ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 389 497. ACARONIA TRIMACULATA Allen, sp. nov.
Plate XXII, fig. 8 17794, 5, 110-162 mm., the largest the type, Iquitos, Morris, 1922. An Acaronia of very different form from the genotype, massa, appears in the material assembled by Morris at Iquitos.
Head 2.6-2.8; depth 2.0-2.3; D. XIV or XV, 9-10; A. III, 7; scales 23-25 along the middle line, lateral line scales separated by a scale and a half from the soft dorsal fin; lateral line 17—18 + 9—9; eye 3.3-3.6 in the head, 1.3-1.7 in the interorbital space.
Snout as in quidens; mouth slightly oblique, jaws equal; mouth only moderately large, but maxillary not reaching the eye; several rows of conical teeth; rakers of first gill-arch few, large, and fungiform; on remaining arches 9-10, stout, not closelyset.
Dorsal and anal fins naked, but base of caudal fin scaled; pectorals mostly hyaline, reaching to the origin of the anal fin; ventrals inserted slightly behind the origin of the dorsal fin; soft dorsal and anal fins drawn out to a filament reaching the middle of the caudal, black-tipped; ventrals also tipped with black, and with a filament reaching the caudal peduncle; fins elsewhere mottled, almost taking shape as oblique bands on the caudal; dorsal spines graduated, the last the longest, equal to the snout before the orbit, caudal peduncle about as long as deep. Eye at the middle of the head, three rows of scales on the cheek. Approaching the venter the body scales become bordered with silver.
Three distinct black spots as follows: (1) a double one bordering the cheek on its caudal margin, contrasted sharply with silvery preopercle, and broadening at the level of the eye so as nearly to reach the orbit; (2) a spot four scales long by two broad, just beneath the lateral line scales, at the level of the tenth to twelfth spines of the dorsal fin; (3) the usual ocellus bordered with yellow at the base of the upper caudal rays.
Most clearly separated from A. nassa, the genotype, by the following characters: more elongated dimensions generally (spines, lateral line, etc.) ; stouter head, maxillary not reaching the eye, snout not pointed; number and form of the gillrakers; longer peduncle; no ocellated spot on the head; only a suggestion of a complete longitudinal band; lateral line more widely separated from the dorsal line. Genus 202: UARU Heckel Uaru Heckel, 1840, Ann. Wiener Mus., II, 330; Pellegrin, 1903 (1904), Mém. Soc. Zool. France, XVI, 212, 249; Kigenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia,ITT,469. Type: Uaru amphiacanthoides Heckel Brazilian and Peruvian Amazon Body of very short, vertical form; teeth of the form of talons or claws, the anterior and outside series the larger, compressed, with rounded cusps; maxillary
390 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA exposed; branchial spines short and few in number, 7-8; scales ctenoid, moderate in size, 44-51 on the lateral line; lateral line scales larger than others adjacent; dorsal fin with 15-16 spines, anal 8-10.
498. UARU AMPHIACANTHOIDES Heckel UaruamphiacanthoidesHeckel,1840,Ann.WienerMus.,II,331; Giinther, 1862, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., IV, 302; Eigenmann and Bray, 1894, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VII, 612; Pellegrin, 1903 (1904), Mém. Soc. Zool. France, XVI, 249; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 469. Acara (Heros) amphiacanthoides Steindachner, 1875, Sitzb. IIx. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LXXI, 94. Astronotus (Uaru) amphiacanthoides Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1891, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XIV,69.
Peruvian and Brazilian Amazons 15989, 3, 93-100 mm., Iquitos, Morris, 1922. 17776, 3, 180-185 mm., Manaos, Allen, December, 1920. 17788, 2, 111 and 144 mm., Contamana, Allen, August, 1920. 17791, 1, 148 mm., Lago Cashiboya, Allen, August, 1920. 499. UARU IMPERIALIS (Steindachner) Acara (Heros) imperialis Steindachner, 1879, Sitab. Kix. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LX XX, 161; Uaru imperialis Pellegrin, 1903 (1904), Mem. Soe. Zool. France, XVI, 249; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 469. Middle course of the Amazon 17777, 6, 142-170 mm., Manaos, Allen, December, 1920. Not in our territory.
Genus 203: ASTRONOTUS Swainson Astronotus Swainson, 1839, Fish. Amph. Rept., I, 229; Pellegrin, 1903 (1904), Mém. Soc. Zool. France, XVI, 146; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, IIT, 470. Astronotus(Astronotus)EigenmannandHigenmann,1891,Proce.U.S.Nat.Mus.,XIV,68. Acara (in part) Heckel, 1840, Ann. Wiener Mus., IT, 338. Type: Lobotes ocellatus Spix The Guianas to the Paraguay basin Body oval, broad; head obtuse, mouth large, opening obliquely, the lower jaw longer; teeth strong in front, small on the sides; dorsal, anal, and caudal fins scaled; pectoral and caudal rounded, ventral pointed; lateral line interrupted; preopercle crenated.
500. ASTRONOTUS OCELLATUS (Spix) LobotesocellatusSpix,1829,Sel.Gen.etSpec.Pisce.Bras.,129,pl.Ixviii. AstronotusocellatusSwainson,1839,Fish.Amph.Rept.,IT,229; Pellegrin, 1903 (1904), Mém. Soe. Zool. France, XVI, 182; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, ITI, 470;
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 391 Fowler, 1939 (1940), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., XCI, 284, two, 128 and 135 Contamana.
Astronotus(Astronotus)ocellataKigenmannandEigenmann,1891,Proc.U.S.Nat.Mus.,XIV,68. AcaraocellataSteindachner,1875,Sitzb.Kix.Akad.Wiss.Wien,LX.X1J,77. Acara compressus Cope, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., XXIII, 256, R. Ambyiacu. Acara hyposticta Cope, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 697, Rio Maranon; Pellegrin, 1903 (1904), Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat., XVI, 183. HygrogonusocellatusGinther,1862,Cat.Fish.Brit.Mus.,PV,303. Acara (Hygrogonus) ocellata Steindachner, 1882 (1883), Denksch. IXIx. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LXVI, 2,R.Huallaga,onespecimen.
mm., Fria.46.Deck-loadofcharapa(turtle)fortheManaosmarket.Storedfourorfivedeepacross theentiredeckoftheSaoSalvador;cruderubberintheboxesattheleft. Amazons and R. Paraguay The vernacular name Acarahugsu applied by Fowler. Genus 204: AEQUIDENS Eigenmann and Bray Acara (in part) Heckel, 1840, Ann. Wiener Mus., IT, 338. Aquidens Eigenmann and Bray, 1894, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VII, 616; Eigenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia,III,470; Eigenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,487; EKigenmann,1922,Mem.CarnegieMus.,IX,196.
392 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA Type: Acara tetramerus Heckel All South America Panama to La Plata Gills without a lobe, rakers small; mouth small and moderately protractile; lateral line low; soft fins scaled slightly or not at all; lateral line scales of the same size as others.
501. ARQUIDENS TETRAMERUS (Heckel) AcaratetramerusHeckel,1840,Ann.WienerMus.,IH,341; Miller and Troschel in Schomburgk, 1848, Reisen, III, 624; Ginther, 1862, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., IV, 277; Cope, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXIII, 255, R. Ambyiacu; Steindachner, 1882 (1883), Denksch. KIx. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XLVI, 2, Iquitos; Rio Huallaga; Pellegrin, 1902, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., VIII, 182; Pellegrin, 1903 (1904), Mém. Soc. Zool. France, XVI, 171; Regan, 1913, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), XII, 282, Rio Ucayali. AstronotustetramerusEigenmannandEigenmann,1891,Proc.U.S.Nat.Mus.,XIV,68. Astronotus(diquidens)tetramerusEigenmannandBray,1894,Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sei.,VIT,617. AiquidenstetramerusEigenmannandKennedy,1903,Proc.Acad.Nat.Sci.Phila.,LV,534; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 471; Eigenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,491.
ChromysuniocellataCastelnau,1855,Anim.Amér.Sud,Poiss.,15,pl.vi,fig.1,RioUcayali. Acara flavilabris Cope, 1870, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XI, 570, Pebas; Cope, 1871 (1872), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., X XIII, 255, pl. x, fig. 4, Rio Ambyiacu; Cope, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 696, R. Marafion. British Guiana, Amazons, Rio de Janeiro, Paraguay 17735, 11, 19-80 mm., creek, Rio Itaya, Allen, September, 1920. 17738, 2, 26 and 37 mm., Gosulimacocha, Allen, October, 1920. 17739, 3, 21-45 mm., brook, Iquitos, Allen, November, 1920. 17740, 12, 22-41 mm., Yarinacocha, Allen, August, 1920. Oneofthesejuvenileshasacompletelongitudinalband. 17741, 7, 79-121 mm., Iquitos pond, Allen, September, 1920. 7742, 79, 22-138 mm., creek, Pto. Bermudez, Allen, July, 1920. Apparentlythisnumberisincorrectlyrecorded.
17742, 4, 46-126 mm., Iquitos, Morris, 1922.
17743, 4, 95-163 mm., Lago Cashiboya, Allen, August, 1920. 17744,3,71-94mm.,creek,Yurimaguas,Allen,November,1920. 17745,4,103-138mm.,creek,RioMorona,Allen,October,1920. —, 2, 175 and 185 mm., Yarinacocha, Allen, August, 1920. 17789,2,165,232mm.,Manaos,Allen,December,1920. The pond specimens, especially 17741, deeply colored. They show faintly the vertical color bands and a lateral band from the eye to the caudal basis. This is interrupted by the lateral spot.
Of the specimens from the Itaya, 17735, one of three largest has four anal spines, otherwise the same.
Color notes made in the field on the Puerto Bermudez specimens, 17742, show the dorsal half of the body deep blue, shading to grey ventrally. Ocellated spot on the peduncle blue-black, bordered with yellow; irregular blue-black markings on the caudal fin; fins washed with yellow; five or six longitudinal stripes of yellow on
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 393 the head from the snout to the eye and cheek. In alcohol a longitudinal color-band can be seen in many.
502. AXQuIDENS DoRSIGERUS (Heckel) AcaradorsigeraHeckel,1840,Ann.WienerMus.,IT,348; Steindachner, 1875, Sitzb. KIx. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LX-XI, 76. AiquidensdorsigerusPellegrin,1903(1904),Mém.Soc.Zool.France,XVI,174; Eigenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia,IIT,472. NannacaradorsigeraRibeiro,1918,Comm.LinhasTelegr.deMattoGrossoasAmazonas,14. Astronotus(Acara)dorsigeraEigenmannandHigenmann,1891,Proc.U.8.Nat.Mus.,XIV,68. Amazonia to Paraguay basin 17733, 7, 78-115 mm., creek, Rio Itaya, Allen, September, 1920. 17737, 13, 15-38 mm., creeks, Iquitos, Allen, November, 1920. 17749,16,45-103mm.,creeks,Yurimaguas,Allen,November,1920. 17779, 1, 60 mm., Iquitos, Morris, 1922.
503. A£QUIDENS MARIAE Eigenmann quidens mariae Kigenmann, 1922, Mem. Carnegie Mus., IX, 240, pl. xxx, fig. 1, supplement on Rio Meta.
Peruvian Amazon and Rio Meta 17734, 2, 88 and 95 mm., Yarinacocha, Allen, August, 1920. 17746, 4, 112-135 mm., Rio Morona, Allen, October, 1920. 17747, 1, 146 mm., Rio Itaya, Iquitos, Allen, September, 1920. 17748,13,30-68mm.,creeks,Yurimaguas,Allen,November,1920. Known here and in eastern Colombia, having been collected by Brother Apolinar Maria and Manuel Gonzales on the Meta. 504. ASQUIDENS FRENIFERUS (Cope) Acara freniferus Cope, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXIII, 255, Rio Ambyiacu; Pellegrin, 1903 (1904), Mém. Soc. Zool. France, XVI, 177. Equidens freniferus Kigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, IIT, 472. AquidensdorsigeraHaseman,1911c,Ann.CarnegieMus.,VII,337. Astronotus(Acara)freniferusEigenmannandEigenmann,1891,Proc.U.8.Nat.Mus.,XTV,68. Peruvian Amazon Haseman studied the Cope material in the Philadelphia Academy and found none which could not be retained within the limits of A’. dorsigerus. 505. AXquipeNs virratus (Heckel) AcaravittatusHeckel,1840,Ann.WienerMus.,I,346. Acara vittata Pellegrin, 1903 (1904), Mém. Soc. Zool. France, XVI, 173. AquidensvittatusFigenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia,IIT,472; Haseman,1911c,Ann.CarnegieMus.,VII,335; Jigenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,489; Fowler, 1939 (1940), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XCI, 280, four, 80-129 mm., Contamana.
394 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA Acara syspilus Cope, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXIII, 255, pl. xi, fig. 3, Rio Ambyiacu; Cope, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 690; Boulenger,1887,Proc.Zool.Soc.London,275,Canelos.
Aiquidens syspilus Pellegrin, 1903 (1904), Mém. Soc. Zool. France, XVI, 138; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 472. Peruvian and Ecuadorean Amazon Haseman examined the types of Cope, and unhesitatingly places his Acara syspilus under 4. vittatus of Heckel.
506. ASQUIDENS SUBOCULARIS (Cope) Acara subocularis Cope, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 696. AquidenssubocularisEigenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia,III,472; Haseman,1911e,Ann.CarnegieMus.,VIT,388.
GeophagusthayeriPellegrin,1903(1904),Mém.Soc.Zool.France,XVI,189. Peruvian Amazons 507. ANQUIDENS HERCULES Allen, sp. nov.
Plate XXII, figs. 4-7 17736,13,38-132mm.,thelargestthetype,creek,RioMorona,Allen,October,1920. These thirteen specimens from near the Peruvian-Ecuadorean frontier and taken within only a few miles of the foothills of the Andes, exhibit many resemblances to known species of quidens, but fail to conform to the descriptions of any of them, and are unlike any specimens available for comparison. Head 3.15-3.3; depth 2.4-2.7; D. XVI-XVII, 8; A. III, 6-7; lateral line 18 + 8 to 11; scales 27-29 along a middle line from the end of the opercular opening; eye 2.8-3.4 in the head, exceeds the preorbital space, and interorbital in the young; eye in the middle of the head except in the smallest, in which it is in front of the middle; dorsal profile more arched than the ventral, especially with age, depressed, or at least flattened, between the eyes, in a plane tangent to the orbit in younger specimens, and more depressed with age.
The fish is elongated in shape; the caudal peduncle a fifth longer than deep. Mouth small, maxillary not reaching eye; maxillary-premaxillary border 2.6— 2.8 in the head; lower gill-arch with 8—9 small, papillose gill-rakers; cheeks with three rows of scales, preopercle naked; one and one-half to two and one-half scales above the lateral line; fins naked except the caudal, which is scaled at the base; lateral line has only an indication of forking on the caudal fin in the younger specimens.
Dorsal spines are subequal from the fourth, and about half the length of the head; pectorals and ventrals longer than the head; caudal fin rounded at the end. A series of six sub-rhomboidal dark areas along the middle of the body to the base of the caudal; four or five additional blotches of more shadowy character from the base of the dorsal fin to the lateral line scales, alternating with the above; verti-
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 395 cal rows of pencilled lines alternate with hyaline zones on the fins, especially pronounced on the caudal, and growing more distinct with age; markings on the body coalescing somewhat, and more faded, with age. Resembling 2. mariae; body contours more elongate; greater number of spiny rays in the dorsal fin; two or three more gill-rakers; markings in a double series, without special emphasis upon one or two spots, as in A. dorsigera or tetramerus.
The allusion of the name of this species is to the river-‘‘launch”’ Hércules, of the fleet of Casa Israel, Iquitos, my headquarters during a month’s cruise of the upper Maranon, Morona, Pastaza, and Tigre rivers, where it was making its semiannual calls upon the military posts. I was guest of the Peruvian government during this period.
Genus 205: CICHLAURUS Swainson Cichlaurus Swainson, 1839, Fish. Amph. Rept., II, 173; Jordan, Evermann and Clark, 1928 (1930), Rept. U.S. Comm. Fish., Part IT, 416. CichlasomaSwainson,1839,Fish.Amph.Rept.,IT,230; Regan, 1905, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), NVI, 60-77, 225, 243, 316-340; Kigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 473; Jigenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,494; Eigenmann, 1922, Mem. Carnegie Mus., EX, 201; Hubbs,1936,CarnegieInst.Publ.no.457,254.
Acara (in part) Heckel, 1840, Ann. Wiener Mus., I, 338. HerosHeckel,1840,Ann.WienerMus.,IT,338.
TherapsGiinther,1862,Cat.Fish.Brit.Mus.,IV,284,trregularis. ArchocentrusGill,1877,Proce.Acad.Nat.Sci.Phila.,186,centrarchus; Jordan, Evermann and Clark, 1928 (1930), Rept. U. 8. Comm. Fish., Part IT, 420. AstatherosPellegrin,1903(1904),Mém.Soc.Zool.France,XVI,203; Jordan, Evermann and Clark, 1928 (1930), Rept. U.S. Comm. Fish., Part II, 420. Astronotus(Heros)EigenmannandEigenmann,1891,Proc.U.S.Nat.Mus.,XTV,68. (TheCichlasomaofauthorsgenerally,replacedbyJordan,Evermann,andClarkbyreasonofthe appearanceofCichlaurusonanearlierpageofSwainson’sPartIT.) Type: Labrus punctatus Bloch Mexico to Rio de la Plata Anal with more than three spines; lateral line depressed; gill-rakers short; mouth small, premaxillary moderately protractile. Predominating in Central America, diminishing southward through South America.
508. CIcCHLAURUS BIMACULATUS (Linnaeus) Acara Piso, 1658, Hist. Nat. Med., 67.
Labrusno.87Gronow,1754,Mus.Ichth.,36.
Sparusno.227Gronow,1763,Zoophyl.,64,pl.v,fig.4. SciaenabimaculataLinnaeus,1754,Mus.AdolphiFred.,I,66. LabruspunctatusLinnaeus(inpart),1758,Syst.Nat.,ed.x,285.
396 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA LabrusbimaculatusLinnaeus,1758,Syst.Nat.,ed.x,285; Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, I, 477. PercabimaculataBloch,1792,Ausl.Fische,VI,82,pl.ecex,fig.1. CichlabimaculataBlochandSchneider,1801,Syst.Ichth.,338. Acara bimaculata Giinther, 1862, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., IV, 276; Pellegrin, 1899, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., V, 158. Heros bimaculatus Cope, 1871, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., X XIII, 254, Rio Ambyiacu; Cope, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soe., X VII, 696, Rio Marajfion. Acara (Heros) bimaculatus Steindachner, 1875, Sitzb. KIX. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LX-XI, 82, Pebas; Steindachner, 1882 (1883), Denksch. KIX. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XLVI, 2, Rio Huallaga, one, 100 mm.
Astronotus (Heros) bimaculata Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1891, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XIV, 68. CichlasomabimaculatumPellegrin,1903(1904),Mém.Soc.Zool.France,XVI,204; Regan, 1905, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), XVI, 68; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 473; Eigenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,495; Fowler, 1939 (1940), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., XCI, 280, two, 85 and 88 mm., Contamana. Amazons to Paraguay basin and Trinidad 17781,28,25-177mm.,pond,Yurimaguas,Allen,November,1920. 17782, 1, 87 mm., Yarinacocha, Allen, August, 1920. 17783,2,89and177mm.,RioHuallaga,Yurimaguas,Allen,November,1920. 17784, 2, 92 and 111 mm., Lago Cashiboya, Allen, August, 1920. Fowlerfindsacaraemployedasthecommonname.
509. CICHLAURUS SEVERUS (Heckel) HerosseverusHeckel,1840,Ann.WienerMus.,I],362. Astronotus(Heros)severusEigenmannandEigenmann,1891,Proc.U.8.Nat.Mus.,XIV,68; Eigenmann and Bray, 1894, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VIT, 619. Cichlasoma severum Regan, 1905, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), XVI, 322; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 475; Haseman, 1911e, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VII, 343; Eigenmann, 1912, Mem. Carnegie Mus., V, 497; Fowler, 1939 (1940), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XCI, 281, two, 100 and 105 mm., Contamana.
ChromysfasciataCastelnau,1855,Anim.Amér.Sud,Poiss.,17,pl.ix,fig.2. ChromysappendiculataCastelnau,1855,Anim.Amér.Sud,Poiss.,15,pl.vii,fig.3,RioUcayali. Acara (Heros) spuria Steindachner, 1874, Sitab. KK. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LXIX, 9, pl. iv; Steindachner, 1875, Sitzb. Kix. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LX-X, 507, pl. iv; Steindachner, 1882 (1883), Denksch. KIx. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XLVI, 2, Rio Huallaga, three specimens.
HerosspuriusPellegrin,1903(1904),Mém.Soc.Zool.France,XVI,236,RioUcayaliandTabatinga to Tocantins.
UaruscentrarchoidesCope,1871,Proce.Acad.Nat.Sci.Phila.,XXIII,253,pl.xi,fig.2,R.Ambyiacu. Amazons to Guiana and the Parahyba 17785, 5, 85-172 mm., Yarinacocha, Allen, August, 1920. 17786, 1, 165 mm., Iquitos, Morris, 1922.
17787, 15, 80-103 mm., Lago Cashiboya, Allen, August, 1920.