ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 109 Steindachner, 1882 (1883), Denksch. KIx. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XLVI, 4, one specimen, 320 mm.,RioHuallaga; PseudoplatystomafasciatumBleeker,1863,Nederl.Tijdsch.Dierk.,I,97; EigenmannandEHigenmann,1890,Occ.PapersCal.Acad.Sci.,I,208; Higenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 391; Eigenmann, 1912, Mem. Carnegie Mus., V, 182; Fowler, 1939 (1940), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., XCI, 224, Contamana. PlatystomapunctiferCastelnau,1855,Anim.Amér.Sud,Poiss.,40,pl.xix,fig.2,Amazon. La Plata northward to the Magdalena, Orinoco, and Guiana 15763,2,about270and296mm.,Manaos,Allen,December,1920.
15764,1,163mm.,LagoCashiboya,Allen,August,1920.
,1,450mm.,Amazon,Iquitos,Allen,1920.
Head 3.16; eye small, 14 in head, exactly centered from front to back, 3.3 in flat interorbital space; latter 4.8 in length of head; fontanel long, sharply pointed forward, deep in the middle, less sharp posteriorly, not reaching occipital process; mouth wide, equals isthmus of snout just before the eye, 3.16 in length of head. Occipital process an elongate triangle, its divided tip nearly in contact with the sharply acute anterior angle of the dorsal plate, whose posterior margin forms an are, the entire plate being arrow-shaped. Branchiostegals not entering upper leg of membrane or lateral aspect of head, leaving that portion of opercle a loose flap, but rays prominent below. Barbels three pairs, the narials extending nearly to end of head; the inner pair of mental barbels reach beyond the level of the eye, the posterior pair, inserted posterior and lateral to the preceding, thick, wiry, flattened on one side, taper to a fine filament reaching to the middle of the pectoral fins. Nares with the anterior pair at the edge of the snout guarded by a white flap directed forward; the posterior pair separated by a space one fourth the length of the snout from the preceding, and more than half the interorbital space apart, guarded by similar flaps turned backward.
Prominent patches of sensory canals appear as the skin dries; a narrow band of canals follows the lateral line from the base of the caudal fin forward; beneath the dorsal fin this band widens out so as to form a cornucopia with its mouth at the opercular aperture, where its width is equal to that of the interorbital space; a goodsized patch of canals occurs in the inter- and post-narial region, another forms a narrow area on the preorbital region; a fan-shaped suborbital is confluent with a post-orbital; two large patches occupy the forward border of the opercle. Many of the canals anastomose into a network, and terminate in minute white pustules. The produced premaxillary exposes many of its minute teeth beyond the border of the mandible.
Snout much flattened, its depth contained four times in its width at the level of the posterior nares; greatest width of head contained 2.23 in its length; posterior part of the head trapezoidal in section, becoming a rounded equilateral triangle before the dorsal fin, body tapering with but slight compression to the caudal, the latter part of the trunk being oval throughout.
Ventral, anal, and caudal fins thickened and fleshy; D. I, 6; its spine slender, pointed, long, its fine retrorse hooks limited to a few at the tip, mostly enclosed in
110 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA the skin; pectoral spine much stouter, about I, 9; adipose short, just exceeding the interorbital, its depth 2.5 in its length, very fleshy; caudal broad, full, its lobes deeply cleft, and rounded.
Color in alcohol a rich, soft brown becoming nearly black in the middle of the white-bordered bands, and a lighter, diffuse brownish on head and caudal fin, yellow on other median fins, and nearly white on paired fins which are low and horizontal. Bands about 20 in number cross the back and reach the points of widest diameter, mostly beyond the lateral line, and diminishing toward the caudal; continued upward brokenly on the adipose. Series of spots on the dorsal rays not so dark, numerous irregular rows on the caudal fin, fewer and smaller on the anal; the paired fins unmarked.
Genus 19: PHRACTOCEPHALUS Agassiz PhractocephalusAgassiz,1829,Sel.Gen.etSpec.Pisce.Bras.,22,bicolor=hemiliopterus; Eigenmann and Kigenmann, 1890, Occ. Papers Cal. Acad. Sei., I, 188; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 390; Eigenmann, 1912, Mem. Carnegie Mus., V, 178.
Type: Stlurus hemiliopterus Bloch and Schneider The range that of the single species Large nematognath fishes having rather short body and very broad head; upper portion of head with granulations arranged in a vermiculated pattern; occipital process broad, semicircular, rounded on its caudal margin, not reaching to dorsal plate; latter broadly reniform; adipose fin somewhat rayed distally; vomerine teeth contiguous to palatine, in large pentagonal patches; barbels subterete; caudal forked.
52. PHRACTOCEPHALUS HEMILIOPTERUS (Bloch and Schneider) Silurus hemiliopterus Bloch and Schneider, 1801, Syst. Ichth., 385. Phractocephalus hemiliopterus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1840, Hist. Nat. Poiss, XV, 3, pl. 421; Castelnau, 1855, Anim. Amér. Sud, Poiss., 47, pl. xv, fig. 4; Giinther, 1864, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 110; Cope, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 674, Peruvian Amazon; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1890, Occ. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 188; digenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 390; Eigenmann, 1912, Mem. Carnegie Mus., V, 178.
PhractocephalusbicolorAgassiz,1829,Sel.Gen.etSpec.Pisce.Bras.,23. Amazon and Maranon northward 15951,1,310mm.,Iquitos,Morris,1922.
Specimens of appropriate size for preservation were not collected by Allen. The largest, about four feet in length, was harpooned on the Rio Puinagua at Bretafa, in the eddy at the outlet of the Rio Pacaya. Others approaching that size were seen at the Iquitos market.
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 111 Genus 20: SCIADES Miller and Troschel Sciades Miller and Troschel, 1849, Horae Iechth., III, 8, sp; Bleeker, 1858, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Siluri, 62 and 66, pictus; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1890, Occ. Papers Cal. Acad. Sei., I, 190; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 390. Type: Bbagrus pictus Miller and Troschel The Amazons Differentiated from other genera chiefly by the longer dorsal fin with its 10 or 11 rays; and by the smaller patches of palatine teeth remote from the yvomerine and transversely arranged.
53. SCIADES MARMORATUsS Gill Sciades marmoratus Gill, 1870, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXII, 95, Napo or Maranon basin; Eigenmann and Kigenmann, 1890, Oce. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 192; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 390. Known from specimens taken at Tabatinga and upstream. Genus 21: BRACHYPLATYSTOMA Bleeker PlatystomaCuvierandValenciennes,1840,Hist.Nat.Poiss.,XV,sp.,preoccupiedinDiptera; BrachyplatystomaBleeker,1863,Nederl.Tijdsch.Dierk.,I,97,vacllantz; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1890, Occ. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 194; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 390; Eigenmann, 1912, Mem. Carnegie Mus., V, 179.
Type: Platystoma vaillanti Cuvier and Valenciennes Amazonia to Guiana and Parahyba Distinguished from other Pimelodinae by the long, slender, depressible premaxillary teeth; vomerine and palatine teeth villiform; caudal forked deeply; head naked; occipital process short, indistinct, and not reaching the dorsal fin in the adult.
54. BRACHYPLATYSTOMA JURUENSE (Boulenger) Plate IV, fig. 1 Platystoma juruense Boulenger, 1898, Trans. Zool. Soe. London, XIV, 421, pl. xxxix, Rio Jurua. BrachyplatystomajuruenseEigenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia,III,390. Rio Jurua and Iquitos 15953,1,286mm.tobaseofmiddlecaudalrays,Iquitos,Morris,1922. Head 4; depth 5.33; D. I, 6; A. 5.
Head depressed, profile to base of occipital process straight, the process not nearly reaching dorsal plate; anterior margin of eye near center of the head; eye 8 in snout, 16 in length of head, 4.5 in interorbital; maxillary barbel flat, reaching to
112 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA base and middle of ventrals; mental barbels just beyond base of pectorals, postmentals to tip of pectorals; groove of fontanel scarcely perceptible; top of head and sides reticulate; opercle with reticulations radiating from its upper anterior corner; premaxillary band of teeth of nearly uniform width, the inner teeth as usual depressible; vomerine patches transversely ovate, the narrow lateral ends in contact with the smaller comma-shaped palatine patches; body villose, velvety, the nap longest in a band along the middle of the sides.
Pectorals lanceolate; the first ray equals the length of the head less the opercle, reaching the ventrals; dorsal very slightly emarginate, the longest ray equal to the length of the first pectoral ray; base of the adipose longer than the base of the dorsal or anal, equal to the length of the snout and eye; caudal very deeply forked, the outer rays very greatly prolonged into filaments; lower ray with its filament 595 mm. long, that is about twice the length of the fish to the base of the middle caudal rays; anal emarginate, the longest ray about reaching the tip of the last, equal to the length of the snout; ventrals less pointed than the rest of the fins, a little less than head without opercles.
Top of head dark ashen, with a small light spot in the middle, immediately in front of the eye; eight or nine dark ashen bars, the first two nearly vertical, the rest extending obliquely downward and forward, the bars somewhat narrower than the light interspaces; the bars not quite symmetrical on the two sides, the one under the dorsal and the one following it joined to form a Y on the left side, the corresponding bars on the right side separate. Caudal faintly spotted, the other fins uniform in color.
This species has been known hitherto from the type 190 mm. over all. The caudal filaments are of more uniform length, and the dorsal profile at the dorsal fin less arched in the type.
55. BRACHYPLATYSTOMA GOELDIL Eigenmann and Bean Brachyplatystoma goeldii Kigenmann and Bean, 1907, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XX XT, 659. BrachyplatystomafilamentosumEigenmann(part),1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia, III,390.
Peruvian Amazon 15775,4,117-208mm.toendofmiddlecaudalrays,Iquitos,Allen,September,1920. Genus 22: SORUBIM Spix PlatystomaAgassiz,1829,Sel.Gen.etSpec.Pisce.Bras.,sp.,preoccupied. SorubimSpix,1829,Sel.Gen.etSpec.Pisec.Bras.,24; Bleeker, 1863, Nederl. Tijdsch. Dierk., I, 22, lima; Kigenmann and Eigenmann, 1890, Oce. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 212; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 392. Pseudoplatystoma Eigenmann (part), 1912, Mem. Carnegie Mus., V, 182.
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 113 Type: Stlurus ima Bloch and Schneider La Plata via Amazons to the Magdalena A genus of one widely distributed species. Greatly prolonged upper Jaw and extremely flattened head; mouth as wide as the widest part of the head; eyes lateral; teeth on the roof of the mouth in four patches forming a horse-shoe, vomerine patches confluent, maxillary band wider than deep; barbels fleshy; adipose fin shorter than anal; dorsal spine midway between snout and posterior extremity of adipose; first lateral line plates broad and thin. Fishes often of very large size. 56. SoruBIM Lima (Bloch and Schneider) Silurus lima Bloch and Schneider, 1801, Syst. Iehth., 384. Platystoma lima Agassiz, 1829, Sel. Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 24. Sorubim lima Spix, 1829, Sel. Gen. et Spec. Pisce. Bras., 24; Giinther, 1864, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 105; Giinther, 1869, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 423, Bartlett coll.; Cope, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 674, Peruvian Amazon; Steindachner, 1882 (1883), Denksch. KIk. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LXVI, 4, four specimens 150-230mm.,RioHuallaga; Eigenmann and Kigenmann, 1890, Occ. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 213; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 392; Regan, 1913, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), XII, 281, Rio Ucayali; Fowler, 1939 (1940), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XCI, 225, Contamana. La Plata drainage to the Magdalena 15766,1,177mm.,creek,Yurimaguas,Allen,October,1920. 15767,3,230-254mm.,RioParanapura,Yurimaguas,Allen,October,1920. 15768, 2, 172 and 177 mm., Rio Ucayali, Contamana, Allen, July, 1920. 15769,2,260and280mm.,RioUcayali,nearOrellana,Allen,August,1920. 15770,3,139-145mm.,LagoCashiboya,Allen,August,1920. 15771, 1, 214 mm., Rio Pachitea, Allen, July, 1920. 15773, 1, , Mouth of Rio Pacaya, Allen, September, 1920. 15955,1,167mm.,Iquitos,Morris,1922.
Steindachner reports a native name chullu-coclla for this species. Genus 23: PLATYSTOMATICHTHYS Bleeker Platystoma Kner (part), 1857, Sitzb. KKK. Akad. Wiss. Wien, X XVI, 395, fig. 9, sp. Platystomatichthys Bleeker, 1863, Nederl. Tijdsch. Dierk., I, 98; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1890, Oce. Papers Cal. Acad. Sei., 1, 217; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 392. Type: Platystoma sturio Kner Range that of the unique species The most extreme of the genera having elongated and flattened snouts, differing from Sorubim mainly in the much greater emphasis of this character, the mouth being 1.5 in the greatest width of the head; teeth of upper jaw in an arrow-shaped patch; palatine patches ovate longitudinally, and widely separated from the vomerine patch; maxillary barbels wiry or ossified more than half their length and ex-
114 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA tending far beyond the caudal fin of the fish; eye superior; adipose longer than anal; upper jaw as in Sorubim much produced, and toothed over its entire ventral surface; caudal deeply forked, the lobes pointed and equalling or surpassing half the body length.
57. PLATYSTOMATICHTHYS STURIO (Kner) Platystoma sturio IWner, 1857, Sitzb. Kix. Akad. Wiss. Wien, X XVI, 395. Platystomatichthys sturio Bleeker, 1863, Nederl. Tijdsch. Dierk., I, 98; Higenmann and Eigenmann, 1890, Occ. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 218; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 392. Fowler, 1939 (1940), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XCI, 225, figs. 8-10, one, Contamana. The Amazon system 15654,1,280mm.toendofmiddlecaudalrays,Iquitos,Allen,September,1920. Genus 24: HEMISORUBIM Bleeker PlatystomaCuvierandValenciennes(part),1840,Hist.Nat.Poiss.,XV,27,preoccupiedinDiptera. HemisorubimBleeker,1863,Nederl.Tijdsch.Dierk.,I,97,platyrhynchos; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1890, Occ. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 205; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 391; Eigenmann, 1912, Mem. Carnegie Mus., V, 181.
Type: Platystoma platyrhynchos Cuvier and Valenciennes Peruvian Amazon and Séo Paolo northward Among the long-headed genera of Pimelodinae, Hemisorubim is distinguished for the protraction of the lower jaw beyond the upper, the latter being thin and sharply truncate; intermaxillary band of teeth constricted in the center; vomerine patch single and much wider than the above, lying close to the large palatine patches; width of the mouth at its angle 1.5 in the greatest width of the head; mental barbels approximated and near the edge of the lip; occipital process shorter than the dorsal plate and reaching it; postorbital region striate and granulate; sides of head and snout reticulated.
58. HEMISORUBIM PLATYRHYNCHOS (Cuvier and Valenciennes) PlatystomaplatyrhynchosCuvierandValenciennes,1840,Hist.Nat.Poiss.,XV,27; Castelnau, 1855, Anim. Amér. Sud, Poiss., 40.
HemisorubimplatyrhynchosBleeker,1863,Nederl.Tijdsch.Dierk.,I,97; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1888, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I, 138; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1890, Oce. Papers Cal. Acad. Sei., I, 151; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 391; Fowler, 1939 (1940), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XCI, 224, Contamana. Hemisorubim platyrhynchus Giinther, 1864, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 109; Cope, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 674, Peruvian Amazon.
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES Maranon to the Orinoco and Paraguay 15656,1,238mm.,Iquitos,Allen,1920.
15760,1,300mm.tobaseofcaudal,Manaos,Allen,December,1920. 15761,1,227mm.,Contamana,Allen,August,1920. 15762,1,129mm.,LagoCashiboya,Allen,August,1920. 15956,1,253mm.,Iquitos,Morris,1922.
Genus 25: SORUBIMICHTHYS Bleeker PlatystomaAgassiz(part),1829,Sel.Gen.etSpec.Pisce.Bras.,sp. SorubimSpix(part),1829,Sel.Gen.etSpec.Pisce.Bras.,sp. SorubimichthysBleeker,1863,Nederl.Tijdsch.Dierk.,I,98,jandia=spatula; Eigenmann and Kigenmann, 1890, Oec. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 214; Figenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 392. Type: Platystoma spatula Agassiz Orinoco and Amazon systems Snout much projected and very broad; eyes superior; teeth of upper jaw in a very deep band, those of roof of mouth in two patches; barbels fleshy; adipose shorter than anal.
59. SORUBIMICHTHYS PLANICEPS (Agassiz) PlatystomaplanicepsAgassiz,1829,Sel.Gen.etSpec.Pisce.Bras.,25,RioNegrotoupperAmazon; Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1840, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 19, Brazil. Sorubimichthys planiceps Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1888, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I, 139; Eigenmann and Kigenmann, 1890, Occ. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 215; EKigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, IIT, 392. Sorubimichthys ortoni Gill, 1870, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXII, 94, Napo or Maranon basin. Amazon and Orinoco basins 60. SoRUBIMICHTHYS GIGAS (Gunther) Platystoma gigas Giinther, 1872, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., X, 449, Huallaga. SorubimichthysgigasEigenmannandEigenmann,1888,Proc.Cal.Acad.Sei.,(2),I,189; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1890, Occ. Papers Cal. Acad. Sei., 1, 217; Eigenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia,ITI,392. Rio Huallaga May be identical with S. planiceps.
Subfamily: LUCIOPIMELODINAE With air-bladder reduced and separated from the skin by a fatty layer, forming a pseudo-tympanum; divided anteriorly into two small lobes. Genus 26: PERUGIA Eigenmann and Norris Perugia Eigenmann and Norris, 1900, Revista Mus. Paulista, IV, 355; Driver, 1919, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., LVIII, 448-456; Eigenmann, 1922, Mem. Carnegie Mus., IX, 34. not
116 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA Fie. 17. The Rio Ucayali; a fuel-stop.
Type: Pinirampus agassizi Steindachner Rio Magdalena to La Plata Nares remote; gill-membranes free from isthmus; spines of dorsal and pectoral fins weak and lacking pungency, remaining rays graduated backward; mouth slightly inferior, jaws subequal; palatines edentulous; head small, but much longer than broad; eye large and in middle of head; jaw teeth strong, without backwarddirected angle; mental barbels two pairs; occipital fontanel wanting or reduced to a pore; occipital process narrow, reaching about half way to the dorsal, where it meets a floating interneural attached to the interneural which supports the first dorsal ray.
The generic distinctness of agassizi was recognized by the Kigenmanns in the 1890 monograph, where it was listed under an unnamed genus in the absence of specimens, to be rescued ten years later by Eigenmann and Norris, reduced to synonymy in 1910, and again revived by Driver nine years later and placed in a distinct subfamily with Luciopimelodus.