ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 405 Crenicichla argynnis Cope, 1871 (1872), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXIII, 253, Rio Ambyiacu; Pellegrin, 1903 (1904), Mém. Soc. Zool. France, XVI, 373. Crenicichla proteus Cope, 1871 (1872), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXITT, 252, Rio Ambyiacu; Pellegrin, 1903 (1904), Mém. Soc. Zool. France, XVI, 373. Trinidad to Rio Grande do Sul, Paraguay and Peru 17768, 6, 67-100 mm., brook, Puerto Bermudez, R. Pichis, Allen, July, 1920. 17769,5,115-170mm.circa,LagoCashiboya,Allen,August,1920. 17770, 1, 134 mm., brook, Rio Itaya, Allen, September, 1920. 17771, 9, 82-190 mm., creek, Rio Morona, Allen, October, 1920. Wiss , pond, Iquitos, Allen, September, 1920. 17792, 2, 245 and 280 mm., Manaos, Allen, December, 1920. 525. CRENICICHLA LUCIUS Cope Crenicichla lucius Cope, 1871, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XI, 570; Cope, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 697, Rio Cachiyacu, Huallaga basin, near Moyobamba; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1891, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 70; Pellegrin, 1903 (1904), Mém. Soc. Zool. France, XVI, 377; Regan, 1905, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), XV, 160; Eigenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia,III,477. Basin of Rio Huallaga One specimen, six inches long, in the Hauxwell collection at the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences.
526. CRENICICHLA ANTHURUS Cope Crenicichla anthurus Cope, 1871 (1872), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXIII, 252, pl. x, fig. 1, Rio Ambyiacu; BKigenmann and Eigenmann, 1891, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 70; Pellegrin, 1903 (1904), Mém. Soe. Zool. France, XVI, 377. Crenicichla lucius (in part) Regan, 1905, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), XV, 160; Eigenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniy.Exped.Patagonia,IIT,477. Amazons of Peru and Ecuador 15986, 4, 111-138 mm., Iquitos, Morris, 1922. This material is sufficiently unlike C. luctus to allow its withdrawal from the synonymy of that species, placing it with the Ambyiacu species, anthurus, which is nearby both taxonomically and geographically. 527. CRENICICHLA GEAYI Pellegrin Crenicichla geayi Pellegrin, 1903, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., IX, 123; Pellegrin, 1903 (1904), Mém. Soe. Zool. France, XVI, 375; Regan,1905,Proc.Zool.Soc.London,161; Higenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniy.Exped.Patagonia,ITT,477. Rio Orinoco, Peruvian Amazon 15986,6,114-188mm.toendofmiddlecaudalrays,Iquitos,Morris,1922. 17772, 1, 170 mm., creek, Pto. Bermudez, R. Pichis, Allen, July, 1920.
406 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA Middle series of scales 55; D. XXII, 10; A. III, 8 ———, 3, 117-138 mm., creek, Yurimaguas, Allen, November, 1920. If hybridization were known to occur among the species of Crenicichla, both C. geayi and C. saxatilis might be thought to have contributed to the pedigree of the three uncatalogued specimens.
528. CRENICICHLA JOHANNA Heckel Crenicichla johanna Heckel, 1840, Ann. Wiener Mus., I, 417, R. Guaporé; Steindachner, 1882 (1883), Denksch. KK. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LX VI, 3, Rio Huallaga, one, 250 mm.; Regan,1905,Proc.Zool.Soc.London,168; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 478; Haseman,1911c,Ann.CarnegieMus.,VII,356; Eigenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,520.
Crenicichla joanna Cope, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 697, Rio Marafion. Crenicichla johanna johanna Ginther, 1862, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., IV, 307. CrenicichlabrasiliensisjohannaKigenmannandEigenmann,1891,Proc.U.S.Nat.Mus.,XIV,69; Pellegrin, 1902, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., VIII, 182; Pellegrin, 1903 (1904), Mém. Soc. Zool. France, XVI, 383, fig. 42, 6. Venezuela and the Guianas to upper Amazons 17773, 3, 192-282 mm., Rio Pacaya, Allen, August, 1920. Genus 214: PTEROPHYLLUM Heckel PterophyllumHeckel,1840,Ann.WienerMus.,IT,334; Giinther, 1862, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., IV, 316; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1891, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 71; Pellegrin, 1903 (1904), Mém. Soc. Zool. France, XVI, 215; EKigenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia,IIT,479; Eigenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,520; Ahl, 1928, Zool. Anz., LX XVI, 319.
Type: Platax scalaris Cuvier and Valenciennes Orinoco, Guiana, Amazons Extremely compressed and deep; spines of dorsal and anal graduated, the first rays prolonged into long filaments; gill-arch not modified, the rakers 11-14, moderate, stiff; teeth conical, in bands, the outer ones in each jaw larger than the inner; maxillary but slightly visible.
529. PreROPHYLLUM SCALARE (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Platax scalaris Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1831, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 237, Brazil. PterophyllumscalarisHeckel,1840,Ann.WienerMus.,IT,335,R.Negro; Ginther, 1862, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., IV, 316; Cope, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXIII, 250, R. Ambyiacu; Steindachner, 1875, Sitzb. IIx. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LX.XI, 136.
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 407 PterophyllumscalareEigenmannandEigenmann,1891,Proc.U.8.Nat.Mus.,XIV,71; Pellegrin, 1902, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., VIII, 183; Pellegrin, 1903 (1904), Mém. Soc. Zool. France, XVI, 251, ‘‘Haut-Perou,” 8 specimens, 2 from ‘“‘Haut-Amazone”’; Regan, 1905, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), XVI, 441; EKigenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia,III,479; Eigenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,521; Ahl, 1928, Zool. Anz., LX-XVI, 319.
Range that of the genus 15988,6,60-99mm.toendofmiddlecaudalrays,Iquitos,Morris,1922. 17780, 3, 65-78 mm., Yarinacocha, Allen, August, 1920. Order HETEROSOMATA Family XXIII: Soleidae Genus 215: ACHIRUS Lacépéde Achirus Lacépede, 1803, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 658; Cuvier,1829,RégneAnim.,ed.u1,II,343; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, ITI, 483; Eigenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,526; Myers,1929,Copeia,no.171,36,37; Hubbs, 1936, Carnegie Inst. Publ., 457, 284. TrinectesRafinesque,1832,AtlanticJour.,I,scabra. Grammichthys,MonochirusKaup,1858,Arch.Naturg.,XXIV,94. Baiostoma Bean, 1882, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., V, 413. Barostoma Jordan and Gilbert, 1883, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., XVI, 965. AnathyridiumChabanaud,1928,Bull.Inst.Océanogr.,no.523,25. Type: Pleuronectes achirus Linnaeus Jamaica to Buenos Aires and Amazons Jaws equal; ventrals nearly equally developed and not continuous with the anal fin, their origin remote from chin; scales ctenoid; a margin about the blind side of the head with profuse fringes; lateral line straight. 530. ACHIRUS ACHIRUS (Linnaeus) “Passer lineis transversis notatus” Sloane, 1725, Jamaica, II, 277, pl. cexlvi, fig. 2. PleuronecteslineatusLinnaeus,1758,Syst.Nat.,ed.x,I,268. Achirus lineatus Valenciennes, 1847, in d’Orb. Voy. Amér. Merid., V, pl. xvi, fig. 2; BHigenmannandEKigenmann,1891,Proce.U.S.Nat.Mus.,XIV,73; Jordan and Evermann, 1898, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 47, ITI, 2697; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 483; Kigenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,526; Fowler,1914,Proce.Acad.Nat.Sci.Phila.,LX.VI,283; Hubbs,1936,CarnegieInst.Publ.,no.457,284. Baeostoma(Anathyridium)maculipinnisChabanaud,1935,Bull.Inst.Océanogr.,no.523,25. AchirusachirusChabanaud,1935,Bull.Inst.Océanogr.,no.661,1-24; Fowler, 1939 (1940), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XCI, 278, two, 150 and 174 mm., Contamana.
408 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA Florida keys, West Indies to Uruguay, La Plata, and the Peruvian Amazon 16155,5,28-163mm.,Gosulimacocha,Allen,October,1920. 16156, 2, 103-157 mm., Iquitos, Morris, 1922. 16157, 8, 27-120 mm., R. Huallaga, Yurimaguas, Allen, November, 1920. 16163, 4, 16-27 mm., Yarinacocha, Allen, September, 1920. ) Genus 216: ACHIROPSIS Steindachner Achiropsis Steindachner, 1876, Sitzb. KIX. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LX XIV, 158; Eigenmann and Higenmann, 1891, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XIV, 73; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 483. Type: Solea natterert Steindachner Rio Negro to the Huallaga Gill-openings small, narrow slits on both sides of the head; snout produced in the form of a pendant to the origin of the ventral fins; scales well-developed, without fringes; both ventral fins well developed. 531. ACHIROPSIS NATTERERI Steindachner Solea (Achiropsis) nattereri Steindachner, 1876, Sitzb. KK. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LAXIV, 158. Achiropsis nattereri Jordan and Goss, 1886 (1889), Rept. U.S. Fish Comm., XTV, 318; Eigenmann and EKigenmann, 1891, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 73; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, ITT, 483; Chabanaud, 1927, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9), XX, 528, note; Chabanaud, 1928, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (10), I, 640; Fowler, 1939 (1940), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XCI, 279, one, 225 mm., Contamana. Rio Negro to the Huallaga basin 16158,1,209mm.,RioHuallaga,Yurimaguas,Allen,November,1920. 16159, 2, 150 and 165 mm., Iquitos, Morris, 1922. 16160, 3, 129-193 mm., Iquitos, Allen, 1920. The present and preceding species are members of that not insignificant marine relict fauna which extends up the Amazon and its Peruvian affluents for three thousand miles or more.
Order PLECTOGNATHI Family XXIV: Tetraodontidae Genus 217: COLOMESUS Gill Tetrodon Bloch and Schneider, 1801, Syst. Ichth., 505; Giinther, 1870, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., VIII, 286. Les Batrachopes Bibron, 1855, Rev. Zool., (2), VII, 279, psillacus. BatrachopsBibron,1855,Rev.Mag.Zool.,VIII,280,preoccupied, Colomesus Gill, 1884, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., VII, 422, pszttacus; Eigenmann and EKigenmann, 1891, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 73; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, ITI, 484; Eigenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,528.
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 409 Type: Tetrodon psittacus Bloch and Schneider Marine and fresh waters of South Americe Puffers with narrow frontals, not reaching to the orbit of the eye, and united with the prefontals; snout rounded, obtuse; dorsal and anal fins short and rounded. 532. CoLomEsus psirracus (Bloch and Schneider) OstraciontetraodonSeba,1748,Locupl.Rer.Nat.,III,pre-Linnaean. TetrodonpsittacusBlochandSchneider,1801,Syst.Ichth.,505; Giinther, 1870, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., VIII, 286; Cope, 1878, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XVII, 695, Maranon. Colomesus psittacus Gill, 1884, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., VII, 422; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1891, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XIV, 73; Jordan and Evermann, 1898, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., no. 47, 1740; Eigenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia,III,484; Bigenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,529.
West Indies and Guianas to Para and Peru 16140, , Rio Paranapura, Yurimaguas, Allen, November, 1920. 16141, , Iquitos, Allen, September, 1920.
16142, , Yurimaguas, Allen, November, 1920.
16143, many, , Rio Morona, Allen, October, 1920. 16144, , Gosulimacocha, Allen, October, 1920. Many specimens were taken, of considerable range in size. This is still another of the relict fauna of an area once oceanic. They also reach to the fringes of the Andes, a distance probably exceeding three thousand miles from salt water at the mouth of the Amazon. Like their marine relatives they continue the habit of swallowing water or air, whichever may be the more convenient, and taking on an almost spherical outline.
. Fie. 48. Farewell to South America on the docks at Para.
BIBLIOGRAPHY I. POPULAR WORKS WHICH CONTAIN ALLUSIONS TO FISHES André, Eugene.
1904. Naturalist in the Guianas. London; Smith Elder & Co. Bandelier,AdolphF. 1910. The Islands of Titicaca and Koati. New York; Hispanic Soc. Bates,HenryW. 1864. A Naturalist on the River Amazons, ed. 2. London, John Murray. Beals, Carleton.
1934. Fire on the Andes. Philadelphia; J. B. Lippincott & Company. Beebe, William.
1917. Tropical Wild Life (Chap. 34 by Rev. Walter G. White on fishes). New York; N. Y. Zoological Soc.
Bowman, Isaiah.
1916. The Andes of Southern Peru. New York; Henry Holt and American Geographical Soc.
Bowman, Isaiah.
1924. Desert Trails of Atacama. New York; American Geographical Soc., Special Publ. no.
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Castelnau, Francois de.
1855. Animaux Nouveaux ou Rares de L’Amerique du Sud, Tome I. Paris; P. Bertrand. Cherrie,GeorgeK. 1930. Dark Trails. New York; G. P. Putnam’s Sons. Church, Col. G. E. 1912. The Aborigines of South America. London; Chapman and Hall. Cutright,PaulRussell. 1940. The Great Naturalists Explore South America. New York; The Macmillan Co. Daniel, Hawthorne. (See Dickey, H. 58.) Dell, Anthony.
1926. Llama Land. New York and London; Geoffrey Bles. Dent,CharlesHastings. 1886. A Year in Brazil. London; Kegan Paul Trench. Dickey,HerbertSpencer,andHawthorneDaniel. 1929. The Misadventures of a Tropical Medico. New York; Dodd, Mead & Co. Domville-Fife,CharlesW. n.d. The United States of Brazil. New York; James Polt & Co. 1924. Among the Wild Tribes of the Amazons. London; Seeley, Service & Co. Duguid, Julian.
1931. Green Hell. New York; Century Co. Dyott,G.M.
1930. Man Hunting in the Jungle. Indianapolis; Bobbs-Merrill Co. Enock,C.Reginald. 1907. The Andes and the Amazon. London; T. Unwin Fisher. Ewbank, Thomas.
1856. Life in Brazil. New York; Harper and Bros. Fleming, Peter.
1934. The Brazilian Adventure. New York; Chas. Scribner's Sons Co. 411
412 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA Franck, Harry A.
1922. Working North from Patagonia. New York; Century Co. Gibbon,Lardner(SeeHerndon). Grubb,KennethG.
1930. The Amazon and the Andes. New York; Lincoln Macveagh. Guenther, Konrad.
1931. A Naturalist in Brazil. Boston; Houghton, Mifflin Co. Hartt,CharlesFrederick. 1870. Geology and Geography of Brazil (Scientific Results of a Voyage in Brazil). Boston; Fields,Osgood&Co.
Herndon, William Lewis, Lieut. and Lieut. Lardner Gibbon. 1854. Exploration of the Valley of the Amazon, vols. I and III, and Atlases, vols. II and IV. Robert Armstrong, Public Printer; A. O. P. Nicholson, Public Printer. Humboldt,Alexandervon,andAiméBonpland(Trans.ThomasinaRoss). 1852. Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of America during the Years 1799-1804; vols. III. London; Bohn & Co. Johnson,GeorgeR.,Lieut. 1930. Peru from the Air. New York; American Geographical Soc. Special Publ. no. 12. Kahn,MortonC.
1931. Djuka. New York; Viking Press. Kingston, W. H. G.
1872. On the Banks of the Amazon. London; T. Nelson and Sons. Koebel, W. H.
1915. The South Americans. London; Methuen & Co. Koebel, W. H. ed.
n. d. Enciclopedia de la America del Sur, Tomos I-IV. Buenos Aires y London; Anglo & Latin American Publishing Co.
Lange, Algot.
1912. Inthe Amazon Jungle. New York; G. P. Putnam’s Sons Co. Lange, Algot.
1914. The Lower Amazon. New York; G. P. Putnam’s Sons Co. MacCreagh, Gordon.
1926. White Waters and Black. New York; Century Co. McGovern,WilliamMontgomery. 1927. Jungle Paths and Inca Ruins. New York; Century Co. Marcoy,Paul.
1875. Travels in South America, vols. I and Il. New York; Scribner, Armstrong & Co. Martin,PercyF.
1905. Through Five Republics. London; William Heinemann. May,EarlChapin.
1924. 2000 Miles through Chile. New York; Century Co. Means,PhilipAinsworth. 1931. Ancient Civilizations of the Andes. New York; Chas. Scribner’s Sons. Medina, Jose Toribio. (Trans. Bertram T. Lee.) 1934. The Discovery of the Amazon. New York; American Geographical Soc., Special Publ.no.17.
Miller, Leo E.
1919. In the Wilds of South America. London; T. Fisher Unwin. Mozans, H. J.
1910. Up the Orinoco and down the Magdalena. New York; D. Appleton & Co. 1911. Along the Andes and down the Amazon. New York; D. Appleton & Co.