ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 213 Gunther,1869,Proce.Zool.Soe.London,235,Neberos; Cope, 1874, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XX VI, 135; Cope, 1878, Proce. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 681, Peruvian Amazon; EigenmannandEigenmann,1890,Occ.PapersCal.Acad.Sci.,I,366. SturisomarostrataSwainson,1839,Fish.Amph.Rept.,II,304; Higenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia,III,416. OxyloricariarostrataRegan,1904,Trans.Zool.Soc.London,XVIT,300. Panama, Rio Maranon, to upper Paraguay valley 15382, 4, 104-233 mm. to end of middle caudal rays, Amazon, Iquitos, Allen, Morris, 1920-1922. 15383, 5, 91-232 mm., Rio Morona, Allen, October, 1920. 15384, 2, female, 192 mm.; male, 250 mm., Rio Huallaga, Yurimaguas, Allen, November, 1920. 15385,4,143-201mm.,RioUcayali,nearOrellana,Allen,August,1920. 15386, 1, 225 mm., Lago Cashiboya, Allen, August, 1920. 15387, 1, 211 mm., Rio Ucayali, Contamana, Allen, July, 1920. 234. STURISOMA GUNTHERI (Regan) Loricariarostrata(nonSpix)Giinther,1868,Proc.Zool.Soe.London,235; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1889, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sei., (2), IT, 35; EigenmannandEigenmann,1890,Oec.PapersCal.Acad.Sci.,1,366. OxyloricariaguentheriRegan,1904,Trans.Zool.Soc.London,XVII,299,pl.xviii,fig.1. Sturisomagiinther?BKigenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia,IIT,416. Xeberos, Peruvian Amazon; middle Amazon 235. STURISOMA NIGROROSTRUM Fowler SturiosomanigroraostrumFowler,1939(1940),Proc.Acad.Nat.Sci.Phila.,XCI,249,figs.48-50. Rio Ucayali, Contamana Represented by three specimens at the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, type and paratypes, 179-220 mm. in length to end of broken caudal filament. Distinguishable by the black snout.
Genus 91: FARLOWELLA Eigenmann and Figenmann Acestra(nonDallas)Kner,1853,Denksch.IKXIx.Akad.Wiss.Wien,VI,93; Giinther, 1864, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 260. Farlowella Eigenmann and Kigenmann, 1889, Proc. Cal. Acad. Se1., (2), I, 32; EigenmannandEigenmann,1890,Oec.PapersCal.Acad.Se1.,1,355; Regan, 1904, Trans. Zool. Soe. London, XVII, 302; EigenmannandEigenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia,IIT,416; Figenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,252.
Type: Acestra acus Kner Amazons to the Guianas Delicate, slender, long-snouted, loricaruform fishes; dorsal opposite the anal, in part over the ventrals; 6-8 plates separate the occipital plate from the dorsal fin; ventral plates large and in two or three series.
214 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA 236. FARLOWELLA KNERIL (Steindachner) Acestra knerii Steindachner, 1882, Denksch. KKK. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XLVI, 26, pl. vil, figs. 1 and 1a, Canelos; Boulenger,1887,Proce.Zool.Soc.London,278,Canelos,Sarayacu. FarlowellakneriiEigenmannandEigenmann,1889,Proc.Cal.Acad.Sei.,(2),34; EigenmannandHigenmann,1890,Occ.PapersCal.Acad.Sei.,I,358; Tigenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia,III,416. Farlowella kneri Regan, 1904, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, XVII, 304. Eastern slopes of Andes of Ecuador and Peru 237. FARLOWELLA AMAZONA (Ginther) Acestra amazonum Ginther, 1864, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 271, Santarem. FarlowellacarinataEigenmannandHigenmann,1889,Proce.Cal.Acad.Sei.,(2),I,33; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1890, Occ. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 356. Farlowella amazonum Regan, 1904, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, XVII, 305; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 416. Peruvian Amazon to Santarem 15377, 1, 130 mm., 128 mm. to end of middle caudal rays, Rio Pacaya, Allen, August, 1920. Length of produced part of snout 20 mm.; distance between tip of snout and anus 55 mm.
238. FARLOWELLA SMITHI Fowler Farlowella smithi Fowler, 1914, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., LX-VI, 574, fig. 24. 15375,3,156-159mm.toendofmiddlecaudalrays,RioHuallaga,Yurimaguas,Allen,November, 1920.
15376,3,154-220mm.toendofmiddlecaudalrays,Iquitos,Allen,September,1920. 15380,1,84mm.toendofmiddlecaudalrays,RioMorona,Allen,October,1920. Of 15375, two have a snout length of 22 mm., produced part, and distance between anus and tip of snout 62 mm. (third broken). For 15376 the respective measurements are as follows: a. snout length 22 mm.; snout to anus 65 mm. by ae ee fe Ry nanieal, = ci 2 OO nmnar Cc. “ iO) tantaals? 8S mm.
a3 ce “c Order HETEROGNATHI An order allied to the Nematognathi in the possession of the Weberian apparatus, differing in the possession of scales. Family XI: Characidae Characini Miller, 1843, Archiv Naturg., LX, 323. Characinidae Richardson, 1856, Eneyel. Brit., ed. vii, XII, 245; Jordan, Evermann and Clark, 1928 (1930), Rept. U. 8. Comm. Fish., Part II, 95; GregoryandConrad,1938,Zoologica,XXIII,319.
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES Zilko Characidae Gill, 1893, Mem. Acad. Nat. Sci., VI, 131; EKigenmann, 1917-1929, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XLII, 17. An extensive family, mainly tropical, through the freshwaters of South America and Africa. Sealy fishes with adipose dorsal usually; short dorsal, single, without spines; barbels and plated areas lacking. Extremely variable in body form, possibly polyphyletic, the respective subfamilies having resemblance to other fishes in similar habitats.
First Division—Cheirodontine group of Subfamilies Subfamily: CHETRODONTINAE Moderately deep-bodied; anal fin long, its origin beneath the last dorsal ray and extending almost to the caudal, which is deeply forked; mouth terminal and relatively small; cycloid scales of unspecialized type; dentition variable, allied to that of various subfamilies. Gregory and Conrad assign this subfamily the place nearest the stem of the more specialized forms. Genus 92: OTHONOCHEIRODUS Myers OthonocheirodusMyers,1927,Bull.Mus.Comp.Zool.,LNVITI,1,113. Type: Othonocheirodus eigenmanni Myers The middle Huallaga Like Monotocheirodon differing from Holosthenes, Odontostilbe and Cheirodon in the horizontal gape and the naked teeth of the upper jaw; unlike the first-named in the great horizontal extent of the maxillary; teeth 6-7; vertical ramus slight, scarcely intersecting the line of the mandibular tooth-bases, its end not rounded or free; body more compressed.
239. OTHONOCHEIRODUS EIGENMANNI Mlyers OthonocheiroduseigenmanniMyers,1927,Bull.Mus.Comp.Zool.,LXVIII,1,114. Rio Huallaga at Cayumba rapids 17674, 17675 (original number 16125), 4, tvpe and paratypes, 38-47 mm., Cayumba rapids, Rio Huallaga,Allen,October,1918.
Second Division—Tetragonopterine group of Subfamilies Subfamily: TETRAGONOPTERINAE Characins of oblong form, often elevated considerably; scales of moderate size; dentition complete in both jaws; gill-openings wide, the membranes not attached to the isthmus; nasal openings closely approximated; teeth compressed, notched.
Genus 93: HEMIBRYCON Giinther Hemibrycon Giinther, 1864, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 318; Eigenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia,IIT,432; Bigenmann, 1927, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XLIII, iv, 401.
216 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA Type: Hemibrycon polyodon Giinther Trinidad and Colombia to southeastern Peru and Bolivia Maxillary teeth (at least in adults) in greater number than in Bryconamericus; maxillary slender and reaching to near middle of pupil; head short and body elongated; gill rakers of first arch long and setiform. Reaching to higher elevations than any other Characin genus, and descending to sea level in the North. It is quite possible that the respective species have been evolved independently from different species of Bryconamericus or Astyanax. Four species have been recorded heretofore from Peru: Hemibrycon ipanquianus by E. D. Cope ‘‘dedicated to the memory of the Inca Ypanqui, who in the city of Cuzco on the Urubamba, the first of his line, devoted himself to monotheism”’ was taken on the Urubamba at 11500 feet; Hemibrycon jelskii (Stemdachner) was recorded from Monterico, eastern central Peru, and from the Rio Huambo; Hemibrycon huwambonicus Steindachner has been recorded from Callacate and the Rio Huambo; and Hemibrycon tridens from Uruhuasi in southern Peru. 240. HEMIBRYCON TRIDENS Eigenmann HemaibrycontridensFigenmann,1922,Mem.CarnegieMus.,LX,152; Eigenmann, 1927, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XLIITI, iv, 403, pl. xevi, fig. 3. 13723,1,65mm.,Rosenberg,Uruhuasi,southernPeru. 241. HEMIBRYCON HELLERI Kigenmann Hemibrycon hellert Eigenmann, 1927, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XLII, iv, 406, pl. xevi, fig. 2; Pearson, 1937a, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sei., (4), XXIII, 91. ———, 18, 45-100 mm., the largest the type, Rio Comberciato, Heller, 1915. 17611,1,65mm.,Paipay,RioCrisnejas,Pearson,1922. 16047, , Santa Ana creek, Eigenmann, November, 1918. Southern Peru and upper Maranon Near H. huambonicus, but pectorals shorter, not reaching ventrals; anal shorter; middle caudal rays black; a large, obscure, vertical humeral spot; margin of anal dusky; anterior rays of anal with hooks to near the tips in the males. 242. HEMIBRYCON HUAMBONICUS (Steindachner) TetragonopterushuambonicusSteindachner,1882(1883),Denksch.KIx.Akad.Wiss.Wien,XLVI, 285 Dlaave ules le.
HemibryconpolyodonBKigenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia,IIT,432. HemibryconhuambonicusPearson,1924,Ind.Univ.Studies,no.64,42; Bigenmann, 1927, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XLIII, 1v, 410, pl. xxxix, fig. 5; Pearson, 1937a, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sei., (4), XXIII, 91. Mountain slopes on Atlantic side of Peru and Bolivia — and 13753, 5 females, 63-100 mm., Rio Comberciato, 1800 feet above sea level, E. Heller, September 15, 1915.
16195,many,48-119mm.,Huancachupacreek,Hudnuco,Allen,October,1918.
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 217 16196, many, 36-108 mm., Rio Tingo, Hudnuco, Allen, October, 1918. 16198, many, 51-110 mm., Rio Huallaga, Hudnuco, Allen, October, 1918. 16199, many, 44-112 mm., Rio Chinchao, Piedra Blanca, Allen, October, 1918. 16120, , below Cayumba rapids, Allen, October, 1918. 16121, 9, 61-117 mm., Rio Huallaga, Ambo, Allen, October, 1918. 16122,14,49-91mm.,Chumataguacreek,aboveCayumbarapids,RioHuallaga,Allen,September, 1918.
The above specimens taken from Chumatagua creek at about 2000 feet, Rio Chinchao nearer 2500 feet, the Hudnuco district at about 6000 feet, and from Ambo near 7500 feet, all records from above the barrier, or pongo, of the Huallaga, the rapids of Cayumba.
; ae P :
ee ae Kany :
~NY n PILTE Fic. 25. Fish weir of Oriental Peru. This trap is placed across the mouth of a bayou or channel.Fishesoflargesizepressopenthedoorsuspendedinthepoundatthecenter,andareunable toopenittheotherway.
Fishes of rapid mountain streams, with rock ledges, pools, and riffles, in and about the upper rain forest zone. It is a region in which a true dry season is wanting, and in which almost daily rains occur. The streams tumbling down the mountain sides have almost daily freshets, and subside again as rapidly, in the section about the Cayumba rapids, although about Hudnuco and Ambo the species has entered the fringe of a more distinct wet and dry season area. Osgood obtained a specimen at Moyobamba and Pearson a number of them in the upper Maranon. Pearson also found the species common at elevations near 1500 feet on the Rio Beni, Bolivia.
Head 4.5; depth 3.0; D. 10; A. 30, twenty-nine and thirty-one in a few cases;
218 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA lateral line 40-42, in some areas 46-47; pectorals reaching ventrals; origin of ventrals equidistant between tip of snout and base of the last third or fourth of the anal; caudal lobes more pointed than in H. helleri, a little longer than the head; ventrals reaching the anal in the smaller specimens. Humeral spot fainter, margin of anal darker than in H. helleri, numerous chromatophores between middle of anal and lateral line; middle caudal rays black; frontals entirely separated by the fontanel and ethmoid even in the largest. In other respects like H. hellert. These specimens, differing more or less from Steindachner’s figure of H. huambonicus, may represent a distinct species, although his area is embraced within the extremes of our range.
243. HEMIBRYCON JELSKIL (Steindachner) Tetragonopterus jelskii Steindachner, 1875, Sitzb. Kix. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LX XII, 40, Monterico; Steindachner, 1882 (1883), Denksch. KIk. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XLVI, 25, Rio de Huambo, one, 115 mm.
HemibryconjelskiiEigenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia,III,432; Higenmann, 1927, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XLIII, iv, 412; Pearson, 1937a, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (4), X XIII, 92. Eastern slopes of central Peru 17640, 54, 30-40 mm., Rio Pusoc, upper Maranon, Pearson, 1922. A species not well characterized except in mathematical terms, and resembling H. dariensis.
Genus 94: ACROBRYCON Ejigenmann and Pearson Tetragonopterus (in part) Cope, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 44, Rio Urubamba. Hemaibrycon(inpart)Eigenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia,III,482. Astyanax Fowler, 1906, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LVIII, 337. AcrobryconEigenmannandPearson,1924,Ind.Univ.Studies,no.64,44. Type: Tetragonopterus ipanquianus Cope Atlantic slopes of the Andes of Peru and Bolivia Intimately allied to Hemibrycon, from which it differs in that the male bears a large caudal pouch; scales extend much farther back on the middle of the caudal than above or below, and along the ventral side only half as far as midway; the scales of the lower portion of the caudal not attached to rays, but to skin which is pouched away from the rays.
244. ACROBRYCON IPANQUIANUS (Cope) Tetragonoplerus tpanquianus Cope, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 44, collected by Orton on the Urubamba; Cope, 1878, Proe. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 691, the Maranon; Rigenmann and Higenmann, 1891, Proce. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 53. Astyanax tpanquianus Fowler, 1907, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LVIII, 337, fig. 25.
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 219 Acrobrycon ipanquianus Eigenmann and Pearson, 1924, Ind. Univ. Studies, no. 64, 44, Espia, Bolivia; Kigenmann, 1927, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XLII, iv, 416, pl. lxix. figs. i and 2; pl. Ixxxv, fig.
1.
Rio Urubamba to northern Bolivia 15076,many,57-103mm.,Ollantaitambo,Eigenmann,November,1918. 16052, , , San Miguel, Eigenmann, November, 1918. 16053,2,105and117mm.,LakeHuatana,Kigenmann,November,1918. 16054,2,87and118mm.,Ureos,RioUrubamba,Eigenmann,November,1918. 16055, many, 28-125 mm., Torontoi, Rio Urubamba, Eigenmann, November, 1918. 16056,1,70mm.,PuebloUrubamba,Eigenmann,November,1918. 16193,many,56-116mm.,SanMiguel,Eigenmann,November,1918. Like Hemibrycon pectinatus and polyodon, etc., in the reduced anal radii and maxillary teeth; differing in smaller and more numerous scales. Genus 95: PHENACOGASTER Eigenmann Tetragonopterus(inpart)Cope,1870,Proc.Amer.Phil.Soc.,XI,560. Astyanax (in part) Fowler, 1906, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LVIII, 341. PhenacogasterEigenmann,1907,Amer.Nat.,XLI,492,769; Eigenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,366; Eigenmann and Myers, 1929, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XLII, v, 442. Type: Tetragonopterus pectinatus Cope The Guianas to the Amazons Anal origin beneath that of the dorsal fin; lateral line complete; scales in front of the ventral fins in two series, overlapping in the center; compressiform; fishes of small size.
245. PHENACOGASTER PECTINATUS (Cope) TetragonopteruspectinatusCope,1870,Proc.Amer.Phil.Soc.,XI,560; Kigenmann and EKigenmann, 1891, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XIV, 54. Astyanax pectinatus Fowler, 1906 (1907), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LVIIT, 341, fig. 30 (figure mislabeled longior).
PhenacogasterpectinatusKigenmann,1907,Amer.Nat.,XLI,769; Kigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 481; Eigenmann and Myers, 1929, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XLII, v, 443, pl. Ixvin, figs. 2-5. TetragonopterustabatingaeSteindachner,1876,Sitzb.KIX.Akad.Wiss.Wien,XLVI,35,Tabatinga; Kigenmann and Eigenmann, 1891, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 53. Tetragonopterus bairdit Steindachner, 1882 (1883), Denksch. Kk. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XLVI, 35, PeruvianAmazontoTabatinga;Cudajas.
Phenacogaster bairdi Kigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 481. Maranon and Solimoes rivers Genus 96: ASTYANAX Baird and Girard Astyanax Baird and Girard, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII, 26; Eigenmann, 1907, Ann. Carnegie Mus., IV, 127;
220 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 432; Eigenmann, 1912, Mem. Carnegie Mus., V, 350; Eigenmann, 1921, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XLII, iti, 227. Type: Astyanax argentatus Baird and Girard Most of tropical America from Mexico to Patagonia Small, usually very small, tetragonopteroid, compressed, more or less elongated; premaxillary with two series of teeth, the first series with several teeth; mandible with strong teeth in front and very small or minute teeth laterally, and no teeth of conical form in the second series; maxillary with few teeth or none. Anal fin short and moderate; caudal naked; lateral line complete; gill-rakers setiform; no predorsal spine, predorsal line scaled. 246. ASTYANAX ASYMMETRICUS Higenmann Astyanax asymmetricus Eigenmann, 1908, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., LI, 94; Figenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 432; EKigenmann, 1921, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XLII, iii, 238, pl. xli, fig. 2. Tabatinga and Peruvian Amazon 15885, 1, 52 mm., Rio Morona, Allen, October, 1920. A. 26; scales 11—51-9. Except for this specimen, known from the three types collected by Bourget of the Agassiz expedition. Identifiable by the triangular, or spindle-shaped caudal spot, dividing the lobes.
247. ASTYANAX BIMACULATUS (Linnaeus) Albula maculata Linnaeus, 1754, Mus. Adolphi Fred., 78, tab. xxxii, fig. 2. Charaxno.54Gronow,1754,Mus.Iechth.,19,tab.1,fig.5. SalmobimaculatusLinnaeus,1758,Syst.Nat.,ed.x,I,311; Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, 513; Bloch, 1794, Ausl. Fische, VIII, 110, taf. 382, fig. 2; BlochandSchneider,1801,Syst.Ichth.,413.
CharaxbimaculatusGronow,ed.Gray,1854,Syst.Ichth.,154. TetragonopterusmaculatusMillerandTroschel,1845,HoraeIchth.,I,14,tab.iii,fig.4. Astyanax bimaculatus Fowler, 1906, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., LVIIT, 482, Peruvian Amazon, etc.; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 432; Figenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,359; Eigenmann, 1921, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., X LITT, ii, 249; Pearson, 1924 (1925), Ind. Univ. Studies, no. 64, 40, Rio Beni; Pearson, 1937a, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sei., (4), X XIII, 91, Pusoe and Paipay, upper Maranon; Fowler, 1939 (1940), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., XCI, 263, one, 87 mm., Contamana. TetragonopterusbartlettaGiinther,1866,Ann.Mag.Nat.Hist.,(3),XVIII,30,upperAmazon; Cope, 1871, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXIII, 260, Rio Ambyiacu. Astyanax bartlett? Fowler, 1906, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., LVIII, 348, fig. 31, Rio Ambyiacu. Astyanax lacustris Fowler, 1906, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LVIII, 483, Peruvian Amazon.