ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 101 Pectorals reaching middle of dorsal, dorsal beyond base of ventral, ventral to the middle point between the anus and anal fin, end of anal not to end of adipose, caudal bifureated more than half its length.
Eye 4 in head; in interorbital space 1.2-1.5; 1.4-1.5 in the snout; width of head in its length 1.6: mouth 2.4-2.7 in the length of the head; maxillary barbels reaching to the adipose; outer mental barbels not nearly to ventrals; inner mental to pectorals.
Color darker than other species, nearly black on head to light brown below. Blue-black line from opercle along lateral line to middle caudal rays. Name in allusion to its mountainous habitat.
40. PIMELODELLA PERUANA Eigenmann and Myers, sp. nov.
Plate Tie tigs 75 15868, 1, 52 mm., type, Inahuaya, Rio Ucayali; also paratype from same locality, very minute, Allen,August22,1920.
Allied to P. transitoria, P. hartii, and P. meeki.
Head 4.66 in length to basal of caudal; adipose 4.25 in the same, reaching just past vertical of tip of appressed anal fin. Distance from snout to dorsal 3 in length to base of caudal. Eye 4.16 in head length; interorbital 4.5 in same; width of head somewhat greater than snout plus eye; snout equals 4 of postorbital part of head; width of occipital process 3 in its length.
Anterior border of pectoral spine with three weak serrations near the end, and numerous very evident rugosities near the basal part; posterior border with ten strong thorns, the first being proximal of the third serration of the anterior border; pectoral spine equals head less opercle, slightly longer than the dorsal spine; the latter not attenuated.
Maxillary barbels extending past tip of ventrals, but not quite reaching to anal fin.
Dorsal I, 6; A. I, 12; no mucous pores on head; caudal lobes equal, 1.25 in the length of the head.
Coloration silvery, with a darkish lateral-line streak and a humeral spot; supraoccipital dark; dorsal plain.
41. PIMELODELLA CYANOSTIGMA (Cope) Rhamdia cyanostigma Cope, 1870, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XI, 569, Pebas; EKigenmannandHigenmann,1890,Oce.PapersCal.Acad.Sci.,I,164. Pimelodus cyanostigma Cope, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 675; Higenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 388. Pimelodella cyanostigma Fowler, 1915, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 218; Eigenmann, 1917, Mem. Carnegie Mus., VII, 242.
Known only from the types from Pebas, in the Philadelphia Academy collections. May bea Rhamdia, inasmuch as the pectoral spines are broken off. Native helpers must be watched carefully to forestall this type of mutilation, when collect-
102 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA ing, done in the interest of safety. Specimens in the markets are invariably marred in this respect, although perfect otherwise.
42. PIMELODELLA GRACILIS (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Pimelodus gracilis Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1840, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 181; Valenciennes, 1847, Voy. d’Orbigny, atlas IT, pl. 1, fig. 5; Giinther, 1864, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 121.
Pimelodella gracilis Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1888, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I, 132; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1890, Occ. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 153; EHigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 389; Eigenmann, 1917, Mem. Carnegie Mus., VII, 238; Pearson, 1937a, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (4), XXIII, 92, Tingo de Pauca and Pusoc, upper Maranon.
La Plata to the Orinoco Genus 15: PIMELODUS Lacépéde Pimelodus Lacépéde, 1803, Hist. Nat. Poiss. V, polygeneric sp.; Cuvier, 1817, Régne Anim., II, 203 (restricted to species having only a single band of teeth intheupperjaw); Swainson,1837,Fish.Amph.Rept.,II,305,quadrimaculatus; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1890, Occ. Papers Cal. Acad. Sei, I, 162; Higenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 388; Eigenmann, 1912, Mem. Carnegie Mus., V, 171.
Type: Pimelodus maculatus Lacépéde (Silurus quadrimaculatus Bloch) All South America southward to La Plata and westward to the Andes Edentulous palate (teeth on pterygoid in one species); vomerine teeth in small patches or wanting; fontanel not extending past the eyes; humeral process broad and not spine-like; crown of the head granulose; dorsal I, 6; dorsal and pectoral spines stout; eye with free orbital margin; barbels terete. 43. PimeLopus pictus Steindachner Pimelodus pictus Steindachner, 1876, Sitzb. Kix. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LX XIV, 96, Peruvian Amazon; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1888, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I, 184, Hyavary; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1890, Oce. Papers Cal. Acad. Sei., I, 170; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 388. Peruvian tributaries of Amazon to Hyavary 15754,9,97-105mm.,RioHuallaga,Yurimaguas,Allen,November,1920. 15755,1,105mm.,RioParanapura,Yurimaguas,Allen,November,1920. 15756, 1, 92 mm., mouth Rio Pacaya, Allen, August, 1920. 15757, 3, 94-104 mm., Rio Morona, Allen, August, 1920. Steep profile flattened on interorbital region; postorbital region much rounded transversely; occipital process keeled; head bones granular; premaxillary band of teeth projecting; vomerine teeth in small patches; eye 3.5 in head, 1.33 in the snout, 1.2 in the interorbital; maxillary barbels extending slightly beyond base of adipose or to the caudal; mental barbels to the base of the pectoral; postmental to the tip
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 103 of the pectoral. Distance of the dorsal spine from the snout 2.5 in the length; dorsal spine equal to head, serrated on its posterior margin, slightly so near the tip on front margin, finely granular below; distance of the adipose fin from the dorsal equals length of adipose and is contained 6 times in the length. Caudal deeply forked, longer than head; pectoral spine strongly serrated on both sides, the serrations a little stronger on the inner side. Silvery below, brownish above; faint darker areas on the back, bases and tips of dorsal rays, tip of adipose, caudal lobes black.
Fia. 16. The lower Pachitea river. Such craft of the lighter type are used for local travel, for fishing, hunting, ete.
44. PIMELODUS ORNATUS Kner Pimelodus ornatus Kner, 1857, Sitzb. KIx. Akad. Wiss. Wien, X XVI, 411, fig. 18, Surinam to Rio Negro; Ginther, 1864, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 116, Para; Eigenmann and Higenmann, 1888, Proe. Cal. Aead. Sei., (2), I, 134; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 388; Figenmann, 1912, Mem. Carnegie Mus., V, 175; Pearson, 1937a, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (4), X XIII, 92, Pusoe, upper Maranon. PimelodusornataKigenmannandHigenmann,1890,Occ.PapersCal.Acad.Sci.,I,168.
104 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA Peruvian Amazon to Paraguay and the Caribbean 15758,1,175mm.,RioParanapura,Yurimaguas,Allen,November,1920. Nearly straight profile, snout projecting; premaxillary band of teeth nearly double the width of the mandibular; dorsal spine short, not nearly reaching tip of last ray, conspicuous dark spot on anterior half; caudal rounded. 45. PimeLopus cCLARIAS (Bloch) Silurus clarias Bloch, 1795, Ausl. Fische, pl. xxxv, figs. 1 and 2. PimelodusclariasLacépéede,1803,Hist.Nat.Poiss.,V,93; Castelnau, 1855, Anim. Amér. Sud, Poiss., 34, Rio Ucayah; Steindachner, 1882 (1883), Denksch. KIx. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XLVI, 4, one specimen from the Huallaga; Higenmann and Higenmann, 1888, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sei., (2), I, 134; EHigenmannandEigenmann,1890,Occ.PapersCal.Acad.Sci.,I,171,(withfivesubspecies describedbutunnamed); BKigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 388. Pseudorhamdia piscatrix Cope, 1870, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XI, 569; Cope, 1872, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., X XIII, 262, Ambyiacu; Cope, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 674, Peruvian Amazon. All South America La Plata northward, Andes eastward (Allmeasurementsaretoendofmiddlecaudalrays).
15799, 4, 183-210 mm., Rio Pachitea, Allen, July, 1920. 15800,3,121-150mm.,Gosulimacocha,RioMorona,Allen,September,1920. 15851,6,157-214mm.,Iquitos,Allen,September,1920. 15852, 3, 177-196 mm., Lago Sanango, Yurimaguas, Allen, November, 1920. Dorsal spine longer thanheadintwo.
15853,6,151-186mm.,Manaos,Brazil,Allen,December,1920. 15854, 5, 90-127 mm., Rio Ucayali, Contamana, Allen, August, 1920. 15855, 10, 59-92 mm., Lago Cashiboya, Allen, August, 1920. 15856,1,88mm.,RioMaranonbelowmouthofPastaza,Allen,October,1920. 15857, 2, 73-84 mm., Rio Ucayali, near Orellana, Allen, August, 1920. Differing from pictus in the want of brown bars on the caudal. Anal emarginate; no conspicuous dark area on dorsal, but sides may be variously streaked or plain; profile steep, snout narrow and not sharply snouted; pectoral spine with anterior margin nearly smooth, dorsal spine weakly serrate. Surface feeders, often seen acting as scavengers of waste thrown from the boatlandings and decks of steam launches. Recognizable in their muddy habitat from the long, plumbeous to black barbels which break the surface-film and lie along the surface, moving in serpentine fashion ahead of, and about, the fish. 46. PimeLopus LEpTrus Eigenmann and Pearson, sp. nov. Plate IV, fig. 3 15858, 1, type, 175 mm., Rio Pachitea, Allen, July, 1920. Closely related to P. westermanni and P. altissimus, from which it differs in possessing a slightly larger eye, longer adipose, and longer barbels.
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 105 Head 5; depth 5.9; D. 1, 6; A. 10; eye 4; interorbital 3.5; width of the head 1.45 in its length, moderately convex above; occipital bone with lines radiating anteriorly and posteriorly from the fontanel; occipital fontanel + the length of the eye and 4 as wide as long; the top of the head covered with thin skin; frontal fontanel not quite extending to above the posterior margin of the pupil; eye elliptical, its length only slightly less than the interorbital space; mouth inferior, small; no teeth on the intermaxillary; the lower jaw with a band of fine teeth set in a fleshy cushion; gill membranes separate to below the anterior margin of the eye; gill rakers slender, simple, } the length of the gill filament, 8 + 16; maxillary barbels slightly compressed, extending more than the length of the head beyond the end of the middle caudal rays; outer mental barbels reaching considerably beyond the base of the ventrals, inner mentals beyond the middle of the pectorals; the pectoral and dorsal spines weak, all broken and the tips missing; the basal portion of the posterior margin of the pectoral spine with several weak thorns, the anterior margin slightly roughened; second dorsal ray extending considerably beyond the origin of the adipose when depressed; first soft rays of the pectorals not near reaching base of ventrals; ventrals not reaching anal by a distance equal to one half their length; anal slightly emarginate; distance of the origin of the dorsal from the tip of the snout 3 times in the total length; adipose fin separated from the dorsal by a distance equal to 2? the base of the dorsal, its length 2.9 in the total length; caudal lobes broken and missing.
Iridescent; a dark spot Just in front of the origin of the dorsal; dorsal fin with chromatophores on the interradial membrane.
47. PIMELODUS JIVARO Higenmann and Pearson, sp. nov.
Plate IV, fig. 2 15859, 3, cotypes, 105 mm., Creek, Rio Morona, Allen, October, 1920. 15813, a, 2, 85 and 98 mm., Creek, Rio Morona, Allen, October, 1920. Close to P. clarias, from which it differs by possessing a shorter head, a higher dorsal fin, a longer adipose, and caudal peduncle less deep.
Head 4.2; depth 4.75; D. I, 6; A. 12; eye 4; interorbital 3.8 to 4; width of the head 1.5 in its length, convex above, the surface of the bones granulate; frontal fontanel ending above the posterior edge of the pupil; occipital fontanel remaining as an oval depression; eye elliptical, its length equal to the interorbital width; mouth inferior; most of the band of the intermaxillary teeth exposed, the depth 7 times in the width; no teeth on vomer; gill rakers slender, simple, one half the length of the gill filament, 4-12; maxillary barbels compressed, their length 13 times the total length or slightly greater, outer mentals reaching to the origin of the anal, the inner mentals to the middle of the pectoral spine; pectoral spine 4 the length of the head, the posterior margin in the larger specimen has 20 strong, pointed, recurved teeth, the anterior edge with as many smaller teeth; the longest ray of the pectoral almost reaching the base of the ventral; ventrals almost to anal; the anal high, emarginate, the highest ray almost twice as long as the anal base; distance of the origin of the dorsal from the tip of the snout 24 times in the total length; dorsal
106 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA spine pungent, its anterior edge smooth, the posterior border with spines, its length 1.1 times the length of the head; adipose fin separated from the dorsal by a distance equal to ? the base of the dorsal, its length 33-33 times in the total length; caudal deeply forked, the lobes narrow.
Iridescent; humeral region darker; dorsal fin with the chromatophores collected on the interradial membranes; border of the adipose with many chromatophores.
For the dominant indigenous tribe of the region, the ‘“‘head-hunters’’, or Jivaros. Name supplied by W.R.A.
48. PIMELODUS ALTISSIMUS Eigenmann and Pearson, sp. nov.
Plate V, fig. 5 15797, 1, type, 182 mm. to end of middle caudal rays, Rio Ucayali, near Orellana, Allen, August, 1920.
Characterized by the very long and very high adipose. Closely related to P. altipinnis, from which it differs by possessing a much higher dorsal spine, longer pectoral spines, and a steeper predorsal profile.
Head 5; depth 4.85; D. I, 6; A. 12; eye 5.66; interorbital 3.5; width of the head 1.38 in its length; convex above, the surface of the bones granulate; frontal fontanel ending above the posterior margin of the eye; occipital fontanel completely grown over; eye elliptical, its length 1.5 times in the interorbital; mouth inferior, the upper jaw projecting somewhat beyond the lower, exposing one half of the band of intermaxillary teeth; intermaxillary band of teeth 3.5 times as broad as deep; no teeth on vomer; maxillary barbels compressed, their length 1.33 times the total length, outer mentals reaching slightly beyond the end of the middle caudal rays, the inner mentals slightly beyond the base of the ventrals; pectoral spine almost as long as the head, serrated along the posterior and anterior margins, 36 hooks along the inner margin; pectorals not quite reaching base of ventrals; ventrals not quite to the anal; distance of the origin of the dorsal from the tip of the snout 3.2 times in the total length; dorsal spine pungent, the anterior margin smooth, the posterior margin with a few very weak spines, its length 1.4 times in the length of the head; origin of the adipose immediately behind the base of the dorsal, its length 2.28 in the total length; caudal deeply forked, the lower lobe much narrower than the upper.
Iridescent, an oblong dark spot above the tip of the humeral process; dorsal with the chromatophores thickest on the interradial membrane, the border of the adipose with many chromatophores.
Genus 16: GOELDIELLA Eigenmann and Norris Goeldiella Eigenmann and Norris, 1900, Revista Mus. Paulista, IV, 353; Bigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 388; Eigenmann, 1912, Mem. Carnegie Mus., V, 177.
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 107 Type: Pimelodus eques Miller and Troschel Range, that of the unique species Differing from the nearby Pimelodus and Pimelodella in the unequally lobed and rounded caudal fin, giving it an oblique form. 49. GOELDIELLA EQUES (Miiller and Troschel) Pimelodus eques Miller and Troschel in Schomburgk, 1848, Reisen, III, 628; Bigenmann and Eigenmann, 1890, Occ. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 166. GoeldiellaequesEigenmannandNorris,1900,RevistaMus.Paulista,IV,353; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 388; Higenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,177.
Entire Amazon and northward 15968,4,97-185mm.,Iquitos,Morris,1922.
Head flat; a deep groove from the maxillary barbel to beneath the eye; anal fin peculiar in the rounded form of the free margin, the eighth ray the highest, 2 in the head; dorsal spine rather weak, 1.6 in the head; pectoral spine longer, 1.4 in head, and stronger; strong extrorse teeth on anterior border, and retrorse on the posterior. Gill-membrane edged with white; brownish general color, marbled with darker; a dark spot on shoulder sometimes continued across back, in front of dorsal spine, and backward as lateral band to caudal.
Genus 17: DUOPALATINUS Eigenmann and Eigenmann Duopalatinus Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1888, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I, 136; BigenmannandEigenmann,1890,Occ.PapersCal.Acad.Sci.,I,200; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 391. Type: Platystoma emarginatum Cuvier and Valenciennes Rio Sao Francisco to the Ucayali Similar to brachyplatystoma, differing in that the vomerine and palatine patches of teeth, although uniform, are widely separated; caudal deeply forked, lobes long and pointed; head narrowed at gape; adipose longer than anal. 50. DuOPALATINUS PERUANUS Eigenmann and Allen, sp. nov. Plate IV, fig. 4 15798, 1, type, 176 mm., to end of middle caudal rays, Rio Puinagua, mouth of Rio Pacaya, Allen, August, 1920.
Head 3.6; depth 5; D. I, 6; A. I, 9; head broader than deep, its width equal to its length less the opercle, its depth about equal to the length of the snout; eye with a free margin, a little nearer the end of the opercle than to the tip of the snout, 7 in the head, 2.25 in interorbital; maxillary barbel extending past tip of caudal; outer mental barbel extending to the ventrals; inner mental barbels slightly beyond
108 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA origin of pectorals; gill membranes free from each other and from the isthmus; mouth broad, premaxillary teeth in a rounded band; mandibular band tapered backward; teeth of the roof of the mouth in two vomerine patches, two palatine patches, and two pterygoid patches; lower jaw much shorter. Lateral line with a series of ossicles diminishing toward the end of the dorsal. Occipital process extending to the lower plate; fontanel extending to near the posterior margin of the eye.
Dorsal faleate, the spine with feeble hooks behind, slightly roughened in front, equal to snout and eye; first ray considerably longer than the spine; adipose dorsal 3.66 in the length, beginning at the tip of the last dorsal ray; caudal very deeply forked, the upper ray prolonged, nearly equal to the combined dorsal and adipose; anal truncate; pectoral short and broad, the spine short, heavy, pungent, the outer surface rough; the inner surface serrate, the spine about two thirds as long as the dorsal spine, the first ray about equal to the length of the dorsal spine. Tip of dorsal dark; no distinct markings.
Genus 18: PSEUDOPLATYSTOMA Bleeker Platystoma Agassiz, 1829, Sel. Gen. et Spec. Pisce. Bras., 28, sp. SorubimSpix,1829,Sel.Gen.etSpec.Pisce.Bras.,pls.xii-xv. Pseudoplatystoma Bleeker, 1863, Nederl. Tijdsch. Dierk., I, 97; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1890, Occ. Papers Cal. Acad. Sei., I, 207; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 391; Eigenmann, 1912, Mem. Carnegie Mus., V, 182.
HemiplatystomaBleeker,1863,Nederl.Tijdsch.Dierk.,I,97,tagrinwm. Type: Silurus fasciatus Linnaeus (part) Throughout Amazons, to Surinam Head greatly depressed; top of head bony; occipital processes meeting, or nearly meeting, dorsal plate; fontanel extending from the middle of the snout to behind the eyes and continued as a groove to the occipital; width of mouth about equal to the greatest width of the head; upper jaw a little longer than the lower; jaw teeth uniform; vomerine teeth constricted in the middle line, and with palatine teeth in more or less confluent patches, the two forming a comma-shaped area on each side of the palate; gill-rakers short, spinose, not overlapping; caudal deeply cleft, the lobes rounded, with the rays much branched; branchiostegals 14-15; barbels short.
51. PSEUDOPLATYSTOMA FASCIATUM (Linnaeus) Silurus fasciatus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, I, 505; Bloch, 1794, Ausl. Fisehe, VIII, 30, pl. 366; Bloch and Schneider, 1801, Syst. Ichth., 382.
Pimelodus fasciatum Lacépéde, 1803, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 94, 99, 100. Platystoma fasciatum Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1840, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 14; Giinther, 1864, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 107; Cope, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 674, Peruvian Amazon;