ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES Died etc., the former are introduced here. Chalceus, with its affiliation to Piabucina is assigned to this subfamily, although by the authors mentioned (page 347, fig. 27) it is placed under the Characinae. A relationship deduced from the study of the teeth would place the genus nearer Brycon, while skeletal characters would show closer allegiance with the Erythrinine group. The true relationship is not remote from either.
Genus 148: CHALCEUS Cuvier Chalceus Cuvier, 1817, Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat., IV, 454, pl. xxi; Cuvier, 1819, Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat., V, 351; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 439; Higenmann, 1912, Mem. Carnegie Mus., V, 372.
Pellegrinina Fowler, 1906 (1907), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LVIIT, 442. Type: Chalceus macrolepidotus Cuvier Range that of the one species Teeth similar to those of Brycon, but with an outer series of multicuspid and an inner series of conical teeth on the mandible; premaxillary with teeth in three series; scales above the lateral line very large; greatly decurved lateral line, with much smaller scales beneath it; gill-membranes free; venter rounded. 364. CHALCEUS MACROLEPIDOTUS Cuvier Chalceus macrolepidotus Cuvier, 1817, Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat., IV, 454, pl. xxi, fig. 1; Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1848, Hist. Nat. Poiss., X XII, 240; Ginther, 1864, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 333; Cope, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXIII, 262, R. Ambyiacu; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 439; Kigenmann, 1912, Mem. Carnegie Mus., V, 372; Regan, 1912, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), X, 388. ChalceusmacrolepidotusiquitensisNakashima,1941,Bol.Mus.Hist.Nat.Lima,V,76. Pellegrinina heterolepis Fowler, 1906 (1907), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LVITI, 442, fig. 39. Guianas and upper Amazons 15971,4,171-199mm.,Iquitos,Morris,1922.
17865,12,98-135mm.,Yarinacocha,Allen,August,1920. 17866,3,188-208mm.,Manaos,Allen,December,1920.
Much bright red remains in the caudal fins of the larger specimens even after twenty years in alcohol.
Genus 144: PLETHODECTES Cope Plethodectes Cope, 1870, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XI, 563; Fowler, 1906 (1907), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LVIII, 441; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, ITI, 439. Chalceus Cope, 1872, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., X XIII, 262.
278 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA Type: Plethodectes erythrurus Cope Range that of the one species Regan, 1912, justifies the abandonment of the genus on the ground that the teeth of the outer premaxillary series, while less expanded, are provided with a pair of cusps resembling C. macrolepidotus, but less expanded and somewhat more conical. Fowler still regards the genus as valid, in spite of Cope’s change of opinion. Jordan (1919) holds Plethodectes to be a synonym of Chalceus. 365. PLETHODECTES ERYTHRURUS Cope Plethodectes erythrurus Cope, 1870, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XI, 563, fig. 6, Pebas, Hauxwell collection; Fowler, 1906 (1907), Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LVIII, 441; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, IIT, 439. Chalceus erythrurus Cope, 1871 (1872), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXIII, 262, Rio Ambyiacu; Regan, 1912, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), X, 388.
Pebas, Peruvian Amazon, and Rio Cupai Genus 145: PIABUCINA Cuvier and Valenciennes Piabucina Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1848, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 161; Figenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 439; Kigenmann, 1922, Mem. Carnegie Mus., [X, 125.
Type: Piabucina erythrinoides Cuvier and Valenciennes Panama to Ecuador and Guiana Similar to Lebiasina in the lack of fontanels, mandibular teeth in two series anteriorly, cellular anterior walls of air bladder; differing in that adipose fin is never wanting.
366. PIABUCINA UNITAENIATA Gunther Piabucina unitaeniata Giinther, 1864, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 311; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, IIT, 439. Canelos, Ecuador, to British Guiana 367. PIABUCINA ELONGATA Boulenger PiabucinaelongataBoulenger,1887,Proc.Zool.Soc.London,280,pl.xxiii,fig.2,easternHcuador; Higenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 439. PiabucinaunitaenialaSteindachner(nonGiinther),1882(1883),Denksch.KIX.Akad.Wiss.Wien, XLVI, 41, Canelos, two specimens.
Oriente of Ecuador Known from two specimens from Canelos and three from the Buckley collection taken at Sarayacu.
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 279 Genus 146: LEBIASINA Cuvier and Valenciennes Lebiasina Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1846, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIX, 531; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 439; Eigenmann, 1922, Mem. Carnegie Mus., LX, 123.
Type: Lebiasina bimaculata Cuvier and Valenciennes Western slopes of Ecuador and Peru Insufficiently separable from Piabucina on the usual lack of an adipose fin; air bladder with cellular anterior wall; fontanels absent. 368. LEBIASINA BIMACULATA Cuvier and Valenciennes LediasinabimaculataCuvierandValenciennes,1846,Hist.Nat.Poiss.,XTX,531,pl.587,RioRimac; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 439; Eigenmann, 1922, Mem. Carnegie Mus., IX, 123; Higenmann, 1923, Sci., LVIII, no. 1513, 532; Pearson, 1937a, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (4), XXIII, 89. Distribution that of the genus Fishes primarily of the Pacific slopes of Ecuador and Peru. Pearson collected sixty-six specimens in the Rio Crisnejas, tributary of the upper Maranon, at Paipay. Very plausibly he accounts for this unique occurrence on the Atlantic slope as a case of transportation by human agency, possibly in recent times. In support of this explanation Pearson calls attention to the hardy nature of the species, and to the existence of pools of the pre-Conquest period in the region of Cajamarca which suggest fish-culture to him rather than irrigation or water-supply. Recently L. bimaculata has been introduced into other new localities as one of the species most readily adapted to the haunts of the yellow-fever mosquito. It is fitted to act as sanitary police by its ready acceptance of mosquito larvae, and its hardihood under exacting conditions. Since it is so hardy, and was so convenient to Lima, it has been used as an aquarium-fish in that city for an unknown length of time.
Subfamily: HRYTHRININAE At times regarded as among the most advanced of the Characins, by Gregory (1933) assigned to a rank among the more primitive derivatives of the Cheirodontinae, due to its superficial amioid characters; again advanced to a more exalted position intermediate on the phyletic scale as the result of the studies of Gregory and Conrad (1988, p. 343), who have shown that the external Amda-like structures are underlain by more specialized, deep-seated ones. Genus 147: HOPLIAS Gill Macrodon Miller, 1843, Arch. Naturg., 163, preoccupied; Giinther, 1864, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 282.
280 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA Hoplias Gill, 1903, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XX VI, 1016; Higenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 447; Eigenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,412.
Type: Esox malabaricus Bloch Atlantic slope La Plata northward; Pacific slope Ecuador northward Mouth large; cheeks well occupied by the suborbitals; teeth conical; premaxillary with a large canine near the symphysis, a smaller one laterally, and many small teeth; maxillary with a large canine and many small teeth; palatine with patches of teeth, the outer patch the largest; a series in front of the palatine; maxillary reaching beyond the orbit; occipital process, fontanels, and adipose fin wanting; caudal fin rounded; air-bladder with walls normal. General configuration of Amia.
369. Hopiias MALABARICUS (Bloch) Tareira Maregrave, 1648, Hist. Rer. Nat. Bras., IV, 157. Esox malabaricus Bloch, 1794, Ausl. Fische, VIII, 149, pl. 392. SynodusmalabaricusBlochandSchneider,1801,Syst.Ichth.,397. MacrodonmalabaricusEigenmannandEigenmann,1889,Proc.Cal.Aead.Sei.,(2),IT,102. Hoplias malabaricus Gill, 1903, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVI, 1015; Fowler, 1906 (1907), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LVIII, 293, Rios Amazon and Ambyiacu, OrtonandHauxwellcollections; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 447; Bigenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,415; Fowler, 1939 (1940), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., XCI, 275, nine, 115-248 mm., Contamana. Erythrinus trahira and macrodon Spix, 1829, Sel. Gen. et Spec. Pisce. Bras., 48, pl. xvii. Macrodon trahira Ginther, 1864, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 281; Ginther, 1868, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 239, Huallaga; Cope, 1870, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XI, 566, Pebas; Cope, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXIII, 257, R. Ambyiacu; Cope, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 694; Steindachner, 1882 (1883), Denksch. KIX. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XLVI, 11, one, Rio Huallaga. Rio Magdalena to Rios Huallaga and La Plata; Trinidad 15891,1,402mm.,Gosulimacocha,RioMorona,Allen,October,1920. 15892,14,135-215mm.,LagoCashiboya,Allen,August,1920. 15893,4,145-348mm.,Yarinacocha,Allen,August,1920. 15894,10,88-300mm.,Yurimaguas,creek,Allen,November,1920. 15895,1,135mm.,Contamana,RioUcayah,Allen,August,1920. 15896,4,90-115mm.,creek,RioMorona,Allen,October,1920. 15897,1,129mm.,Iquitos,Allen,September,1920. 15898,4,165-214mm.,RioHuallaga,Yurimaguas,Allen,November,1920. 15899, 3, 145-184 mm., Ica, Rio Itaya, Iquitos, Allen, September, 1920. The dorme-dorme of Fowler.
Genus 148: HOPLERYTHRINUS Gill Hoplerythrinus Gill, 1895, Proe. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XVIII, 208; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 448; Bigenmann, 1912, Mem. Carnegie Mus., V, 418. Ophiocephalops Fowler, 1906 (1907), Proc. Aead. Nat. Sci. Phila., LVIII, 293.
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 281 Type: Erythrinus unitaeniatus Spix Guianas via Peru to La Plata Unlike Hoplias in having teeth on the pterygoids as well as on the palatine bones: dorsal rounded; walls of air-bladder cellular. 370. HopLERYTHRINUS UNITAENIATUS (Spix) Maturaque of Maregrave, 1648, Hist. Rer. Nat. Bras., IV, 169. Erythrinus unitaeniatus Spix, 1829, Sel. Gen. et Spec. Pise. Bras., 42, pl. xix; Miller and Troschel, 1845, Horae Ichth., I, 5, pl. ii, fig. 1; Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1846, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XTX, 486; Fig.31.Seiningthesand-barsofagroupofislandsoftheRioHuallaga,aboveYurimaguas. Giinther, 1864, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 283; Ginther, 1868, Proce. Zool. Soc. London, 289; Steindachner, 1882 (1883), Denksch. KIx. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XLVI, 11; Regan,1906,Proc.Zool.Soc.London,382.
Erythrinus(Ophiocephalops)unitaeniatusFowler,1906(1907),Proce.Acad.Nat.Sci.Phila.,LVIII, 294,Maranon,Ortoncoll.
Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus Gill, 1895, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XVIII, 208; Jigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 448; Higenmann, 1912, Mem. Carnegie Mus., V, 418; Fowler, 1939 (1940), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., XCI, 275, one, 148 mm., Contamana. Peruvian Amazon to Bahia, La Plata, and Trinidad ——, 1, 146 mm., brook at Iga, Rio Itaya, Allen, September, 1920.
282 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA In other respects than those mentioned in the descriptions, the species differs from either Hoplias or Erythrinus and often occupies an intermediate position. The body form is more robust than in the former, and less so than the latter; scales intermediate in size, but less sculptured than in either; eye larger than in either; dorsal fin, caudal, and anal shaped more as in Hoplias, not as in Erythrinus; markings much more clearly defined than in either; paired fins less spotted than in either of the others; body color with less marbled effect than in the specimens from the Guianas.
Genus 149: ERYTHRINUS Gronow Erythrinus Gronow, 1754, Mus. Ichth., II, 6, no. 154, pl. vii, fig. 6; Gronow,1763,Zoophyl.,114; Scopoli, 1777, Hist. Nat., 449; Miiller and Troschel, 1845, Horae Ichth., I, 5; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 448; Eigenmann, 1912, Mem. Carnegie Mus., V, 420.
SynodusBlochandSchneider,1801,Syst.Ichth.,397.
HetererythrinusGiinther,1864,Cat.Fish.Brit.Mus.,283,salmoneus. Type: Salmo erythrinus Bloch and Schneider = Hrythrinus erythrinus Bloch and Schneider = Cyprinus cylindricus Linnaeus Guianas and Peru to Rio de Janeiro No occipital crest, fontanel or adipose fin; caudal well rounded; anterior nares marginal, tubular; gill-membranes free, gill-opening wide; walls of anterior portion of air-bladder cellular; palatine teeth villiform, in a single patch on the side; maxillary teeth pectinate, no canines; dentary with short, conical teeth; two canines near symphysis, the outer larger; all teeth blunt; snout decurved; pterygoids without teeth.
371. ERYTHRINUS ERYTHRINUS (Bloch and Schneider) Cyprinus cylindricus Linnaeus, 1754, Mus. Adolphi Fred., 77, pl. xxx. CyprinuscephalusLinnaeus,1758,Syst.Nat.,ed.x,I,322; Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. xu, I, 527.
Synodus erythrinus Bloch and Schneider, 1801, Syst. Ichth., 397. Erythrinus erythrinus EKigenmann and Eigenmann, 1889, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), II, 107, Tabatinga; Fowler, 1906 (1907), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LVIII, 294; Higenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 448; Eigenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,420.
Erythrinus brevicauda Giinther, 1864, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 285; (Misspelled) Cope, 1870, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soe., XI, 566, Pebas, Hauxwell collection; Cope, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., X VII, 694.
ErythrinussalmoneusGronow,1754,Mus.Ichth.,170,Surinam; Ginther, 1864, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 284; Cope, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 694, Peruvian Amazon.
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 283 Surinam to Rio de Janeiro and Peruvian Amazon ———., 6, 68-93 mm., creek, Yurimaguas, Allen, November, 1920. ,2,161-163mm.,brook,Iga,R.Itaya,Iquitos,Allen,September,1920. Neoceratodus-like, short, broad-tailed, peduncle erect and compressed, basis of caudal and anal well built up and encased in a scaly armor, the former 5-6 irregular rows. These specimens are lightest in color on the lower trunk region and caudal peduncle, from the base of the ventral fins caudally. The Erythrininae are given credit by the people of Oriental Peru for considerable powers of travel overland. They assert that these fishes, when trapped in a pool of water which is drying up after the close of the rainy season, set out by night in search of some new body of water, and find it with some degree of assurance by a keen moisture sense. Meanwhile the operculum is kept closed over a mouthful of water to keep the gills moist. Such a method of conserving a scant water supply is not without parallel (see remarks under Hypostomatinae). An unusual assemblage of this subfamily was taken from a single small, woodland brook at Iga, flowing into the Rio Itaya above Iquitos. It is probably correct to say that they are usually found apart, but here Hoplias, Hoplerythrinus, and Erythrinus were taken together.
TABLE VI. Comparison or THREE ERYTHRINID GENERA Character Hoplias Hoplerythrinus Erythrinus Head and Head 3.15 in length; eso- | Head 3.2 in the length Head 3.8 in the length; body form ciform amiaform Mouth Large, extending beyond | Large, extending beyond | Moderate, reaching pupil; eye; 6.6 in the length eye; 8.2 in the length 9.3 in the length Eye 6.2 in the head 5.8 in the head; actually | 5.8 in head, the smallest thelargest(headlonger)|(butheadsmallest) Depth 5 in length; somewhat 4.5in length; more robust 4.5 in length; more robust slender Caudal Height 7.7 in the total | 7.5 in the length; moder- 5.6 in the length; robust peduncle length; moderate ate Scale count 5—42—7; small smooth | 3—37—4; smooth large, 3—36—33; large, roughthin, close ish, conspicuous Fins: Dorsal a straight crest | Dorsal rounded Triangular, antepenultimateraythelongest Pectorals ventrals anals | Pectorals, ventrals anals . Pectorals moderately, rounded rounded anals, ventrals sharply pointed Colors Many, smaller, clouded, | Uniform, darker red Larger, deeper red spots, reddish spots above, black lateral cloudier and more confluent band,uniformlighterbelow Fin colors All fins spotted, forming Pectorals reddest, anal | Darker on all distal borders, broken cross bars spotted, ventrals light shading to lighter proximally
284 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA It is not without interest to make a comparison of the three genera superficially and to discover the extent to which Hoplerythrinus is actually intermediate to the other two. Table VI is taken from a study of the specimens referred to above. Similarity in form is shown by ordinary type, dissimilarity to the other genera in a given character shown by boldface, intermediates shown by italics. If this analysis is correct it seems to show that Hoplerythrinus is decidedly intermediate to the other two genera.
In four of the characters named the intermediate nature of Hoplerythrinus is measurable; in none of them does it seem to occupy an extreme position; in four characters it resembles Hoplias more; in three the resemblance to Hrythrinus is greater.
Hoplias is in the extreme position three times, in the intermediate position notatall. Hrythrinus is an extreme five times, an intermediate only once. Seventh Division—H emiodontine Group of Subfamilies Subfamily: HEMIODONTINAE Family Hemiodontidae Regan, 1911, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), VIII, 13. Genus 150: HEMIODUS Miller Hemiodus Miller, 1842, Monatsch. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 324; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 423; our Eigenmann, 1912, Mem. Carnegie Mus., V, 275.
Type: Hemiodus crenidens Miller = Salmo unimaculatus Bloch Rio Orinoco to Peruvian Amazon and Rio Sao Francisco Gill-membranes free from each other and from the isthmus; scales below the lateral line of similar size to those above, and mostly small; dorsal fin shorter than the head; teeth in the upper Jaw only, pluricuspid, in a horseshoe-shaped series; fontanels large.
372. HeEMIODUS MICROLEPIS Kner Hemiodus microlepis Kner, 1859, Denksch. Kk. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XVII, 155, pl. iv, fig. 8, Matto GrossoandRioNegro; Cope, 1871 (1872), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., X XIII, 291, upper or mid-Amazon, Perkins collection,PhiladelphiaAcademyMuseum; Cope, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 686, Maranon, Orton collection; Fowler, 1939 (1940), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XCI, 257, two, 220 and 228 mm., Contamana.
Hemiodus (Hemiodopsis) microlepis Fowler, 1906 (1907), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LVIII, 318. Upper and middle Amazons to Matto Grosso Genus 151: PTEROHEMIODUS Fowler Pterohemiodus Fowler, 1939 (1940), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., XCI, 257.