorg, but the specimen figured by him is from Tjibodas and does not belong to this species, but probably to Bufo asper.
72 Habit slender. Head short; snout obliquely truncate, as long as the eye; canthus rostralis angular; loreal region vertical; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum hidden. Limbs slender; tips of fingers dilated, truncate; tips of toes less dilated than those of fingers; fingers webbed at the base; toes ?/, webbed; metatarsal tubercles distinct, the outer more prominent than the inner; the heel reaches far beyond the tip of the snout.
Upper and lower parts with large granulations. Brownish grey above, with small, irregular, isolated or confluent spots, forming more or less distinct transverse bars on the limbs; lighter beneath. From snout to vent 51 mm. Habitat: Borneo (Mt. Kina Balu).
9g. Nectophryne picturata Smith.
Nectophryne picturata Smith, Jrn. Feder. Malay St. Mus., X, 1921, p. 189, alls IW Jakes De Habit slender. Head as long as broad; snout rounded, projecting, as long as the orbit; no canthus rostralis; loreal region oblique; interorbital space twice the width of the upper eyelid; no tympanum. Disks of fingers well developed, truncated, those of toes a little larger; first finger much shorter than second; fingers and toes webbed at the base; subarticular tubercles well developed; two flat metatarsal tubercles; no tarsal fold; the heel reaches the tip of the snout. Skin smooth. No parotoid gland.
Above blackish brown, the limbs paler with dark cross-bars; below with large round spots of pale yellow. From snout to vent 22 mm.
Habitat: Borneo (Mt. Dulit, 1000 m.).
2. Bute aur.
(LAURENTI, Synopsis Rept., Viennae, 1768, p. 25). Pupil horizontal. Tongue entire and free behind. No vomerine teeth. Nostrils lateral. Fingers free, toes more or less webbed, the tips simple or dilated into small disks. Outer metatarsals united.
No omosternum; sternum cartilaginous, sometimes more or less calcified. Diapophyses of sacral vertebra moderately dilated. Terminal phalanges obtuse or triangular.
73 Some species of Aufo are provided with bony ridges on the upper surface of the head, viz: a canthal ridge along the canthus rostralis; a supraorbital ridge along the inner edge of the upper eyelid, which may be continued into a praeorbital and a postorbital ridge and, backwards, into a parietal ridge; and a supratympanic ridge above the tympanum.
Tadpoles. — Eyes superior. Spiraculum sinistral. Vent median. Upper crest of tail not extending on to the body. Mouth normal, sometimes much enlarged; series of papillae absent along upper border of upper lip; series of teeth 2/3. Distribution: cosmopolitan, except New Guinea, Polynesia, Australia and Madagascar. In the Indo-Australian Archipelago occurring only in the western part, including Celebes. SVnopsis/of the Species, A. Head without bony ridges.
I. Parotoids not distinct, rarely!) present, but than very narrow.
I. Tympanum not quite half the width of the eye. Heel reaching the eye or between eye ACEP MOPSSNOUt cae te ee nish oe Laie i a) we Me 1. LB. leptopus p. 75. 2. Tympanum at least half the width of the eye. a. Heel reaching the eye or between eye and Lip mots SHOUCs mM roth ast chet ee: ee ee 2. LB. penangensis p. 75. 6. Heel reaching far beyond the tip of the snout. 3. B. jerdoa p. 76. c. Heel reaching the tympanum........ 4. B. fuligineus p. 77. II. Parotoids distinct.
I. First finger shorter than second. ....... 5. &. cruentatus p. 78. 2. First finger at least as long as second. a. Tympanum !/, the width of the eye. A farsalatalch awe cha ante la yalsce o euln er Bribe 6. B. sumatranus p. 78. 6. Tympanum !/, to 3/, the width of the eye. INO; tarsallefoldik macs, tok ieee hie te Ties H8% 4. Head with bony ridges.
>) valhallae p. 79.
I. No parietal ridge.
1. No parotoids. Only a canthal ridge present . 8 B. spinulifer p. 79. 2. Parotoids and supratympanic ridges present. a. Supratympanic ridge narrow.
aw Na@starsalwighd....'5)s))serewee tense oe) bataws 9.
B.
melanostictus p.
80.
1) See 3. B. jerboa.
(Gr darsal fold tpresent. i jyryey saa d. Supratympanic ridge thick, a. Toes nearly entirely webbed... . fp.
Toes Il. Parietal ridge nearly half webbed...... present. I. Supra-orbital and parietal ridge not conliane 5 Bp 2.Supra-orbitalandparietalridgecontinuous. a. Parietal d.Parietal ridge much thickened behind. ridge narrow. a. Parotoid long and narrow. ile tt.
Tarso-metatarsal articulation reaching tympanum or eye . Tarso-metatarsal articulation reaching at least tip of snout. @.Parotoidshorter. +. Tarso-metatarsal articulation reachingbetweeneyeandtip of snout. or beyond. First finger longer than second. SNOULEPLO|ECHOpenmeee +t. Tarso-metatarsal articulation ttt.
Doubtfulspecies: reaching the nostril. First finger as long as second. . . Tarso-metatarsalarticulation not reaching beyond the eye. First finger usually not longer than second. Snout not pro- FECL Me toh. emorke toners 20. BL. chlorogaster p. 92. II.
12.
14.
Ge 16.
7.
18.
5 eke »gymnauchenp.81. .ASPEF,Da02s . celebensis p. 84. philippinicus, p. 86. claviger p, 86. . quadriporcatus p. 87. . divergens p,. 88. parvus p. 88. cavator p. 89. .bipercatusp.9Q. Synapsis.of the ;Tadp ol e¢s. AeaNCouth Of monmMaleSizes si.
belisien cy eka <1 ou aye lene B. Mouth large, the lower lip being much’'increased in ‘size.
I. Tail acutely pointed. Lower lip thickly studded withpapillae je) ey a ceseea) ce) Youcen ee) &) fe) (oy, 8 seg eh aun erm II. Tail rounded. Lower lip bordered with one seriesofpapillae Sl sett el preisee (st mere) oy fa:
tre) We) "s) 56a eee B. melanostictus p. 80. claviger p. 86. parvus p. 88. by biporcatus Pp.
9O.
B, penangensis p. 75. . B. asper p. 82.
75 1. Bufo leptopus Gthr.
Bufo leptopus part., Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1872, p. 598. Bufo lepiopus Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 287, pl. XVIII, fig. 4. Bufo leptopus Mocquard, Nouv. Arch. Mus. d’Hist. nat., (3) IH, 1890, p. 159. Habit slender. Head small, without bony ridges; snout obliquely truncate; canthus rostralis angular; loreal region vertical ; interorbital space slightly broader than the upper eyelid; ‘tympanum distinct, not quite half the width of the eye. Limbs slender; length of fore limb equal to the distance between the eye and the vent; tips of fingers and toes swollen into very small disks; first finger as long as or a little shorter than second, toes webbed at the base in the female, the web reaching the disks of the first and second toe in the male; subarticular tubercles none, two rather indistinct metatarsal tubercles; no tarsal fold; the heel reaches the eye or between eye and tip of snout, the tarso-mefatarsal articulation far beyond the tip of the snout; tibia '/, length of head and body. Skin covered with small warts and tubercles; no parotoids. Brown above, marbled with reddish; throat and chest blackish. From snout to vent 55. mm.
Hardly distinguishable from 4. penangensts.
Habitat: Borneo (Mt. Kina Balu, 640 and 1280 m.; Baram; Matan). .
2. Bufo penangensis (Stol.).
Ansonia penangensis Stoliczka, Jrn. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, XXXIX, 1870, p. 152 pl IX, fig. 4.
Bufo penangensis Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 287. Bufo penangensis Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1899, p. 908, pl. LX, figs. 3, 3@ (tadpole).
Bufo penangensis Boulenger, Vert, Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London, 19I2, p. 270.
4) Habit slender. Head without bony ridges; snout obliquely truncate, strongly projecting; loreal region vertical; interorbital space as broad as the upper] eyelid; tympanum very distinct, '/, to */, the diameter of the eye, close to the latter. Tips of fingers and-toes feebly swollen; first finger shorter than second; toes '/, to’ ?/, webbed;. subarticular tubercles none or very indistinct; two flat metatarsal tubercles; no tarsal fold; the heel reaches the eye or between the eye and the tip of the snout ; tibia about half the length of head and body.
76 Upper parts with small warts of unequal size; no distinct parotoids; lower parts granulate.
Dark brown above, with yellowish spots or symmetrical markings, forming oblique bars across the limbs; brownish beneath, speckled with yellow, or marbled with brown; posterior part of belly and inner side of thighs rose-coloured in life. From snout to vent 50 mm.
Male with a large external gular vocal sac. Tadpole. — Length of body from rather more than once and a half to rather less than once and two thirds its width, nearly half the length of the tail; tail 6 times as long as deep; nostrils much nearer the eyes than the end of the snout; eyes on the upper surface, the distance between them rather more than once and a half that between the nostrils, and little more than half the width of the mouth; spiraculum sinistral, directed upwards and backwards, rather nearer the eye than the vent; anal opening median. Tail acutely pointed, crests of equal depth or the lower one slightly deeper; lower crest along whole length of tail, the upper only on posterior twothirds of it.
Mouth large; lips forming a sucking-disk, the upper one without, the lower one thickly studded with very small, short, rounded papillae; jaws white, lower one edged with black, the upper one with a black diagonal mark on each side. Series of teeth 2/3, those of the upper lip of equal length, those of the lower one of equal length too, but shorter than the upper series.
Sepia-brown above, mottled darker and lighter, yeHowish buff beneath; muscular portion of the tail sepia-brown mottled with yellow; the crests are transparent, finely speckled with sepia-brown towards their dark-brown edges. Length 34 mm. The tadpoles live in swift-flowing streams and are able to fix themselves to stones by means of their mouth. Habitat: Borneo (Mt. Kina Balu, 640 and 1280 m.). — Malay Peninsula, 600—1200 m.
3. Bufo jerboa Blgr.
Bufo jerboa Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1890, p. 328, pl. XXV, fig. 3. Bufo jerboa Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London, TQU2 ap. Zit.
Habit very slender. Head without bony ridges; snout obli-
77 quely truncate, strongly projecting; loreal region vertical; interorbital space as broad as or a little narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, '/, to ?/, the width of the eye, close to the latter. Fingers with feebly swollen tips, first as long as or a little shorter than second; toes '/, to '/, webbed; subarticular tubercles very prominent; two small, but prominent metatarsal tubercles; a tarsal fold; the heel reaches far beyond the tip of the snout; tibia about */, the length of head and body.
Upper parts with granules and very small warts; lower parts granulate; parotoids, if at all distinct, very narrow. Brown above, with dark and light spots or symmetrical markings, often forming an X-shaped figure in front of the sacral region, a yellowish dorsolateral streak sometimes present; dark bars on the limbs and on the lips; yellowish or pale brownish beneath, throat and breast dark-brown or much mottled with dark brown. From snout to vent 50 mm. Male with an internal subgular vocal sac and brown nuptial asperities on the inner finger.
Habitat: Sumatra (Sandaran Agung, 745 m., Kurintji valley); Borneo (Mt. Penrissen in Serawak; S. E.-Borneo). — Malay Peninsula.
4. Bufo fuligineus Mocq.
Bufo fuligineus Mocquard, Nouv. Arch. Mus. d’Hist. nat., (3) II, 1890, p. 158, pl. XI, fig. 5, and: Le Naturaliste, (2) XII, 1890, p. 163. Habit rather stout. Head without bony ridges; snout rounded; canthus rostralis angular; loreal region nearly vertical; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, half the width of the eye. Tips of fingers and toes swollen; first finger shorter ‘than second; toes half, the two inner ones almost entirely webbed; subarticular tubercles and inner metatarsal tubercle indistinct, a feebly developed outer metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the anterior border of the tympanum.
Upper surfaces with unequal warts; no parotoids; granular beneath.
Sooty black above, light brown beneath, lower surfaces of the limbs dirty white. From snout to vent 38 mm. Male with small conical spines on the two inner fingers. Habitat: N.-Borneo.
78 5. Bufo cruentatus Tschudi.
Bufo cruentatus Tschudi, Mém. Soc. Sc. Neuchatel, II, 1839, p. 52. Bufo borbonicus part., Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p..286. Bufo cruentatus Worst, Notes Leyden Mus., V, 1883, p. 236. Bufo montanus Werner, Zool. Anz., XX, 1897, p. 265. Bufo cruentatus Barbour, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zoél. Harvard Coll., XLIV, N®% 1, TOL2. Dep / 5:1 Pla Lule. 3A.
Habit slender. Head nearly as long as broad, without bony ridges; snout obtusely pointed, somewhat projecting, shorter than the upper eyelid, as long as deep; canthus -rostralis angular; loreal region vertical, concave; nostril nearer the tip of the snout than the eye; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum indistinct, small. Tips of fingers and toes slightly swollen; first finger shorter than second, which is shorter than fourth; fifth toe a little extending beyond third; toes half webbed; subarticular tubercles well developed, single; two distinct metatarsal tubercles; no tarsal fold; the heel reaches between the posterior border of the eye and the tip of the snout, the tarso-metatarsal articulation the tip of the snout or beyond.
Upper surfaces with small granular tubercles; parotoids distinct, sometimes divided in two parts, situated behind each other; smooth or granular beneath.
Brown or blackish above, variegated with dark spots and white (red in life) patches; beneath yellowish. Length 39 mm. Habitat 4):.Java (Perbawati, Mt. Gedeh!; .crater of Mt. Gedeh!; Tjibodas, 1400—2000 m.!).
6. Bufo sumatranus Ptrs.
Bufo sumatranus Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1871, p. 648. Bufo sumatranus Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 295. Head without bony ridges; snout subacuminate, short; tympanum distinct, '/, the width of the eye. First finger not extending beyond second; toes webbed: at the base; two metatarsal tubercles, the inner larger than the outer; a tarsal fold; hind limb short. leHDp Upper surfaces closely granulate, with large conical warts — parotoids oval, twice as long as broad.
1) Peters (Ann. Mus. Genova, III, 1872, p..43) mentions ,My/aplesia cruentata” from Serawak; probably, however, he has confounded it with some species of Nectophryne.