87 angular; loreal region oblique, concave; nostril a little nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye; interorbital space much broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum */, to 3/, the width of the eye, close to the latter. Tips of fingers and toes blunt; first finger extending beyond second, which is shorter than fourth; toes not quite half webbed; subarticular tubercles very small, single; a moderate inner, and a narrow outer metatarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold; the heel reaches the shoulder or the tympanum, the tarsometatarsal articulation the eye or to between eye and tip of snout.
Upper parts and sides with conical warts; parotoids small, oblong or roundish; granulate beneath.
Brownish, usually more or less distinctly black spotted above ; beneath dark brown, or lighter, spotted with brown. Length Si mm.
Young specimens have the cranial ridges not swollen, but rather more elevated than in #. dzporcatus.
Tadpole. — Probably not different from that of &. melanostictus.
Habitat: Nias!; Sumatra! (Pasir Ganting, W.-Coast Sumatra, 2° S.; Benkulen).
15. Bufo quadriporcatus Bler.
Bufo quadriporcatus Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5) XIX, 1887, p. 347, pl. X, fig. 4.
Bufo quadriporcatus Giinther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5) XX, 1887, p. 314, pr. AVL tig. 'C.
Lufo quadriporcatus Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London, 1912, p. 274.
Habit rather stout. Head broader than long, with a narrow supratympanic and a prominent supraorbital bony ridge, continued into a short parietal one, the two latter ones forming together a nearly straight line; snout truncate, projecting, as long as the upper eyelid and as long as deep; canthus rostralis angular; loreal region nearly vertical, feebly concave; nostril a little nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum close to the eye, very distinct, nearly as large as or larger than the eye. Tips of fingers and toes blunt, not dilated; first finger extending beyond second; toes not quite half webbed; subarticular tubercles single; two moderate, rounded metatarsal
88 tubercles; no tarsal fold; the heel reaches the shoulder, the tarsometatarsal articulation the tympanum or the eye. Upper parts more or less warty; parotoids prominent and compressed, ridge-like, much elongate, continuous with the supratympanic bony ridge, and usually followed by a lateral series of large tubercles; some specimens prickly all over with horny spines; granulate beneath.
Brownish above, uniform or marbled with olive; the parotoids sometimes whitish, edged with black; limbs with dark cross-bars; lower parts whitish, uniform or marbled with brown. From snout to vent 65 mm.
Habitat: Sumatra (Deli!; Palembang!); Natuna islands (Bunguran); Borneo (Baram riv.; Mt. Dulit), — Malay Peninsula, up to 240 m.
16. Bufo divergens Ptrs.
Bufo divergens Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1871, p. 579. Bufo divergens Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 312 (with fig. of head). Bufo divergens Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London, IQI2, p. 275.
Closely related to B. quadriporcatus, from which it differs in the following points. Parietal ridge forming an angle with the supraorbital one; the tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches the tip of the snout, or beyond; tibia half the length of head and body. Sometimes a yellow vertebral line. From snout to vent 50 mm.
Habitat: Natuna islands (Bunguran); Borneo (Labuan; Serawak; Matan). — Malay Peninsula; Pelawan? 17. Bufo parvus Blegr.
Bufo parvus Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5) XIX, 1887, p. 346, pl. X, fig. 3. Bufo claviger \senschmid, Mitth. naturf. Ges. Bern, 1903, p. 80. Bufo parvus Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London, TOI2. p. 274.
Bufo parvus Smith, Jrn. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, IT, 1916, p. 42, with figs. (tadpole). Bufo parvus Annandale, Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, VI, 1917, p. 153, fig. 10 and pl. VI, fig. 8 (tadpole).
Head with a supraorbital, a narrow parietal, and a short supratympanic bony ridge, the two former ones forming together a straight line or diverging behind; snout truncate, projecting, shorter than the upper eyelid, deeper than long; canthus rostralis angular; loreal region vertical; nostril nearer tip of
89 snout than eye; interorbital space as broad as or a little broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, close to the eye, its vertical diameter 7/, to °*/, the width of the eye. Fingers and toes with blunt tips; first finger extending distinctly beyond second, which is shorter than fourth; third toe longer than fifth; toes feebly webbed; subarticular tubercles single; two rather large metatarsal tubercles; no tarsal fold; the tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches to between the eye and the tip of the snout, or a little beyond. Upper parts rough with very prominent, conical, often spinose tubercles; parotoids small, prominent, round or subtriangular; lower parts with round tubercles of unequal size. Brown above, with a few darker spots, and often with a few scattered irregular spots of pink colour; limbs with dark cross-bands; lower parts spotted with brown; throat brown in the male. From snout to vent 52 mm.
Male with a subgular vocal sac and black nuptial asperities on the two inner fingers.
Tadpole. — Length of body 1'/, to 1'/, times its width and ?/,; the length of the tail, which is about 3 times as long as deep. Nostril nearer the eye than the tip of the snout; eyes superior, the distance between them twice that between the nostrils; spiraculum sinistral, directed upwards and backwards, a little nearer the eye than the vent; vent median, anal tube short. Tail with rounded tip; crests convex, the upper one as deep as or a little deeper than the lower one, not extending on to the back.
Mouth subterminal; lips with short Ste ae only at the sides; jaws broadly edged with black, finely serrated; series of teeth 1'1/3, the lower series of upper lip may be narrowly interrupted.
Blackish, the muscular portion of the tail pale brown, the crests almost colourless. Length 28 mm.
Habitat: Sumatra (Upper Langkat!; Bandarbaru, Batak mts., + 900 m.!; near Balun and Muarolabu, Padang Highlands!; Benakat and Harileko riv.!, Palembang); Java (Badjulmati in Besuki ')). — Burma; Siam; Malay Peninsula.
18. Bufo cavator Barb.
Bufo cavator Barbour, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXIV, IgII, p. 21. 1) Communicated by Mr. C, Boden Kloss.
gO Bufo cavator Barbour, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zoél. Harvard Coll., XLIV, N°. 1, 1912, p. 74, pl. VI, fig. 22.
Head with a supraorbital, a parietal and a short supratympanic bony ridge, the two former ones forming together a straight, or nearly straight line; snout short; canthus rostralis prominent; interorbital space slightly broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, circular, about */, the width of the eye. First finger as long as second; toes, except fourth, entirely webbed; subarticular tubercles single; two moderate metatarsal tubercles; no tarsal fold; the tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches the nostril.
Upper parts with scattered warts, which are not spiny; parotoids very prominent, small, almost circular. Brownish above, marbled with light yellowish; beneath yellowish, throat dark brown.
»Lhis species may be distinguished from Bufo diporcatus at once by its much smaller tympanum, which is almost circular instead of vertical-oval. In B. dzporcatus the upper boundary of the tympanum is formed by the orbito-tympanic ridge, which is not the case with this species. The shape of the tympanum is quite different in the two species; and in this new one the cephalic crests are not prolonged as far posteriorly as they are in dzporcatus.” (Barbour). Habitat: Lombok.
19. Bufo biporcatus Gravh.
Bufo biporcatus Gravenhorst, Deliciae Mus, Zool. Vratislav., Fasc. I, Lipsiae, 1829, p. 53.
Bufo biporcatus Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 311 (with figure of head), Bufo biporcatus vy. Kampen, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indié, LXIX, 1910, p. 30 (tadpole). Bufo biporcatus Barbour, Mem. Mus. Comp, Zool. Harvard Coll., XLIV, N°. 1, 1912, p. 74, pl. VI, figs. 21 and 35.
Habit rather stout. Head broader than long, with a canthal, a postorbital, a narrow supratympanic, a supraorbital and a parietal bony ridge, the two latter ones forming together a straight or nearly straight line; snout not projecting, as long or nearly as long as the upper eyelid, and as long as deep; canthus rostralis angular; loreal region oblique, concave; nostril nearer the tip of the snout than the eye; interorbital space a little broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum close to
gti the eye, very distinct, its diameter equal to the width of the eye or hardly smaller. Tips of fingers and toes blunt; first finger usually as long as, rarely extending beyond second; third and fifth toe of equal length; toes not quite '/, to */, webbed; subarticular tubercles very small, single; two moderate metatarsal tubercles, the outer one a little smailer than the inner one; no tarsal fold; the heel reaches the axil, the tarsometatarsal articulation the tympanum or the eye.. Upper parts with very prominent, conical tubercles; paro- Fig. 9. Bufo biporcatus Gravh., X 1.
toids very prominent, small, subtriangular or oval; strongly eranulate beneath.
Brownish above, marbled with darker; beneath lighter, more or less spotted with brown. Length 79 mm.
Male with a subgular vocal sac and in the breeding time a black copulatory excrescence at the outer side of the first finger. Tadpole. — The tadpoles agree in every point with those of B. melanostictus; only the two lower series of teeth of the lower lip are perhaps somewhat less different in length. Habitat: Sumatra (Mt. Simbolon; Talu; Gunung-Sahilan ; Ringat; Palembang!); Borneo (Mt. Kina Balu; Baram riv.;
g2 Mt. Dulit, 300—1200 m.; Kutjing; Tegora; Bandjermasin); Java (Serang; Lebak; Batavia!; Buitenzorg!; Gadok; Tjibodas!; Pasirdatar, 900 m.!; Sukabumi!; Tjiandjur; Bandung; Tjipanas!; Mt. Malabar, 1500 m.!; Mula, Djokjakarta, + 100 m.!; Tengger mts., 1200 m.; Situbondo!); Madura; Baii; Lombok! (up to + 580 m.); Celebes: (Makasser!; Teteadji!; lake Towuti; Luwu!). — Tenasserim? ').
20. Bufo chlorogaster Daud.
Bufo chlorogaster Daudin, Hist. nat. des Rainettes, Paris, 1802, p. 74, pl. XXV, fig. 2.
Snout feebly rounded. Toes half webbed.
Upper surfaces with numerous small warts; parotoids kidneyshaped; beneath with scattered granules.
Ashy grey above, yellow beneath. Length + 4 cm. Habitat: Java.
3. Pseudobufo Tschudi.
(TscHup1, Mém. Soc. Sc. Neuchatel, I], 1839, p. 49, 87; Nieden, Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturf. Fr., Berlin, 1914, p. 369).
Nectes Cope, Nat. Hist. Review, V, 1865, p. 103. Pupil horizontal. Tongue entire and free behind. No vomerine teeth. Nostrils directed upwards, on upper surface of snout. Fingers free or webbed; toes entirely webbed, the tips not dilated. Outer metatarsals united.
No omosternum; sternum cartilaginous, calcified along the centre. Diapophyses of sacral vertebra rather strongly dilated. Terminal phalanges simple. ; Distribution: Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; Borneo. Sy nopsis ofthe Spieetes:
A, Fingers free or with a rudimentary web ....... 1. P. subasper p. 92. 8. Outer fingers nearly half webbed. ........6.-, 2. P. werneri p. 94. I. Pseudobufo subasper Tschudi.
Pseudobufo subasper Tschudi, Mém. Soc. Sc. nat. Neuchatel, II, 1839, p. 87. Nectes pleurotaenia (nomen nudum), Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indié, XIII, 1857, P- 475.
Nectes subasper Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 327 (with figs. of head). 1) Boulenger, Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) V, 1887—88, p. 486.
93 Nectes (Pseudobufo) pleurotaenia Fischer, Arch. f. Naturgesch., LI, I, 1885, p. 47. Nectes sumatranus Werner, Zool, Jahrb., Syst., XII, 1900, p. 497, pl. XXXV, fig. 9. Nectes subasper and pleurotaenia vy. Kampen, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XXII, 1905, p. 711. Nectes subasper Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London, FOE2)p.275:
Head broader than long; snout pointed, projecting, as long as the upper eyelid, and as long as deep; canthus rostralis Fig. 10. Pseudobufo subasper Tschudi, X 4/5.
rounded ; loreal region nearly vertical, flat; nostrils close together on the upper surface, near the tip of the snout; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum close to the
94 eye, more or less distinct, ?/, to */, the width of the eye. Fingers and toes obtuse or pointed; first finger shorter than second, which is much shorter than fourth; fingers free or with a rudimentary web; toes webbed to the tips by a very broad and thick membrane; no subarticular, two very indistinct, flat metatarsal tubercles; a rather indistinct tarsal fold; the tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches the shoulder or to between the shoulder and the eye; tibia '/, length of head and body. Upper parts with closely set rounded warts of different sizes; granulate beneath.
Dark brown or blackish above, with or without a more or less distinct whitish or yellowish band along the side of the body and along thigh and metatarsus; a light brown vertebral line may be present; brownish white beneath, with or without minute dark dots. From snout to vent 150 mm. Male with a large blackish subgular vocal sac. Aquatic.
Habitat!'): Sumatra (Djapura, Indragiri; Djambi!; Palembang!); Borneo (Tumbang Hiang; Bandjermasin). — Malay Peninsula.
2. Pseudobufo werneri (v. Kamp.).
Nectes subasper Werner, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XIII, 1900, p. 497, pl. XXXV, fig. Io. Nectes wernert vy. Kampen, Zool, Jahrb., Syst., XXII, 1905, p. 711. Habit stout. Head broader than long; snout a little longer than the upper eyelid; nostrils close together on the upper surface near the tip of the snout; tympanum oval, close to the eye, its horizontal diameter '/,, its vertical diameter 7/, the length of the upper eyelid. Tips of fingers and toes obtuse ; first finger shorter than second; the three inner fingers about '/,, the two outer ones nearly '/, webbed; toes entirely webbed ; two metatarsal tubercles, the outer one somewhat shorter than the inner one; a rather indistinct tarsal fold; the tarsometatarsal articulation reaches the shoulder. Upper parts warty, lower ones granulate.
Blackish brown above, with a somewhat lighter band along the side; yellowish beneath. From snout to vent 84 mm. Description completed by means of notes, taken by Dr. J. Roux from the type specimen.
Habitat: Sumatra (Djapura, Indragiri).
1) The locality Java, mentioned by Boulenger, is probably incorrect.