FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA I. The Intercordilleran and Amazonian Lowlands of Peru II. The High Pampas of Peru, Bolivia, and Northern Chile With a Revision of the Peruvian Gymnotidae, and of the Genus ORESTIAS CARL H. FIGENMANN Late Dean of the Graduate School, and Professor of Zoology, Indiana University WILLIAM RAY ALLEN Professor of Zoology, University of Kentucky 1942 THE UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY LEXINGTON KENTUCKY
CopyricuT 1942 BY UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY CoMPoOSED AND PRINTED AT THE WAVERLY PRESS, INC. Battm™more, Mp., U.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Saks @ Rael Su Adial @INS ame aterewere eens ee ee ek Re ee vill LUN GLE OB) CPO IN Geers he a eR ee EE on Le ae eR owe atoll xl ENGSEIN OW VATED IB) Gr IN IUEGINGIRS oso ee er eee ee a XH INZNRIRAINOVIE, Ole ISOs IDOI DIMPKOINIS. 2. cccanccenuussnoccscceucnecat 1 (CHEneOINTOMUOXeNe Anvnoy JnEgpDIW NED.
5 45-5 5uaconaboogundevcccuussseceonuee 10 HISTORY OF ICHtHY OLOGICAL EXPLORATION IN PERU... 2.2 18 AMIGOS, JONI WAIN DIETS UDINE] 6 oP eg oo cea dum ooo eee ceods eb cuu ea ob 2D MEE IRETO I) SiO ATS IRIN Gis eco ee ee ee ln ce ye eee ge eee 25 SOMME AUMORIRICUAINE IRIUISIBIILOURID. -. oon oncocncowncoonneeosuconoeudss 33 IDISIM RIOR WAN OIN, OUP IMSNS) IMISIEUDS | 5 2 a4 asa oa sedcendoosssuccbocuseee: 35 GROWS GICAL A SIS Parse ces os ee eee ee te Rai Te 35 GROGRAPHICORID GIONS 0 oer we Ok oe Leen te ee Pe, oa ee 38 AUINAT ETSTSIORERINGCIDAT RnhVER SYSTEMS es = 95 see eae ee a eee 43 DB) TSA RS WAT OINMINATB Sy at ee eee re eee nee ee ee 53 TSO WSSTON Gy Is etek SR ee es eee ee ae a eee 61 OHAPEMVOM@O Gl Alor GeN Aiea Rss os oe a cee oe eee 67 JAININ@AL-MIC ID) IGITSIC OY IMSNBy SUPIDCIOIS:, os oesccccacoscueeo pa coeudseus 82 A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE AND LORE OF THE CANDIRU........... 142 A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE AND LORE OF THE PIRANHAS.......... 242 A REVISION OF THE PERUVIAN GYMNOTIDAE.....................-.-. 312 ANE ACCOUNTLON THE AICHE ATO DOLING.«. «26 ke Meta. | ween eed nase 336 EA ISTONEO Rebs GuEINIU SH OnCSLUCS aes casa en ee ee ne ee 346 IMDEMGRGH 2 Vee en Ad Le te SR ot eRe Mee aay! 384 BACB LAK OX GUE WANIPAS ING, Sac ok 2 Ue ee te eottkarne Resi ieee ete eB CRO ore a Ee 411 TEA GANIDISIS) eg Oh cle ates bee oy ite A ee Ee CUeol Sa Dee PY Me eae EME ear tS 431 GING) EXC en ee ey Send Wife eit tion Sy ire ee ene gee MUR Meee ie 2p 475 VaéQGiVAL SY 508 May 55456 «) ky QO <n oH kaj = Ce z2 LIBRARY] sw == Oe = . ~y &, "ast: / S&S OES Py ek ol EE
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Hig. i, Whe Van.of thewishing Week: . 2). ae eed es ee eee 3 Figs 2. Vhe Hishime-Mleet,. Lake Witicaca: 4 21.2302 es4e-. gare aoe . Ve ee 4 Kis. 2g Cheslpper iv NMantaro. Soo, . 224. sande. Ss 6 ol Ae ca ee 6 Hie, A, Ovnanutime thew, Molimoc:.. 244 ofc See eee ou ee 8 Mies 5. Marketing Orestaas, Puno), 2... 64..4, Ponds weeny «earn Sok eee 9 Hicew Oi he ap per RiP OOPOl. Wee a cence pres ¢ eee eee een sae 12 Goren De ROOD Os AS OUVIAls or 48 « SM es 4 tpt deen deel Okt, OA ae ee ere ete ad 14 figs oss. Aseotan. (Chile. wath VieOllawie:: 22:2 aah. foes eee ee eae 16 ito Ovable wee. Chile tee. : Bidar 21 ide gluta k ak ete Rene ees Al En eens “ene auppers FU Ea lag xs) ge, a eee gee. oe esas oe a tenets oe 23 Hie eAahish-trapr TruanuCO:, 22.2. eee anes betes ena es ae ee! 26 Hien: ‘Poisonime the Chanchomayor ya, sat oes oe celae oc oe eee 29 HiglaeeR: Azupizu, typical stream.of montana... sc. 2e 042) ee 33 Fig, 14. Headpiece; ancient Peruvian textile................000.02.000e- 82 hioslo aR. sPichis.at Pucrio, Bermuden, «.<ce2nG shar cea) nko s ve eae ete 95 Hien kG; Lower Pachited: Nsmine CanOes .5. iccmc.a dc oo chen ss anal umes ane 103 Riese ee Rs Wicavalit’ aailGl StOP mace 9 oc-22 42.3 Sais seve ces mace es pe em 116 Hie wiSa kh Pachiteaslauneh Cocamitan. 8292. sais. oassttesane aes oe ee i331 HhoemORECACAVarots1S05.besecleecncsv.eRetaeetmireoateensUnnanaGieseeeeTe152 Kige2Z0cshishime Cami om the: Pacdiyar i... ca Waly cates mena ae aoe ieee 167 Hage 2D aie ect: 4 6 5k do ann As othaw deen Weert eat Vache Cea A ae ae 176 hige22) Catching Candira without: Packer: ic. mere, aot eno aac oe oe 190 iee2 3 edlishine withy Tarata tek, once se ated eee corto eccals A aie 199 Kie7247 An ours Cateb with; Panataa 4.1232 wste ee cet Sols oe eee 207 Hiss Qo pibenuvaanatish=Welr a 2G. 2:65: een « figs Osc beste een eee 217 ig! 26. Femtrance to the: Same. 06 38 skaoneaenne wo. c0e cla ee eee 227 Bien 2 i. bacihiiess tor Amazonian Dra vels\.ccuss «55-4 a0 ee ee eee 236 Kige2e Mouth -oitbedn, Taya Iquitos. 26 save «as aegnn ies eerie 250 Pie: 29) Ashe-Amazoncatelquitos,. «a5 soe wees WSL) ace etn ee ae 261 Bion 30a Phevowersk. rime lla ais 12 Selah eee eee fn a ane Ont, Gasngeaee teen 272 Pres oi Semung iiheake tearalla ra’ al oes oe ee oe 2 ee 281 bigeo2. (Nests of dboricanidsMishes:;..: ccs... as oak te ke ee 297 Iie dos. As ishermans sarricade:....¢ ao. ane op. e See ee eee 306 Fig, 34. The Maranon: and Pongo:de Manserniche 2) 9.) 4.24 ee 311 Kige3>. Switt Watersiof KR. Maranon." seanee... 2) Seen oe ee eee 323 Kig. 36-39 Preparing Atapamma for drying. 9 “os sales. eee 336-341 Rigs 405. Drying Arapaiia:. a9 0 S80 3s scone le ee eee 343 Mig: /41., Deck-cargo of Arapaimanmeat). 25. 0,2). te eee ee 344 hig’ 42:° Gigging for Orestias it, Wmavior W279. ence a: 347 hiee43% Prying-methodi torsmalltishs 3 eer. wee sens oe eee 359 Kies 44-"Purtle-fishery 0: oo5 5% fo tsa oni) Ae eee See cerca. 368
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1x ies ton Horaginestorndkurtle-meat andseges). 2 cc ieee s Ge mi ne oe 379 ive Gs Deck=londeormdnurtle: << aes testes ses eke Cea eatin ecr ea ere ls Uo 391 hie. 47. Khevtishimectleet, Para, Brazilige sa. .0i025 ia eee ees eo 402 Pies: | Nailpiece-sbmbarcatlon | -uarges sae oe cites cake a's ee ie ma ae 409 Plate 1. Posonmerthe:Chanchomayor aso skvde as Suse sw Frontispiece Plate II, Fig. 1. Bunocephalus haggini; fig. 2. bunocephalus bifidus; fig. 3. IBUROCEDRALUS TELL OPUNNIS: «1a Re ee Serer Utes gs nhs mirth ee 433 Plate III, Fig. 1. Microglanis zonatus; fig. 2. Spine of same; figs. 3 and 4. Chasmocranus peruanus; fig. 5. Pimelodella peruana..............- 435 Plate IV, Fig. 1. Brachyplatystoma juruense; fig. 2. Pimelodus jivaro; fig. 3. Pimelodus leptus; fig. 4. Duopalatinus peruanus..................-. 437 Plate V, Fig. 1. Trachycorystes galeatus; fig. 2. Tympanopleura nigricollis, female; fig. 3. Tympanopleura nigricollis, male; fig. 4. Centromochlus GURUIVUS MS 4 Os la CMLCLOOUS \GLLUSSTITUS tere eee tetera career 439 Plate VI, Fig. 1. Chaetostoma lineopunctata; fig. 2. Hemiancistrus arenarius; fig. 3. Tympanopleura nigricollis, male; fig. 4. Tympanopleura alta.. 441 Riate Vil Hos: Ivand.2. Canthopomusiagassievin....4 a haa eel 443 Plate VIII, Figs. 1 and 2. Harttia filamentissima; figs. 3 and 4. Harttia TVET OP Str Se ce Aone SRM oS ae SR hd ales Mr gt pee aS Cae arms Stee 445 ele hep lexi ol NA OELtd: MACTODS™ «toda Ae cies: fant, ome oe eee ee ae 447 Plate X, Figs. 1 and 2. Ancistrus occloi; fig. 3. Rhamdia riojae; fig. 4. Pimelodellosroceacs ne. 49). pectoral spinevOlSamMe {4 2.45- qs. se ee 449 plate Glen osm A stOble pus MUNCOl © meer fasts ete Selcieus ts op pekaes eee 451 Plate XII, Fig. 1. Corydoras zygatus; fig. 2. Corydoras stenocephalus; fig. 3. Corydoras episcopt, fig. 4. Corydoras leucomelas=....2..°.-. =>. sh aes: 453 Plate XIII, Fig. 1. Otocinclus macrospilus; fig. 2. Pimelodella montana; figs. 3-5. Pygidium atochae; figs. 6-7. Astroblepus praeliorum..........-. 455 Plate XIV, Fig. 1. Curimata murieli; fig. 2. Curimata reticulata; fig. 3. Psectrogaster cisandinus; fig. 4. Gasteropelecus coronatus; fig. 5. Carnegiella strigata; fig. 6. Bryconamericus osgoodi; fig. 7. Apareiodon pongoense.. 457 Plate XV, Fig. 1. Apteronotus anas; fig. 2. Oedemognathus exodon; fig. 3. lips EMMCGUCEMROLSATINGecgoeax.oe0BusscesaneadtahcoolaapeeAaNaegoa459 Plate XVI, Fig. 1. Sternarchogiton porcinum; figs. 2 and 5. Higenmannia conirostris; figs. 83 and 4. Rhabdolichops longicaudatus.............. 461 Plate XVII, Fig. 1. Orestias incae; fig. 2. Orestias humboldti; figs. 3 and 4. Onestias pentlonad wie no aOTESHAS CUDUETO she 2 a ere) oe eo 463 Plate XVIII, Figs. 1 and 2. Orestias luteus; fig. 3. Orestias olivaceus; fig. 4. radiograph of Orestias agassizti; fig. 5. radiograph of Orestias pentland:. 465 _ Plate XIX, Fig. 1. Orestias silustani; figs. 2-5. Orestias albus.............. 467 Plate XX, Fig. 1. Orestias elegans; fig. 2. Orestias empyraeus; figs. 3-8. On eSUGSPAGUSSIZUU ERA Ae NG OES RI ee sap ee EIT oe Bsn SE 469 Plate XXI, Fig. 1. Orestias miilleri; fig. 2. Orestias owenii; fig. 3. Orestias USSUGIE NCR ARM OTROS HOSTS 010 node 4 ha DOE oop ain eso or ese Bow oie 471 Plate XXII, Figs. 1 and 2. Rivulus urophthalmus; fig. 8. Amplova allenic; figs. 4-7. Aequidens hercules; fig. 8. Acaronia trimaculata................ 473
INTRODUCTION The present report had its inception as a proposed Part II of The Fishes of Northwestern South America. Part I consisted of the studies made by C. H. Eigenmann, Arthur W. Henn, Charles E. Wilson, and others upon the fishes of Colombia, Ecuador, and the Pacific slopes of Peru (Eigenmann, 1922b). Later the Fishes of Chile appeared (EKigenmann, 1927), as a separate monograph. Meanwhile the results of the studies of N. E. Pearson made on the Mulford Expedition, extending our work southeastward to tie up with the explorations of J. D. Haseman, were published as ‘‘Part II’’ (Pearson, 1924).
The work of the Irwin Expedition of Indiana University, in Collaboration with the University of Illinois, 1918-1919, was devoted (a) to the completion of the above-named studies on west coast fishes; (b) the Chilean monograph; and (c) the fishes of the highlands of the Peruvian, Bolivian, and Chilean Andes. The first and second-named objectives were carried out principally by Prof. Eigenmann. Through the generous cooperation of the University of Illinois I was able to have a part in the expedition, giving my time principally to the third objective named above. Through the first portion of the journey Prof. Eigenmann was accompanied by his daughter Adele; on the second portion he was unaccompanied. After trying his hand at exploration in the highlands, at Oroya, 12000 feet, and about Cerro de Pasco, 9000-14000 feet, and descending the Urubamba from La Raya, 14000 down to Santa Ana, 3000 feet, Dr. Eigenmann found he must. relinquish the high mountains in my favor by reasons of health. For the remainder of the time my apportionment was the third objective mentioned above. In addition to studies of fishes, I collected parasitological materials for the University of Illinois; earthworms and freshwater sponges being also on the list of desiderata.
Later, 1920, I was sent as traveling fellow of Indiana University to continue exploration on down the eastern slopes of the Andes to the Amazon. Collections made on that, the ‘‘Centennial’’, expedition are the principal basis of the present volume.
After my return some time remained which could be devoted to a study of certain groups. For several years these collections were given intermittent attention by Prof. Kigenmann and a number of his students. A few species were described by Myers, and by Eigenmann and Pearson. The Characins were combed through for materials to complete the monograph of that family. My Doradidae were studied by Eigenmann and used in his monograph of that nematognath group.
By 1925 a not inconsiderable amount of material had been studied and partially put in writing. This included the first draft of descriptions of many new species, and records and notes on most of the Nematognathi. xi
xil INTRODUCTION During the winter of 1925-26 Professor Eigenmann, while enroute to Florida in vain search of health, mislaid this rough manuscript on board a train. He never saw it again, nor resumed work on the collection, his death occurring not long afterward, April 24, 1927, after a year at San Diego. The missing papers were brought to light by Mr. George F. Scheer, in January, 1928, in a repository for lost and found articles in the offices of the Baltimore and Ohio Ry. at Indianapolis. By him they were forwarded to President W. L. Bryan and by him to me. During the ensuing summer (1928) I spent five or six weeks making a careful recheck of the manuscript with the collections in the Indiana University Museum and continuing with the study of parts not covered by the manuscript. While working in the Iquitos region I employed as assistant, mayordomo and interpreter a Barbado-Peruvian, Percival Morris. With the training which I was able to give him, he continued making local collections for a year after my departure. These were brought by him personally to New York at the end of that time, and form a substantial part of the fruits of the Centennial Expedition. Two by-products of the Irwin and Centennial Expeditions, not of ichthyological character, should be mentioned:
Cubé, a fish-poison and insecticide used in the interior of Peru, and discussed more at length on later pages, was introduced into the United States, and subsequently has become an important source of rotenone.
A method of caring for photographic materials in the tropics was designed, and improved by more or less accidental discoveries in the field. The method was described on my return (Allen, 1922b) and later accounts indicate that it has now come into general use.
The Indiana University collections of Jordan and of Eigenmann were sold in the Autumn of 1929 to the California Academy of Sciences, and were removed without loss or impairment under the painstaking care of Dr. Barton W. Evermann, Mr. H. Walton Clark, and Mr. Alvin Seale, to Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, where I was able to visit them again in the summer of 1940. For a consideration of the regions visited during the Irwin Expedition, consult Eigenmann, 1922b. The following pages narrate briefly my participation in that enterprise, and continue with the story of the Centennial Expedition. If Stefansson appropriately designates a certain area of the polar sea as the pole of inaccessibility, perhaps I may be permitted to nominate this region east of the Peruvian Andes as the Equator of Inaccessibility, the scene of the following explorations.