Io.
ET.
12.
13; 14.
5.
1. doriae Blgr. . Gastrophryne Fitz... . 1. borneénsis (Blgr.) . . PEAT y Nella IGE ces. 5 1. pulchra Blgr. 2: pollicates Blgr. 2... XenobatrachusPtrs&Dor. . rostratus (v. Méh.) . . ocellatus (v. Kamp.) . macrops (v. Kamp.) . bidens (v. Kamp.). . . giganteus (v. Kamp.) . ophiodon Ptrs, & Dor. Xenorhina Ptrs. 1. oxycephala (Schlg.) . Asterophrys ‘Yschudi. . 1. turpicula (S. Miill.). Copiutia iv. Méh. =... ; 1. oxyrhina (Blgr.).. . 2. (?) rostellifera Wand. Choerophryne v. Kamp. 1. proboscidea v. Kamp. Hylophorbus Macl... . Gtr Ges Ve? Meh): 245.» . vartegatus NOVA spec. . montanus (Bttgr.) .. . boettgeri (v. Méh.). . wKaefescens, Mach >. . ocellatus (v. Méh.). . graubrus, (Bt ers). 0 os . robustus (Blgr.) ... . microtis (Wern.). . . (?)neuhausst (Vogt) Am BW N 4 90D OMAN BW ND 16. ABI ontop ne Fry 1. pansa Fry 17. Cophixalus Bttgr.. 1. getslerorum Bttgr. . 18. Pomatops Barb. . 1. valvifera Ea 19. Kaloula Gray...... 1. baleata (S. Miill.). . 2. pulchra Gray. ... 3. (?) sundana Ptrs.. . 20. Microhyla Tschudi. . Nn & WN 7:
Pe oe EEA: ie . Genyophryne 1. thomsonz Blgr.. . . 6. Family RANIDAE...... B MONG We iuarnydv ees Subg.
on Am BW DN . tnornata Blgr. ... . bungurana (Gthr.). . achatina Bole ... . leucostigma Blgr.. . . annectens Blgr.. . . limnocharis Bole. . cancrivora Gravh. . . verruculosa Roux . . grunniens Daud... . macrodon Kuhl... we Monesia. DIGtne 6a, . kuhli Schlg. . microdisca Bttgr.. . . hascheana (Stol.). . . palavanensis Blgr. . . b. Discodeles Blgr. . . guppyt Bigr. . bufoniformis Blgr.. . opisthodon Blgr. . . . ventricosa Vogt... . ¢. Platymantis Gthr. . boulengert (Bttgr.) . . mosskowskii (Vogt) . beauforti (v. Kamp). 18.
Page 153 154 154 156 i560 6Sy/ pe tilsye) - 159 159 159 palmipes Bigr. berdmorti (Blyth) 160 161 167 LTG7, 170 b72 172 174 176 178 180 181 182 183 183 184 185 186 187 187 188 189 Igo rugata nomen Nov. 18a. rugata var. rubri- IQ.
striata (Barb.) . 191 solomonis (Blgr.) . . 191 20, punctata (Ptrs.&Dor.) 192 Subg.
Zi.
2h ee 24.
25, a, Hylarana Tschudi 193 macrops Blgr. 2 193 glandulosa Blgr. . . 194 baramica Bttgr. . . 195 Juctuosa (Ptrs.).. . 196 debussyt v. Kamp.. 197
XII Page Page 26. laterimaculata BSN. 198 | 9. Rhacophorus K.&v. H. We: a". agjake Meyer :*. . 1909 1. Zeprosus (S. Mill.). 244 28: eiberi2 WROWK 3h. &: 200 2. oltlophus Blgr. . . . 245 29. Papua -Less.")) /: . 201 3. Zeucomystax (Kuhl). 246 30. celebensis (Schlg.) . 204 3a. leucomystax vat. Sex- 31. daemeli (Steind.). . 205 virgata (Reinw.) 249 Be. krege Bis.‘ oi... 206 4. colletie Blor. . 250 33. grisea v. Kamp... 207 5. macrotis Blor. “7. een 34... jerboa(Gthr.); ....208 Or cveretiz Bier... 4 251 35. whitehead Blgr. . . 210 7. macroscelis Blgr.. . 252 36. cavitympanum Blgr. 211 S. foste plore f°. os 253 37. kampent Blgr.... 212 0. *et072847 MROUXS- 2. 2B S. 38. erasstovis Blgr. . . 213 10. javanus Bttgr. . .. 254 30. everetze Blar, } ois. 214 11. appendiculatus(Gthr.)255 Aow Hoste Blore 24s 2k. Ais | 12. poecilonotus Blgr.. . 256 41. chalconota (Schlg.). 217 | 13. difasciatus novaspec. 257 geo vabialés’ Blot: . .*. 3. 220 4 14. duditensts Blgr.. . . 258 43. erythraea (Schlg.) . 222 | 15. modestus Blgr. . . . 259 44. persimilis nova spec. 223 | 16. edentulus F. Mill.. 259 45. nicobartensis (Stol.) 224 | 17. acutirostris Mocq. . 260 46. signata (Gthr.). . . 226 18. monticola Blgr.. . . 261 . Ceratobatrachus Bigr. . 228 19. Shelford? lor: 5.9262 1. guentheri Blgr.. . .. 228 20. fasciatus Blot... . 262 . Oreobatrachus Blgr. . . 229 | au. pardalis Gti.) . 203 1. daluensis Blgr.. . . 229 22. reinwardti (Boie). . 264 . Oxyglossus Tschudi. . . 230 | 23. nigropalmatus Blgr. 266 t, Laces “Gin. S35 230 | 10. Philautus Gistel.. . . . 268 2. ma (Kuhlje) :°. 232 | 1. dimaculatus (Ptrs.). 269 . Staurois Cope...... 234 | speetys Ptr.) 3). 9200 2 1. darutensis (Blgr.). . 234 | 3. flavosignatus (Bttg.) 270 2. guttatus (Gthr.) . . 235 4. anodon (v. Kamp.). 271 3. nubilus Mocq.. . . 236 5. Zongicrus (Blgr.).. . 272 4. tuberilinguis Blgr. . 237 6. jacobsont (v. Kamp.) 272 . Stmomaniis Blgr.. . . . 237 7. stmtlis NOVA spec. . 273 1. latopalmata (Blgr.). 238 | 8. pallidipes (Barb.). . 273 . Cornufer Tschudi .. . 238 | 9. cornutus (Blgr.). . . 274 1. vétiensis (Girard). . 239 10, viltegér (Pler.) .\. . 275 Bs OU ppys AST Ve cteee. 240 ris pererse (Blerj. <t.56 235 3. untcolor Tschudi. . 240 12. aurtfasctatus(Schlg.) 276 4. baluensis Blgr.. .. 241 | 11. Wyctixalus Blgr.... . 27% . Batrachylodes Bigr. . . 241 I. margaritifer Blgr. 277 1. vertebralis Blgr. . . 242 | 2. robinsont Annand.. 278
AMPHIBIA.
( Batrachia).
Paired limbs originally adapted for terrestrial life, rarely reduced. Skin glandular. Skull with a large parasphenoid and two condyli occipitales, formed by the exoccipitalia; palatoquadratum coossified with the skull. Usually breathing by gills during the young stages, afterwards by lungs. Heart with one ventricle and two atria. No amnion or allantois. Development with, rarely without metamorphosis.
Synopsis of the Orders.
ZéloINGWidseeosUkG-Otc)OwOmicsGareperetnaaceomoCMI.Gymnophionap.1. &. Well-developed limbs; no tail ............. Il. Anura p. 4. I. Order GYMNOPHIONA.
( Apoda).
Body worm-shaped; no limbs; tail rudimentary or absent. Usually small osseous scales, hidden in the skin. Eyes rudimentary, sometimes covered by cranial bones. Between eye and nostril a retractile tentacle. Tympanum absent. Male with an unpaired copulatory organ (see fig. 1).
Terrestrial, burrowing. Ovi- or viviparous, with or without an aquatic, larval stage. Embryo usually with external gills. Fam. CAECILIIDAE.
Characters of the Order.
Distribution: tropical parts of America, Africa and Asia. INDO-AUSTRALIAN AMPHIBIA. I
1. Ichthyophis Fitz.
(FiTzINGER, Neue Classif. Rept., Wien, 1826, p. 36). Epicrium Wagler, Isis, 1828, p. 742.
Scales present. Eyes externally distinguishable. Tentacle conical, near the lip. Two series of teeth in the upper, and usually also in the lower jaw. A short, pointed tail present. Paraquadratum (squamosum) in contact with the parietal bone. Oviparous.
Distribution: from India to the western part of the Indo-Australian Archipelago.
Synopsis ofthe Species.
A, Snout as long as the distance between the eyes. A yellony laticnall saGl S45 Gila oo ao OBS a Sc ae 1. l. glutinosus p. 2. &, Snout shorter than the distance between the eyes. ING) legs bel GS Sh'5 Ge 6G oo @ Si, G)s00 |g io ' 2. I. monochrous p. 3. 1. Ichthyophis glutinosus (L.).
Caecilia glutinosa Linné, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, p. 229. Caecilia hypocyanea (v. Hasselt), Schlegel, Abbild. neuer oder unvollst. bek. Amph., Diisseldorf, 1837—44, p. 119, pl. XXXIX, fig. 1 (larva). Ichthyophis glutinosus Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 89, pl. 1V, figs. 2, 2 a—e.
Ichthyophis glutinosus Sarasin, Erg, naturw. Forschungen auf Ceylon, II, 1887—90, pls. I—XXIV.
Ichthyophis glutinosus Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London, 1912, p. 285, fig. 79 (after Sarasin). Ichthyophis glutinosus Nieden, Gymnophiona, in ,Das Tierreich”, Berlin, pt. 37, 1913, p. 6, figs. 12 and 13.
Body cylindrical, with 240—400 circular folds, some of them bifurcating. Both series of teeth in lower jaw well developed. Snout rounded, as long as the distance between the eyes, which are easily distinguishable; tentacle small, in front of and below the eye, close to the lip, and usually much nearer the eye than the nostril. .
Dark brown or bluish black; along each side of the body a bright lemon-yellow, sharply defined band, varying much in width; tentacles white; eyes black, with a very narrow pale brown ring round them. Length 380 mm.
Lives in moist places, in te mud near the water. The food consists of earth-worms and small burrowing snakes. The very
5 large eggs (+ 9 X 6mm.) are provided with yellow yolk and connected by a gelatinous string. They are deposited by the female in a burrow, which she digs near the water, and she protects them by coiling herself round them. The embryo has three pairs of external gills. The larva, which possesses a pair of spiracula but no gills, a newt-like head with well-developed Fig. 1. Lchthyophis glutinosus (L.), K 5/4.
eyes and a laterally compressed tail with an upper and a lower dermal fold, lives in the water.
Habitat: Nias!; Mentawei islands (Sipora); Sumatra (Upper and Lower Langkat; Batak mts., + 300 and +1000 m.!; foot of Mt. Simbolon; Tanang Talu, Ophir distr., 1009 m.!; Fort de Kock; Indragiri; Rawas riv. in Palembang!); Borneo (Menternan riv., near Bungol, Brit. N.-Borneo; Serawak; Matan); Java (Sudimanik in Bantam). — Southern India, Ceylon, the eastern Himalayas to the Malay Peninsula.
2. Ichthyophis monochrous (Blkr.).
Lpicrium monochrous Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indié, XVI, 1858/59, p. 188. Ichthyophis monochrous Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 91, pl. IV, figs. 1—1¢ (larva). :
Ichthyophis monochrous Boulenger, .Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London, 1912, p. 286.
Ichthyophis monochrous Nieden, Gymnophiona, in ,Das Tierreich’’, Berlin, pt. 37, TONS.
ps7:
?lehthyophis webert Taylor, Philipp. Jrn. of Sc., XVI, 1920, p. 227. f The inner series of teeth in the lower jaw composed of a few teeth only. Snout shorter than the distance between the eyes.
4 Uniform purplish black; tentacles white; anal region and tip of tail pale pinkish. Length 500 mm. Other characters as in /. glutinosus. Habitat: Sumatra (Indrapura; Palembang); Borneo (Mt. Dulit; Singkawang); Java. — India to Malay Peninsula (up to 1200 m.) and Singapore; Philippines '), incl. Pelawan? ”). II. Order ANURA.
(Ecaudata, Salientia).
Four well-developed limbs; no tail. Skin naked. Eyes normally developed. No tentacles. No copulatory organ. Terrestrial or aquatic. Oviparous*); the eggs are usually deposited in the water, rarely on the land, in moist surroundings. They are enveloped and usually united in clumps or strings by a gelatinous mass. When they are rich of yolk the young are sometimes hatched in the perfect lung-breathing stage ; usually however there is an aquatic larval stage. The larvae (tadpoles) are tailed and breath by external, afterwards internal gills; they live in fresh, rarely in brackish water. Synopsis of the Families and Subfamilies. A. Epicoracoid cartilages overlapping each other (Arcifera).
I. Upper jaw toothed (in the Indo-Australian genera).
1.Terminalphalangesofdigitsnotclaw-shaped. a. Diapophyses of sacral vertebra strongly e Gilated: ci. Gers kel oe eda her eye ee 1. Pelobatidae p. 5. 6, Diapophyses of sacral vertebra not or Slighitlyadilatedia metemcm-aohotentan enone es 2.
Cystignathidae p.
18.
2. Terminal phalanges of digits claw-shaped. Diapophyses of sacral vertebra dilated. . . 3. Hylidae p. 22. II. Both jaws toothless. Diapophyses of sacral Wee CHEE 6 5 oo Gu Seo OE 4. Bufonidae p. 65. ZB. Epicoracoid cartilages firmly united in the median line (Firmisternia).
1) According to De Elera, Catalogo Sist. de toda la Fauna de Filipinas, I, 1895, p. 457:
2) yl. weber? sp. nov.”, Taylor.
3) With very few exceptions.
I, Diapophyses of sacral vertebra distinctly dilated. 5. Brevicipitidae p. 95. 1. Upper jaw toothed, lower toothless. .... subf. Dyscophinae p. 95. ZBOtheajawsytOOtMVesswicmcionchilldeck«ifareiTeilesubf.Brevicipitinaep.98. 3. Lower jaw toothed, upper toothless... . subf. Genyophryninae p. 159. II. Diapophyses of sacral vertebra not or very Sheaby GHbticsl. aio dy alevellp 4 OR o oo bec 6. Ranidae p. 160. Synopsis of the Tadpoles.
A, Lips with transverse series of horny teeth. I. No sucking disk behind the mouth. 1. Series of papillae narrowly interrupted in the middle of the upper lip. Eyes superior. PeepOSOEGGESfeydday.ais,atcsiteie4StedMegalophryshasseltip.13. 2. Series of papillae as in 1, or papillae absent. Eyes usually lateral. Teeth 2/3. . Hy/a p. 24.- 3.Papillaepresent,butabsentalongtheupper border of the upper lip.
a. Vent median. Eyes superior ...... Bufo p. 72. é. Vent dextral, opening at some distance above the lower edge of the subcaudal crest. Eyes usually lateral. ....... Rhacophorus p. 242. c. Vent dextral, close to the lower edge of the subcaudal crest. Eyes usually SUGEVsemewenforchehcaicy\/a,CottehveoesRanapart.p.161. , Staurois p. 234.
Te Avs! ki isk i Rae oF arge sucking disk behind the mout (Rana part. p. 161. ZB. Lips without horny teeth.
I. Spiraculum sinistral.
NemoTPSwlacCOuAmesolawchellsfteialeuvsgne’avealcMegalophrysmontanap.8. Pe Asa Sina Srarsteilewe nate. cate otis ele) Os Oxyglossus p. 230. Kaloula p. 147.
1. Spi AR, ae Il. Spiraculum median Microuaiaie. fee: Areifera.
Epicoracoid cartilages overlapping each other. 1. Fam. PELOBATIDAE.
Upper jaw toothed, lower toothless. Diapophyses of the sacral vertebra strongly dilated. Terminal phalanges of fingers and toes simple.
Omosternum usually present, but small and cartilaginous,
6 rarely calcified ; sternum without or with a bony style. Vertebrae procoelous or opisthocoelous. No ribs. Os coccygis fused with the sacral vertebra or articulating with it by one or two condyles. Distribution: America; Europe; southern Asia to western part of Indo-Australian Archipelago; New Guinea and Aru islands.
Synopsis of the Genera.
lo OM OSCE 5 bid ao 0 WO.G 6 Botha DoS ono Oo ake 1. Wesobia p. 6. ZB,Pupilerect.
[Pe Steriumuenwit hea bony istylel- men. nein nr smear aes 2. Megalophrys p. 7. Nt, (SHER n NE, CEMNEMOVOINS G65 6605 Goo ooo oe 3. Batrachopsis p. 16. 1. Nesobia nomen novum.
Pupil horizontal. Tongue oval, free behind. No vomerine teeth. Tympanum visible. Fingers and toes free, the tips not dilated.
Omosternum present; sternum with a bony style. Distribution: Natuna islands.
1. Nesobia natunae (Gthr.).
Leptobrachium natunae, Giinther, Novit. Zool., Il, 1895, p. 501. Tongue long and narrow. Snout rounded, about as long as the eye; canthus rostralis indistinct; nostril nearly in the middle between eye and tip of snout; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum indistinct, less than half the area of the eye. Tips of fingers and toes blunt; first finger very little shorter than second; toes free; subarticular tubercles indistinct; a flat, elongate inner, no outer metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the tip of the snout, or beyond. Back with very small, flat, indistinct granulations; lower parts quite smooth.
Brownish olive above, uniform or marbled with brown; upper lip black, with some white spots; a black band from the eye over the tympanum to the shoulder; sides of body with larger or smaller black spots; hind limbs with brownish cross-bars. Length 19 mm.
Habitat; Natuna islands (Bungurah).